Group 4-A Report Mgec117

EVALUATING MESSAGES AND/OR IMAGES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEXTS
REFLECTINGDIFFERENT CULTURESWHAT ARE MEDIA MESSAGES?
Media messages contain information and ideas that are shared to a large
audience of people. If these are not scrutinized properly, they may become
agents of misinformation and lead people to form wrong judgement and
images on the subject of the wrongly presented media message.By critically
evaluating media messages, we ensure that the ideas presented are
accurate,relevant and appropriate to be posted or shared with everyone.
“EVALUATING MESSAGES”
Why do we evaluate messages?The importance of evaluating the
effectiveness of messages is by developing and using strategic questions to
identify strength and weaknesses.
STRATEGIES FOR EVALUATING A MESSAGE”.

How do we evaluate messages?In order to evaluate whether a message is
effective, we can ask ourselves a series of questions which reflect a message’s
simplicity, specificity, structure and stickiness.
FOUR MAIN QUALITIES FOR AN EFFECTIVE MESSAGE:
1. Simplicity – in order that the message have simplicity, we should ask

ourselves two questions:
- is the purpose evident- is the core message clear?
2. SPECIFICITY – Refers to our choices of language is specific we may ask

ourselves:
- is language specific?
- is language concrete, rather than abstract
- does it use words which have additional meanings and could perhaps be
misconstructed?
3. STRUCTURE – Ideas should be organized and easy to follow.- do the

messages have structure?
- is there a more effective way to arrange the ideas?
4. STICKINESS – The messages should display coherent and unity of ideas.

- does the idea of the message flow smoothly?
“EVALUATING IMAGES”
-It is important to critically evaluate images you use for research. Study
and presentation images should be evaluated like any other source, such as
journal articles or books, to determine their quality, reliability, and
appropriateness. Visual analysis is an important step in evaluating an image
and understanding its meaning.
Three steps of evaluating an image:

1.Identifying source
2.Interpret contextual information
3.Understand implications
To evaluate messages and images of different types of text reflecting

different culture the following should do:
1. Understand how the specified cultures live.
2.How the people in the specified group communicate each other.
3.Learn the symbolism of their culture.
4.Be aware in every detail such as artifact, language, and symbolism.
5.Get the meanings being addressed by the images
6.Get the important elements conveyed by the images
7.Getting the audience for the images .
ADDITIONAL TIPS IN EVALUATING IMAGES:

1.Get the meanings being addressed by the images
2.Get the important elements conveyed by the images
3.Getting the audience for the images.
WHAT IS CULTURAL TEXT?
Cultural texts are those objects, actions, and behaviors that reveal cultural
meanings. A photo is an image, but is also a cultural text, a picture with
cultural information beyond just the picture itself.Food and clothing also
suggest cultural information, and it doesn’t stop there. The entire place and
space, all of the people and interaction, all of the rituals and rules and the
various forms in which they manifest themselves, are “readable” text,
suitable for observation and analysis by the ethnographer and writer.
DETECTING BIAS IN THE MEDIA

-Media bias is ubiquitous (everywhere) and not easy to detect. It is always
useful to compare several sources of information and, in doing so, it becomes
clear that media coverage is never completely objective.
-Media have tremendous power in setting cultural guidelines and in shaping
political discourse. It is essential that news media, along with other
institutions, are challenged to be fair and accurate.
“BIAS IN OMMISSION:”
-For every news story that is selected, there are many others that are left out.
Do the news stories you see show a balanced view of real life? What are the
characteristics they have in common? (e.g., Are they mostly about violence,
famous people, wealth?) Do some news sources include items that are
ignored by others?
“BIAS BY EMPHASIS:”
-What stories are on the front page or “at the top of the hour?” Which stories
get the largest headlines, or the first and longest coverage on TV or radio?
Consider how this placement influences people’s sense of what is important.
“BIAS BY USE OF LANGUAGE:”

-The use of labels such as terrorist,” “revolutionary,” or “freedom fighter” can
create completely different impressions of the same person or event.
“BIAS IN PHOTOS:
-”Unflattering pictures can create bad impressions, and partial pictures of
scenes can completely change the context of an event.
“BIAS IN THE SOURCE:

-An article about a cure for cancer written by a drug company is not the same
as an article ban independent researcher. Often, private companies,
governments, public relations firms, and political groups produce press
releases to gain media exposure and to influence the public.
“BIAS BY HEADLINES:”
Some headlines can be deceptive, as their main purpose is to grab attention.
Many people read only the headlines, which can create a distorted sense of
what is really going on, or turn a non-event into a sensational event.
“BIAS BY REPITITION:”
-The repetition of a particular event or idea can lead people to believe that it
is true, very widespread, and much more important than it really is.
“BIAS IN NUMBERS AND STATISTICS:”

-Statistics need to be interpreted; they are often used to create false
impressions. Of the following statements, which statistic would you use to try
to convince someone that the death penalty is a good idea?
Almost 30% of those surveyed support the death penalty.
More than 70% of those surveyed are against the death penalty.
“BIAS IN DIVERSITY:”
What is the race and gender diversity at the news outlet you watch compared
to the communities it serves? How many producers, editors or decision-
makers at news outlets are women, people of color or openly gay or lesbian?
In order to fairly represent different communities,news outlets should have
members of those communities in decision-making positions.
“BIAS FROM THE POINT OF VIEW:”

Political coverage often focuses on how issues affect politicians or corporate
executives rather than those directly affected by the issue. For example, many
stories on parental notification of abortion emphasized the "tough choice"
confronting male politicians while quoting no women under 18-those with the
most at stake in the debate. Economics coverage usually looks at how events
impact stockholders rather than workers or consumers.
5 DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEXTS:
Narrative - is a way of presenting connected events in order to tell a good

story. Whether it's a narrative essay, a biography, or a novel, a narrative
unites distinct events by concept, idea, or plot.Common types of narratives
normally contain a beginning, middle, and an end.
Examples: legend, fairy tale, myth, or fable.
Descriptive - is to describe a person, place or thing in such a way that a

picture is formed in the reader's mind. Capturing an event through descriptive
writing involves paying close attention to the details by using all of your five
senses.
Examples: a story about the places visited on a family trip, someone giving
a very detailed account of an experience they had
Directive - is an order or direction issued for other by an authority. Your

reason should be clear and the reason of issuing the letter must be obvious
and understandable. You can also mention that you want follow up of the
task and when it should be sent.
Examples: definitions, explications, summaries.
Expository - presents readers with important research and information

about a topic. Expository writing gives facts and information about a topic.
Examples: news articles, informational books, instruction manuals, or
textbooks
Argumentative - is usually defined as a type of discourse concerned with the
presentation and evaluation of arguments, either rhetorical or dialectical,
which show the cause-effect relation ship established in an event or
theory.
Examples: whether students should have to wear school uniforms, “The
internet is a good invention.”

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EVALUATING MESSAGES AND/OR IMAGES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEXTS

REFLECTINGDIFFERENT CULTURESWHAT ARE MEDIA MESSAGES?

STRATEGIES FOR EVALUATING A MESSAGE”.

FOUR MAIN QUALITIES FOR AN EFFECTIVE MESSAGE:

1. Simplicity – in order that the message have simplicity, we should ask

2. SPECIFICITY – Refers to our choices of language is specific we may ask

3. STRUCTURE – Ideas should be organized and easy to follow.- do the

4. STICKINESS – The messages should display coherent and unity of ideas.

Three steps of evaluating an image:

To evaluate messages and images of different types of text reflecting

ADDITIONAL TIPS IN EVALUATING IMAGES:

WHAT IS CULTURAL TEXT?

DETECTING BIAS IN THE MEDIA

“BIAS BY USE OF LANGUAGE:”

“BIAS IN THE SOURCE:

“BIAS IN NUMBERS AND STATISTICS:”

“BIAS FROM THE POINT OF VIEW:”

5 DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEXTS:

Narrative - is a way of presenting connected events in order to tell a good

Descriptive - is to describe a person, place or thing in such a way that a

Directive - is an order or direction issued for other by an authority. Your

Expository - presents readers with important research and information

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