Module B3

3.1 Sinusoidal steady-state analysis (single-phase), a review

3.2 Three-phase analysis

Kirtley
Chapter 2: AC Voltage, Current and Power
2.1 Sources and Power
2.2 Resistors, Inductors, and Capacitors

Chapter 4: Polyphase systems

4.1 Three-phase systems
4.2 Line-Line Voltages

1
 Three-phase power
All of what we have done in the previous slides is for
“single phase” circuits. However, almost all
transmission systems in the US are 3-phase AC
systems (the only exceptions are a few DC
transmission lines). Three-phase AC is preferred over
single-phase AC because the investment and
operating costs per MW of transmission capacity are
more attractive, and because a 3-phase system
provides constant power (not pulsating as we saw
before)
You can see this in the next slide.
2
 Three-phase power
Three single phase systems? Or one three-phase system?

1 node
3 nodes

Three single phase systems One three-phase system

6 wires 4 wires; capital savings!
Each neutral carries full load current Neutral carries little or no current and can
therefore be much smaller; capital savings!
Each neutral carries full load current Neutral carries little or no current, therefore
has little losses; operational savings!
Each single phase circuit delivers We will show that three phase circuits deliver
instantaneous power that varies at 2ω. Large constant instantaneous power; large
generators & motor loads vibrate. generators and motors run smoothly. 3
 Three-phase power

AC generators on the grid supply 3-phase power. A

circuit diagram for the stator of a typical 3-phase
generator is provided in the next two slides.

4
 Line-to-neutral (phase) voltages
a

V̂an
b
a V̂bn b

V̂bn
V̂an n n
V̂cn V̂cn
c c

The identified voltages are referred to as “line-to-neutral

voltages,” or “phase voltages.”

5
 Line-to-line (line) voltages
a

V̂ab
a b b

V̂ca
n n V̂bc

c c

The identified voltages are referred to as “line-to-line voltages,”

or just “line voltages.”

6
 Phasor diagram for line-neutral (phase) voltages

V̂cn Rotation

120°
120°
120° V̂an

V̂bn
What is rotating?
The peak value of the sinusoid; this ˆ V
V ˆ   120
bn an
peak value is projected onto one of the
axes to obtain the instantaneous value ˆ V
V ˆ   120
of the quantity, a concept equivalent to cn an
writing van(t)=sinωt.
www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/jw/phasor-addition.html
7
Phasor diagram for line-line (line) voltages

Rotation

V̂ca V̂ab
120°

120° 120°

ˆ V
V ˆ   120
bc ab

ˆ V
V ˆ   120
ca ab
V̂ab
8
 Line-to-neutral (phase) &
line-to-line (line)
a
voltages
V̂an V̂ab
a b b

V̂bn V̂ca
n n V̂bc
V̂cn

c c
ˆ -V
V ˆ +V ˆ 0V ˆ -V ˆ +Vˆ   120  0
ab an bn ab an an

V ˆ -V ˆ (1  1  120)  0
ab an

ˆ V
V ˆ (1  1  120)
ab an

ˆ V
V ˆ
ab an 330 9
Relating phase and line voltages
V̂cn Rotation

V̂ca V̂ab

V̂an
ˆ  3V
V ˆ 30
ab an

V̂bn ˆ  3V
V ˆ 30
bc bn

ˆ  3V
V ˆ 30
ca cn

V̂ab
10
 Wye-connected sources and loads

V̂an
b Î b Zb Za
a b

Î n
n n

Î c Zc
c c 11
 Balanced conditions
Balanced 3-phase conditions have:
• Line and phase voltages related as in previous slides.
• Za=Zb=Zc
ˆ ˆ Iˆ c  Iˆ a   120, Iˆ n  0
This results in: I b  I a   120,
Note: In Wye-connected loads, the
line current and the phase current
(current through Za) are identical.
Î a
a

V̂an
b
Î b Zb Za
a b

Î n
n n

Î c Zc
c c 12
 Per-phase analysis
Under balanced conditions, we may perform single-phase
analysis on a “lifted-out” a-phase and neutral circuit, as
shown below.

Î a
a

V̂an
b
Î b Zb Za
a b

Î n
n n

Î c Zc
c c 13
 Per-phase analysis
Î a

V̂an
Za
a

Now it is clear that:

Vˆ
Iˆ a  an ˆ Iˆ *  P  jQ
S1  Van a 1 1
Za
Also, we still have: P1  Van I a cos  , Q1  Van I a sin 

14
 Per-phase analysis
Î a

V̂an
Za
a

After we perform the single-phase analysis, we may then

compute the 3-phase quantities according to:
S 3  3S1  P3  3P1 , Q3  3Q1

15
 Three phase power relations
The previous power relations utilize line-to-neutral
voltages and line currents. Power may also be computed
using line voltages, as developed in what follows:
P1  Van I a cos 
ˆ ˆ Vab
Vab  3Van 30  Vab  3Van  Van 
3
Vab Vab 3 Vab 3
P1  I a cos   I a cos   I a cos 
3 3 3 3
Vab 3
P3  3P1  3 I a cos   3Vab I a cos 
3
Likewise, we may develop that
Q3  3Vab I a sin 
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 Three phase power relations
In summary:
S 3  3S1  P3  3P1 , Q3  3Q1
P1  Van I a cos  Q1  Van I a sin 
P3  3Vab I a cos  Q3  3Vab I a sin 
Note 1: In Wye-connections, the power factor angle θ is
the angle by which the line-to-neutral voltage V̂an leads
the phase current Î a . It is not the angle by which the
line-to-line voltage V̂ab leads the phase current. More
generally, the power factor angle at two terminals is the
angle by which the voltage across those terminals leads
the current into the positive terminal.
Note 2: The text uses notation VLL for Vab. 17