MECANIC Department

• Student Name:-BOUCHAMA
ROMAISSA
• Faculty Name:- GHANAYA
THREE PHASE
CIRCUIT
 Objectives
• Explain the differences between single-
phase, two-phase and three-phase.
• Compute and define the Balanced Three-
Phase voltages.
• Determine the phase and line
voltages/currents for Three-Phase
systems.
SINGLE PHASE TWO WIRE

V p 
 SINGLE PHASE SYSTEM
• A generator connected through a pair
of wire to a load – Single Phase Two
Wire.
• Vp is the magnitude of the source
voltage, and  is the phase.
 SINLGE PHASE THREE WIRE

V p 

V p 
 SINGLE PHASE SYSTEM
• Most common in practice: two
identical sources connected to two
loads by two outer wires and the
neutral: Single Phase Three Wire.
• Terminal voltages have same
magnitude and the same phase.
 POLYPHASE SYSTEM

• Circuit or system in which AC

sources operate at the same
frequency but different phases
are known as polyphase.
TWO PHASE SYSTEM THREE WIRE

V p 

V p   90
 POLYPHASE SYSTEM
• Two Phase System:
– A generator consists of two coils placed
perpendicular to each other
– The voltage generated by one lags the
other by 90.
 POLYPHASE SYSTEM
• Three Phase System:
– A generator consists of three coils placed
120 apart.
– The voltage generated are equal in
magnitude but, out of phase by 120.
• Three phase is the most economical
polyphase system.
THREE PHASE FOUR WIRE
IMPORTANCE OF THREE PHASE SYSTEM
• All electric power is generated and
distributed in three phase.
– One phase, two phase, or more than
three phase input can be taken from
three phase system rather than
generated independently.
– Melting purposes need 48 phases
supply.
IMPORTANCE OF THREE PHASE SYSTEM
• Uniform power transmission and less
vibration of three phase machines.
– The instantaneous power in a 3 system
can be constant (not pulsating).
– High power motors prefer a steady
torque especially one created by a
rotating magnetic field.
IMPORTANCE OF THREE PHASE SYSTEM
• Three phase system is more
economical than the single phase.
– The amount of wire required for a three
phase system is less than required for an
equivalent single phase system.
– Conductor: Copper, Aluminum, etc
THREE PHASE GENERATION
 FARADAYS LAW
• Three things must be present in
order to produce electrical current:
a) Magnetic field
b) Conductor
c) Relative motion
• Conductor cuts lines of magnetic
flux, a voltage is induced in the
conductor
• Direction and Speed are important
GENERATING A SINGLE PHASE

N
Motion is parallel to the flux.
No voltage is induced.
GENERATING A SINGLE PHASE

S
x

N
Motion is 45 to flux.
Induced voltage is 0.707 of maximum.
GENERATING A SINGLE PHASE

S
x

N
Motion is perpendicular to flux.
Induced voltage is maximum.
GENERATING A SINGLE PHASE

S
x

N
Motion is 45 to flux.
Induced voltage is 0.707 of maximum.
GENERATING A SINGLE PHASE

N
Motion is parallel to flux.
No voltage is induced.
 GENERATING A SINGLE PHASE

S
x

N
Motion is 45 to flux.
Notice current in the Induced voltage is
conductor has reversed. 0.707 of maximum.
GENERATING A SINGLE PHASE

S
x

N
Motion is perpendicular to flux.
Induced voltage is maximum.
GENERATING A SINGLE PHASE

S
x

N
Motion is 45 to flux.
Induced voltage is 0.707 of maximum.
GENERATING A SINGLE PHASE

N
Motion is parallel to flux.
No voltage is induced.
Ready to produce another cycle.
THREE PHASE GENERATOR
 GENERATOR WORK
• The generator consists of a rotating
magnet (rotor) surrounded by a
stationary winding (stator).

• Three separate windings or coils with

terminals a-a’, b-b’, and c-c’ are
physically placed 120 apart around
the stator.
• As the rotor rotates, its magnetic field
cuts the flux from the three coils and
induces voltages in the coils.

