IT Grade 8 Student's Textbook
IT Grade 8 Student's Textbook
IT Grade 8 Student's Textbook
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
STUDENT’S TEXTBOOK
GRADE 8
ISBN PRICE
የኢትዮጵያ ፌደራላዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ
የትምህርት ሚኒስቴር
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
STUDENT’S TEXTBOOK
GRADE 8
WRITERS LANGUAGE EDITOR
Chala Diriba (Assistant Professor) Lemma Kassaye (PhD)
Workineh Tesema (Assistant
Professor)
CONTENT EDITOR BOOK DESIGNER
Mamo Fideno (MSc.) Semeon Tiruneh (MSc.)
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Information Technology Student’s Textbook
Acknowledgements
II
Information Technology Student’s Textbook
Preface
III
Information Technology Student’s Textbook
Table of Contents
1. Basics of Computer 1
1.1 Computer Generation 2
1.2 Functions of Computer 6
1.3 Types of Computer 7
1.4 Characteristics of Computers 14
2. Computer Hardware 19
2.1 Input Devices 20
2.2 Processing Devices 27
2.3 storage devices 28
2.4 Output Devices 33
3. Computer Software 40
3.1 Operating system 41
3.2 Utility Software 41
3.3 Driver Software 43
3.4 Application Software 43
3.5 Word Processor 44
3.6 Spreadsheet 52
3.7 Power Point 56
4. Internet 63
4.1 Internet Services 64
4.2 Browsing information 66
4.3 Electronic Mail (Email) 67
4.4 Social networks 71
4.5 Benefits and Risks of Social networks 76
5. Computer Ergonomics 81
5.1 Introduction to Computer Ergonomics 81
5.2 Workstation Ergonomics 83
5.3 Careful Handling of Portable Devices 85
5.4 Proper Utilization of Smartphone 88
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V
Unit 1: Basics of Computer Grade 8
UNIT
1 Basics of Computer
Unit Outcomes
At the end of this unit, students will be able to :
identify computer generation;
explain functions of the computer;
explain types of computer;
list characteristics of computer.
Overview
In this unit, you will learn about basics of computer such as
generations, functions, types and characteristics of computer. The
evolution of computer is classified by its generations. The main
functions of computer are taking, processing, returning results,
and storing data. Computers are classified based on their size,
storage and speed, methods of the operation, and purpose of the
application. The characteristics of computer indicate the quality
of a computer.
Brainstorming activity
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Brainstorming activity
Do you know the evolution of computer?
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Unit 1: Basics of Computer Grade 8
※ Transistor is an electronic
device used to control the
flow of electricity in electronic
equipment. kkkkkkkkkkkkkk
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The development of the IC was
the characteristic of the third
generation of computers. kkkkkk
※ Integrated circuit is an
integrated system of multiple,
small and interconnected
components.kkkkkkkkkkkkk
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Activity 1.1
Discuss the time range of inventions and key differences
between generations of computer in groups.
Brainstorming activity
How do you associate the functions of computer in
processing data with that of human mind?
There are four basic functions of computer. These are:
• Input • Output
• Process • Storage
1.2.1. Input
Input is a process of inserting data into a computer. A computer takes
data from the user in order to process and store it. For example, to
find the product of numbers, the computer first takes the numbers as
an input from a user. The data can be entered into computer maybe by
typing from keyboard, taking picture, using cameras and recording
audios.
1.2.2. Processing
Processing is making some operations on the entered data. For
example, a computer can take two numbers and calculate their sum.
You can also take photo editing as an example. You can make change
in colors, borders and brightness of your photo to make it more
beautiful. Moreover, you can see your roster preparation. Computer
can take the students’ marks as input and calculate the average, select
top students as well as total marks.
1.2.3. Output
Output is displaying the result obtained from processing to the users.
The output can be displayed through monitor, speaker and printer.
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Unit 1: Basics of Computer Grade 8
For example, the printer can print the output of roster processing on
paper.
1.2.4. Storage
Computer is used to store data. The storage can be a computer’s
internal or external storage. Storage usually occurs on a hard drive,
flash drive, and a compact disk (CD). For example, you can save
your photo on your mobile memory, videos on CD, and your roster
on computer hard drive. The four basic functions of computer are
presented in the Figure 1.10 below.
Activity 1.2
Discuss how computer works in a group?
