Ch-5 Introduction To Poly Phase System

Bahir Dar University
Bahir Dar Institute of Technology

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering

Chapter Five : Introduction to poly-phase system
By Nebiyu Y.
Email:[email protected]
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 Three Phase AC Circuits
 Generation of Three Phase Voltages; Star (Y) and Delta (Δ) Connections
 Power Flow Method of Three Phase AC Circuit Analysis
 Power in Unbalanced Three Phase Systems (Reading Assignment )
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5.1 Three Phase AC Circuits
 A single phase ac power system consists of a generator connected through a pair of wires
(a transmission line) to a load. Figure below depicts a single phase two-wire system,
where Vp is the magnitude of the source voltage and φ is the phase.
 Circuits or systems in which the ac sources operate at the same frequency but different
phases are known as poly phase.
 A three-phase system is produced by a generator consisting of three sources having the

same amplitude and frequency but out of phase with each other by 120◦.
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 Three-phase systems are important for at least three reasons.
 First, nearly all electric power is generated and distributed in three-phase, at the
operating frequency of 60 Hz (or ω = 377 rad/s) in the United States or 50 Hz (or ω = 314
rad/s) in some other parts of the world.
 When one phase or two-phase inputs are required, they are taken from the three phase
system rather than generated independently.(reduce the amount of copper required by
25%)
 Second, the instantaneous power in a three-phase system can be constant (not pulsating).
This results in uniform power transmission and less vibration of three-phase machines.
 Third, for the same amount of power, the three-phase system is more economical than
the single-phase.
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5.2 Generation of 3 phase voltage
Three-phase voltages are often produced with a three-phase ac generator (or alternator)whose
cross-sectional view is shown in Fig.below.
 The generator basically consists of a rotating magnet(called the rotor)surrounded by a

stationary winding (called the stator).
 Three separate windings or coils with terminals a-a’, b-b’, and c-c’ are physically placed 120◦
apart around the stator.
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 Let us consider the wye-connected voltages in Fig. 12.6(a) for now. The voltages Van, Vbn,
and Vcn are respectively between lines a, b, and c, and the neutral line n.
 These voltages are called phase voltages. If the voltage sources have the same amplitude
and frequency ω and are out of phase with each other by 120◦, the voltages are said to be
balanced.
 Since the three-phase voltages are 120◦ out of phase with each other, there are two possible
combinations. One possibility is shown in Fig. 12.7(a) and expressed mathematically as
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Phase sequence
where Vp is the effective or

rms value. This is known as
the abc sequence or positive
sequence. This is called the acb sequence or negative
sequence. For this phase sequence, Van leads Vcn,
which in turn leads Vbn.
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Example 5.1 The phase sequence is the time order in which the voltages pass through their
respective maximum values.
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 Since both the three-phase source and the three-phase load can be either wye-or delta-
connected, we have four possible connections:
 Y-Y system, Y-∆ system, ∆-Y system, and ∆-∆ system.
Balanced phase voltages are equal in magnitude and are out of phase with each other
by 120°.
A balanced load is one in which the phase impedances are equal in magnitude and in
phase
A balanced load is a load that draws the same current from each phase of the three-
phase system, while an unbalanced load has at least one of those currents different
from the rest
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THREE PHASE QUANTITIES
QUANTITY SYMBOL
Phase current I
Line current IL
Phase voltage V
Line voltage VL
PHASE VOLTAGES and LINE VOLTAGES
Phase voltage (V) is measured between the neutral and any line: line to neutral voltage
Line voltage (VL) is measured between any two of the three lines: line to line voltage.
Line current (IL) is the current in each line of the source or load.
 Phase current (I) is the current in each phase of the source or load.
Ia
a
Van
Vab
Vab
n Vbn
Ib Vca
b Vca
Vcn
Vbc
Vbc
Ic
c
Balanced Y-Y system
Is a three-phase system with a balanced Y-connected source and a balanced Y-connected
load.
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Example 5.2 Calculate the line currents in the three-wire Y-Y system of Fig. below.
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Balanced Y-∆ system
A balanced Y-∆ system consists of a balanced Y- ∆ connected source feeding a balanced -
connected load.
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Example 5.3 A balanced abc-sequence Y-connected source with Van = 100 <10◦ V is
connected to a ∆ -connected balanced load (8+j4) Ωper phase. Calculate the phase and line
currents.
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Balanced ∆-∆ system
 A balanced ∆-∆ system is one in which both the balanced source and balanced load are-
connected.
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Example 5.4 A balanced ∆ -∆ connected load having an impedance 20−j15 Ω is
connected to a ∆ -∆ connected, positive-sequence generator having Vab = 330< 0◦ V.
Calculate the phase currents of the load and the line currents.
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Balanced ∆-Y system
A balanced ∆-Y system consists of a balanced ∆-Y-connected source feeding a balanced Y-
connected load.
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Example 5.5 A balanced Y-connected load with a phase resistance of 40 Ω and a reactance
of 25 Ω is supplied by a balanced, positive sequence ∆ -connected source with a line voltage
of 210 V. Calculate the phase currents. Use Vab as reference.
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5.3 Power flow method in a balanced power system
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Bahir Dar University

Bahir Dar Institute of Technology

Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering

 Power Flow Method of Three Phase AC Circuit Analysis

 Power in Unbalanced Three Phase Systems (Reading Assignment )

 A three-phase system is produced by a generator consisting of three sources having the

 The generator basically consists of a rotating magnet(called the rotor)surrounded by a

where Vp is the effective or

respective maximum values.

 Y-Y system, Y-∆ system, ∆-Y system, and ∆-∆ system.

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