• The induced voltage have equal

magnitude but out of phase by 120.
GENERATION OF THREE-PHASE AC
S
x x

N
 THREE-PHASE WAVEFORM
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

120 120 120

240

Phase 2 lags phase 1 by 120 Phase 2 leads phase 3 by 120

Phase 3 lags phase 1 by 240 Phase 1 leads phase 3 by 240
 GENERATION OF 3 VOLTAGES
Phase 1Phase 2 Phase 3
S
x x

Phase 1 is ready to go positive.

Phase 2 is going more negative. N
Phase 3 is going less positive.
THREE PHASE QUANTITIES
 BALANCED 3 VOLTAGES
• Balanced three phase voltages:
– same magnitude (VM )
– 120 phase shift

v an (t )  VM cos t 
vbn (t )  VM cos t  120
vcn (t )  VM cos t  240  VM cos t  120
 BALANCED 3 CURRENTS
• Balanced three phase currents:
– same magnitude (IM )
– 120 phase shift

i a (t )  I M cos t   
ib (t )  I M cos t    120
ic (t )  I M cos t    240
 PHASE SEQUENCE
van (t )  VM cos t
vbn (t )  VM cost  120
vcn (t )  VM cost  120
Van  VM 0 Van  VM 0
Vbn  VM   120 Vbn  VM   120
Vcn  VM   120 Vcn  VM   120
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
SEQUENCE SEQUENCE
PHASE SEQUENCE
 EXAMPLE # 1
• Determine the phase sequence of
the set voltages:

van  200 cost  10

vbn  200 cost  230
vcn  200 cost  110
 BALANCED VOLTAGE AND LOAD
• Balanced Phase Voltage: all phase
voltages are equal in magnitude and
are out of phase with each other by
120.
• Balanced Load: the phase
impedances are equal in magnitude
and in phase.
 THREE PHASE CIRCUIT
• POWER
– The instantaneous power is constant

p (t )  pa (t )  pb (t )  pc (t )
VM I M
3 cos 
2
 3Vrms I rms cos( )
 THREE PHASE CIRCUIT
• Three Phase Power,

S T  S A  S B  S C  3 S
 THREE PHASE QUANTITIES
QUANTITY SYMBOL

Phase current I

Line current IL

Phase voltage V

Line voltage VL
PHASE VOLTAGES and LINE VOLTAGES
• Phase voltage is measured between
the neutral and any line: line to
neutral voltage
• Line voltage is measured between any
two of the three lines: line to line
voltage.
PHASE CURRENTS and LINE CURRENTS
• Line current (IL) is the current in
each line of the source or load.

• Phase current (I) is the current in

each phase of the source or load.
THREE PHASE CONNECTION
 SOURCE-LOAD CONNECTION
SOURCE LOAD CONNECTION

Wye Wye Y-Y

Wye Delta Y-

Delta Delta - 

Delta Wye -Y

 SOURCE-LOAD CONNECTION
• Common connection of source: WYE
– Delta connected sources: the
circulating current may result in the
delta mesh if the three phase voltages
are slightly unbalanced.
• Common connection of load: DELTA
– Wye connected load: neutral line may
not be accessible, load can not be
added or removed easily.
WYE CONNECTION
WYE CONNECTED GENERATOR
Ia
a

Van
Vab
n Vbn

Ib Vca
b
Vcn

Vbc

Ic
c
 WYE CONNECTED LOAD
a a
ZY
b

OR b
ZY
Load
ZY
c c
ZY

Load
n n
BALANCED Y-Y CONNECTION
PHASE CURRENTS AND LINE CURRENTS
• In Y-Y system:

IL  Iφ
 PHASE VOLTAGES, V

• Phase voltage is Ia
a
measured between
the neutral and any VVanan
Vab
VVbnbn
line: line to neutral n
Ib
voltage b
Vca
VVcn
cn

Vbc

Ic
c
 PHASE VOLTAGES, V

Van  VM 0 volt

Vbn  VM   120 volt
Vcn  VM 120 volt
 LINE VOLTAGES, VL
Ia
a
• Line voltage is
measured between Van
V
Vab
any two of the three n Vbn
ab

lines: line to line Ib VVcaca

voltage. Vcn
b

V
V bc bc

Ic
c
 LINE VOLTAGES, VL
Vab  Van  Vbn
Vbc  Vbn  Vcn
Vca  Vcn  Van
Vab  3VM 30
Vbc  3VM   90
Vca  3VM 150
Van  VM 0 volt
PHASE
Vbn  VM   120 volt VOLTAGE (V)
Vcn  VM 120 volt