Brainstorming activity
Minicomputer Supercomputer
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1. Microcomputer
Microcomputer is a small sized computer used for general purpose.
Microcomputers are the most widely used type of computers. They
are small and fit on desktops, have varying capacity and easy to
handle. Microcomputers are referred to as Personal Computers (PC).
They have video display unit for output purpose. Data can be entered
through the keyboard and stored on different storage devices such as
removable disk, compact Disk (CD) and external hard disk.
Personal computers (PCs) are the popular form of such computers
used by different individuals as well as organizations. The PCs are
classified as:
A. Desktops: These are the computers whose case sits on a desk
with its keyboard in front of it and its monitor often on top,
as show in Figure 1.11 A. There are also desktop computers,
which do not have separate system unit and monitor. Both sys-
tem unit and monitor are integrated in one device, as shown in
Figure 1.11 B below.
B. Portables:
These PCs are so small that they can be placed in a handbag.
The difference between portables and desktops is that
portables can be carried while traveling unlike desktops.
The portables are also classified as:
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Unit 1: Basics of Computer Grade 8
i. Laptops: These small sized
computers having the same
power as a desktop. they are small
enough to carry and designed for
use outside an office, as shown in
Figure 1.12. kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk
Figure 1.12: Laptop
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2. Minicomputer
Minicomputers are larger
and more powerful than
most microcomputers,
but smaller and less
powerful than mainframe
computers. They are small
and general-purpose
computers.
3. Mainframe Computer
Mainframe computers are large and powerful computers that are
physically larger than microcomputer and minicomputer.
These computers have
processors with faster
instruction processing speeds.
Mainframe computers process
data at very high rates of
speed, measured in millions
of instructions per second.
Mainframes are designed for
many users and can be used at a
time and process vast amounts
of data quickly. For example,
banks, insurance companies,
manufacturers, and airlines
are typical users of these
computers.
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Unit 1: Basics of Computer Grade 8
4. Supercomputer
Supercomputer is a high-speed processing computer. A supercomputer
is characterized by fastest speed, and most powerful capacity. This
computer is capable of processing trillions of instructions per second.
Supercomputers are largely used by research organizations, military
defense systems, national weather forecasting agencies, large corpo-
rations, and aircraft manufacturers.
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A.Analog Computer
Analog computer is a type of computer that was used to process
continuous data. Analog computer was used in the 1950s and 1960s.
It has limited memory and store less amount of data. It works
with continuous data rather than discrete values. For example,
analog computers used to process continuous values such as speed,
temperature, pressure and current.
Analog computers directly accept the
data from the measuring device without
first converting it into numbers and
codes. They measure the continuous
changes in physical quantity and
generally provide output as a reading
on a dial or scale. Speedometer and
mercury thermometer are examples of
analog computers.vvvvvvvvvvvvvvfvv
Figure 1.18: Analog Computer (Heartrate Monitor Machine)
B. Digital Computer
Digital computer was designed to perform calculations and logical
operations at high speed. Digital computers transmit the data on a
discrete value. It accepts the raw data as an input in the form of digits and
processes it with programs stored in its memory to produce the output.
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C. Hybrid Computer
Hybrid computer has characteristics of
both analog and digital computer. It is
fast like analog computer and accurate
like digital computers. It can process both
continuous and discrete data. It accepts
analog signals and converts them into
digital form before processing. So, it is
widely used in specialized applications
where both analog and digital data is
processed. A processor used in a petrol
pump that converts the measurements
of fuel flow into quantity and price is an
example of hybrid computer. Similarly ,
it is also used in airplanes, hospitals, and Figure 1.20: Hybrid Computer
scientific applications.jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj
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B. General Purpose Computers
General-purpose computers are designed to solve a variety of
problems. They are programs or set of instructions designed to solve a
problem. General-purpose computers are more flexible and versatile.
Examples include:
Microcomputers
Minicomputers
Supercomputers.
Activity 1.3
Form a group and discuss the differences between ana
log computer and digital computer based on the data
they operate.
Brainstorming activity
What are the major characteristics of computer?
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Unit 1: Basics of Computer Grade 8
racy. Errors may occur due to data inconsistency or inaccu-
racy.
• Diligence: A computer is free from tiredness. It does not feel
any fatigue or lack of concentration.
• Versatility: refers to the capability of a computer to perform
different kinds of works with same accuracy and efficiency.
• Reliability: A computer is reliable as it gives consistent re-
sult for similar set of data.
• Automatic: Computer performs all the tasks automatically
i.e., it performs tasks without manual intervention.
• Power of remembering: Computer has the power of storing
any amount of information or data. Any information can be
stored and remembered as long as you require it, for a long
period.
• No IQ: Computer cannot do any work without instruction
from the user. Thus, it does not have IQ (Intelligence Qua-
tient).
• No Feeling: Computer does not get tired even after long
hours of work. Computer does not have a feeling or emotion,
taste, knowledge and experience.
• Storage: Computer has a capacity to store a large amount
of data. The Computer has an in-built memory where it can
store a large amount of data.
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Summary
In this unit, you have learnt about generations, functions, types and
characteristics of computers. The following points are summary of
this unit.
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Unit 1: Basics of Computer Grade 8
Review Questions
Part I: Say “True” if the statement is correct and “False” if it is in-
correct.
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Unit 2: Computer Hardware Grade 8
UNIT
2 Computer Hardware
Unit Outcomes
Overview
In this unit, you will learn about hardware categories based
on information processing such as input, output, storage and
processing devices and their functions. Computer system is
composed of computer hardware and software. Computer
hardware is the physical part of a computer that we can see by
our naked eyes and touch by our hand. It is divided into four
categories based on information processing; input, processor,
storage and output devices.
Brainstorming activity
Do you recall the components of computer
hardware that you learned in Grade 7?
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2.1. Input Devices
Brainstorming activity
Before we start our lesson today, can you list input
devices? And discuss what is the function of each
devices?KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
Input devices are computer hardware that are used to enter a data
to the computer. they convert the data into the form that can be
understandable by a computer as 0 and 1. The following are some of
input devices:
Keyboard Optical Speech
Mouse Recognition
Scanner Joystick
The keys on the keyboard can be divided into several groups based
on their function as follows.
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Unit 2: Computer Hardware Grade 8
1. Escape Key (ESC): Esc is a key found on the top-left corner of a
computer keyboard. It allows the user to cancel, or close an oper-
ation.
4. Navigation and Editing Keys: These keys are used for moving
around in the documents. They include the arrow keys, Home,
End, Page Up, Page Down, Delete, and Insert buttons.
8. ALT Key: The alternate key provides alternate input and opera-
tions when pressed in combination with other keys.
B. Mouse
Mouse is a hand operating device which controls the movement of
the cursor or pointer. Its name is derived from its shape, which looks
like a bit a mouse. The mouse are commonly has three buttons.
1. Left-button: used for left click. e.g. to select text
2. Right-button: used for right click. e.g. to see the property of the
file
3. Middle button: used for scrolling purpose. This button is some-
times missing.
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Unit 2: Computer Hardware Grade 8
Mouses are connected to the system unit by a cable (wire) or by
wireless. The wireless is also called cordless mouse or wireless mouse.
The mouse pad is a pad on which you can move a mouse.
C. Scanner
Scanner is an input device that accepts printed text, handwriting or an
object and converts it to a digital document.
Figure 2.4: Scanner
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3. Barcode Reader
Barcode reader is used to read barcodes printed on products. There
are different kinds of barcodes; the most commonly used one is
called Universal Product Codes (UPC). It is used to identify product
manufacturer and product number; for instance, they are found in
library management and inventory control management.
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G. Touch Screen
The touch screen allows us to enter data by using finger. Touch screen
is useful alternative to use a mouse or keyboard.
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H. Joystick
Joystick is a device which is commonly used for playing video games.
Joystick is mainly used to control
the speed of the cursor and is thus
popular in games involving speed
like racing and flying games. The
direction of push of the stick and
the amount of deflection determines
the change in the position and the
change in speed, respectively.
Activity 2.1
Name at least three input devices and state its function?
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Unit 2: Computer Hardware Grade 8
2.2. Processing Devices
Brainstorming activity
What do you mean when we say process devices?
What do they do?
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1. Control Unit
As the human brain controls the body, control unit controls the
computer. Control unit does not perform the instruction by itself. It
does not carry out instruction, but it directs other processing elements
to perform the instruction.
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is used to execute instructions. It per-
forms two operations, namely Arithmetic and Logic operations.
Brainstorming activity
Have you ever used storage devices? If so, could
you describe the devices you used?
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2.3.1. Primary Storage devices
Primary storage refers to the main storage of the computer or main
memory. It is used to stores program instructions and data. There
are three types of primary memory.