Vab  3 VM 30 volt

LINE
VOLTAGE Vbc  3 VM   90 volt
(VL)
Vca  3 VM 150 volt
PHASE DIAGRAM OF VL AND V

Vcn
Vca Vab

30°
-Vbn
120° Van

Vbn

Vbc
 PROPERTIES OF PHASE VOLTAGE
• All phase voltages have the same
magnitude,

V  Van 
= V
bn  Vcn
=

• Out of phase with each other by 120

 PROPERTIES OF LINE VOLTAGE
• All line voltages have the same
magnitude,

VL  Vab 
= V
bc  Vca
=

• Out of phase with each other by 120

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN V and VL
1. Magnitude

VL  3 V
2. Phase
- VL LEAD their corresponding V by 30

VL  V  30

 EXAMPLE 1
• Calculate the line currents
DELTA CONNECTION
DELTA CONNECTED SOURCES
DELTA CONNECTED LOAD

OR
BALANCED -  CONNECTION
 PHASE VOLTAGE AND LINE VOLTAGE
• In - system, line voltages equal to
phase voltages:

VL  Vφ
 PHASE VOLTAGE, V
• Phase voltages are equal to the
voltages across the load impedances.

 
 PHASE CURRENTS, I
• The phase currents are obtained:

VAB VBC VCA

I AB  , I BC  , I CA 
ZΔ ZΔ ZΔ
 LINE CURRENTS, IL
• The line currents are obtained from the
phase currents by applying KCL at
nodes A,B, and C.

 
 LINE CURRENTS, IL

I a  I AB  I CA
I b  I BC  I AB
I c  I CA  I BC I a  3 I AB  30
I b  I a   120
I c  I a   120
 PHASE
CURRENTS (I)

VAB
I AB  LINE CURRENTS (IL)
ZΔ
VBC I a  3 I AB  30
I BC 
ZΔ I b  I a   120
VCA
I CA  I c  I a   120
ZΔ
PHASE DIAGRAM OF IL AND I
 PROPERTIES OF PHASE CURRENT
• All phase currents have the same
magnitude,

Vφ
I φ  I AB  I BC  I CA 
ZΔ

• Out of phase with each other by 120

 PROPERTIES OF LINE CURRENT
• All line currents have the same
magnitude,

IL  Ia  Ib  Ic
• Out of phase with each other by 120
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN I and IL
1. Magnitude

I L  3 I
2. Phase
- IL LAG their corresponding I by 30

I L  I  30
 EXAMPLE
A balanced delta connected load having
an impedance 20-j15  is connected to
a delta connected, positive sequence
generator having Vab = 3300 V.
Calculate the phase currents of the load
and the line currents.
 Given Quantities

 ZΔ  20  j15   25  36.87

 Vab  3300
 Phase Currents
VAB 3300
I AB    13.236.87A
ZΔ 25  36.87

I BC  I AB  120  13.2 - 83.13A

I CA  I AB  120  13.2156.87A
 Line Currents

I a  I AB 3  30

 13.236.87 3  30 A 
 22.866.87

I b  I a   120  22.86 - 11 3.13A

I c  I a   120  22.86126.87A
BALANCED WYE-DELTASYSTEM
 EXAMPLE 2
A balanced positive sequence Y-
connected source with Van=10010 V
is connected to a -connected
balanced load (8+j4) per phase.
Calculate the phase and line currents.
THREE PHASE POWER
MEASUREMENT
 EXAMPLE 3
Determine the total power (P), reactive
power (Q), and complex power (S) at the
source and at the load
 EXAMPLE #4
A three phase motor can be
regarded as a balanced Y-load. A
three phase motor draws 5.6 kW
when the line voltage is 220 V and
the line current is 18.2 A. Determine
the power factor of the motor
THANK YOU