Random Access Memory ;
Read Only Memory;
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor.
1. Random Access Memory (RAM)
RAM is used to store data temporarily. It is also called read-
write memory or main memory or primary memory. The programs
and data that the CPU needs during the performance of a program
are stored in this memory. It is a volatile memory. The data on the
RAM is lost when the power is turned off.
Figure 2.12: Read-only memory
The ROM contains special instruction that the computer uses when
it is turned on, for example, the instruction that starts the computer
and displays information on the screen.
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3. Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor(CMOS)
CMOS is used to store information when a computer shuts off. It
is found in several types of electronic components including CPU,
and digital camera.
Magnetic Tape
The magnetic tape was the primary method of storing large amount
of data during the 1950s and 1960s. Today they are used primarily for
data backup purposes.
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Magnetic Disk
Magnetic disk is the most widely used storage medium on all computers.
It consists of a round piece of plastic or metal the surface of which is
covered with magnetic material. It allows random access of information
and solve problem of slow access time commonly found in tape files. For
example: Hard disk.
It is also called Write Once and Read Many (WORM). These kinds of
CDs can be written on once. But then after, you cannot rewrite on it
or erase data from it. After you first write data on such discs, then the
only thing you can do is to read data from them.
Compact Disc Read-Write (CD-RW)
CD-RW is also called erasable optical disc. You can write data as many
times as you want on such CDs. You can also erase or delete data from
such CDs.
Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)
DVD stands for Digital Versatile Disc. But some people mistakenly
call it Digital Video Disc.
It is a new technology that is introduced recently. It is similar to
CD except that it can store large amounts of data and it has narrow
tracks than CD. It can store 4.7-17GB of information.
Activity 2.2
List different types of storage devices and explain each of
them.
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Unit 2: Computer Hardware Grade 8
2.4. Output Devices
Brainstorming activity
What is the function of output devices? Discuss
with your classmate.
The output devices are used to get data out of a computer. They
convert information from computer understandable form to a human
understandable form, either in soft copy or hard copy. For example;
soft copy is displayed by the monitor and projector where as hard copy
is printed using printer. Monitor, printer, plotter, projector, speakers,
headphones and braille reader are some of the output devices.
Monitor
The monitor output device is used for displaying output to the user.
The monitor is the most frequently used output device. It consists of
a display surface called screen. The following are types of monitor.
1) Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) 3) Light Emitting Diode (LED)
2) Liquid Crystal Display 4) Gas Plasma Monitor (GPM)
(LCD)
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2. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
Liquid crystal display is the most commonly used device in digital
watches, clocks, calculators, smartphones, desktop computers,
laptops, and television.
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4. Gas Plasma Monitor
Gas plasma monitor (GPM) uses neon gas instead of liquid crystal.
The neon gas glows and
produces the pixels or dots that
form picture. It is used in older
portable computers and television.
ddddddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkk
Printer
The printer is an output device that enables us to produce a hard
copy of data or information. It has different speed, capabilities, and
printing methods. Printers are divided into two classes based on the
way they print.
1. Impact printers, e.g.
Dot-matrix Printer and
Daisy-wheel Printer.....
2. Non-impact printer, e.g.
Ink Jet Printers, Laser
Printer and Thermal
printers.iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
Activity 2.3
Make a group; list out output devices and discuss
their function with your group members.
Summary
In this unit, you learned about computer hardware components such
as input, output, processing, and storage.
Input devices are any computer hardware equipment used
to enter the data to the computer.
Input devices are keyboard, mouse, scanner, micro phone,
electronic whiteboard, optical mark recogni tion, optical
character recognition, punch card reader, barcode reader,
joystick and pen input.
The output devices are used to get data out of a computer.
Monitor, printer, plotter, projector, speakers, head phones
and braille reader are some of the out put devices
Central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of computer
which performs computer instructions.
CPU has three subcomponents
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Unit 2: Computer Hardware Grade 8
Review Questions
Part I: Read the following statements and say “True” if the statement
is correct and “False” if it is incorrect.
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3. _______________________ keys are present on the top row of
the keyboard.
A. Function C. Numeric
B. Typewriter D. Navigation
4. A light sensitive device that converts drawing, printed text or
other images into digital form is______________.
A. Keyboard C. Scanner
B. Plotter D. OMR
A. Input C. Type
B. Output D. Print
8. Which of the following is not an output device?
A. Plotter C. Scanner
B. Printer D. Monitor
9. The most common method of entering text and numerical data
into a computer system is through the use of a ________.
A. Plotter C. Printer
B. Scanner D. Keyboard
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10. Which one of the following optical recognition systems senses
the presence or absence of a mark, such as pencil marks?
A. Optical Character Recognition
B. Optical Mark recognition
C. Barcode Reader
D. None
11. The device that is primarily used to provide hardcopy is
________________________.
A. CRT C. Printer
B. Computer Console D. Card Reader
12. __________ converts information from machine-understand-
able form to a human understandable form.
A. Input C. CPU
B. Output D. Storage
13. Which of the following is not a type of monitor.
A. Cathode Ray Tube C. Plasma Display
B. Liquid Crystal Display D. None
14. __________________ is most commonly used in digital watch-
es, clocks and calculators.
A. Cathode Ray Tube C. Plasma Display
B. Liquid Crystal Display D. None
15. _______________is a device that enables us to produce a hard
copy of data/information.
A. Printer
B. Dot-matrix Printer
C. Daisy-wheel Printer
D. None
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Unit 3: Computer Software Grade 8
UNIT
3 Computer Software
Unit Outcomes
Overview
In this unit, you will learn about operating system, word processor,
spreadsheet and power point. The formatting of word processor,
spreadsheet and power points are also discussed. The demonstrations
of word processor, spreadsheet and power point are presented in this
unit. Operating system, utility and driver software also addressed
here.
Brainstorming activity
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Unit 3: Computer Software Grade 8
3.1. Operating system
Brainstorming activity
What do you notice about the operating system
you learnt in grade 7?
Brainstorming activity
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A. System Utilities: Some of the system utilities are:
Anti-virus
Diagnostic programs and
Network utilities
A. Storage Management Utilities: Some of the storage man-
agement utilities are:
Backup software
Disk formatters and
Disk partition editors
A. File Management Utilities: Some of the file management
utilities are:
Data recovery
Data compression and
Data conversion
Activity 3.1
1. List and explain some of the system utilities, storage de
vices, management utilities, and file management utilities.
2. Download and install Avast anti-virus software on the
computer in the laboratory.
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3.3. Driver Software
Brainstorming activity
How does a computer recognize a printer?
Brainstorming activity
What does applications software use to edit
photo, browse and play music?
Application software is a
computer program designed to
help users to perform an activity.
It is an application used to
manipulate text, numbers, audio,
graphics, and a combination of
these elements. kkkkkkkkkkkk
Figure 3.1: Some of applications software.
Activity 3.2
Do you think that road traffic and safety light system, and
Automated Teller Machine (ATM) in your village need
software to work. Discuss in groups and present to your
class.
Brainstorming activity
Have you ever used word processor to edit files?
I. Create Document
When word processor is clicked on, a blank document window
appears. Therefore, when a new document is created, its default name
will be displayed with the name DOCUMENT < number>, as it shown
in Figure 3.2 below.
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II. Saving Document Using Save As
Once a document is created, it can be saved for future use. To “Save
as” means to preserve the document for next use. For example, to
“Save as” a word document, the following steps are needed.
1. Click the office File tab.
2. Click the Save As option.
3. Give it a file name, then click Save.
Type some sentences or a paragraph on word processor and go to the
File tab.
From the File tab, click on “Save or Save as” as shown in Figure 3.4
below.
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After you clicked on
Save as tab, you will
select where to save
file. For example, here
we select documents
directory to save it, as
it shown in Figure 3.5.
Finally, you have to provide file name and click on save tab, as it
shown in the Figure 3.5 above.
III. Insert Text
The basic steps to insert text in word processor are listed below.
1. Click the word processor icon to open it.
2. You will see a Blinking cursor or Insertion point in the text
area below the ribbon.
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IV. Copy and Paste
Word processor offers different methods to copy and paste a text.
Some of the methods are given below: For example,
1. Select the text you want to Copy.
2. Select the Home tab and click Copy.See Figure 3.7 below.
3. Place the Cursor where you want to Paste the text and
2. Place the Cursor over the text and Right click the mouse.
3. A menu will appear; with a left click select the Copy op-
tion.
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4. Now, move the Cursor to a desired location and Right
click the mouse.
5. A menu will appear; with a left click select the Paste op-
tion. See Figure 3.9 below.
After you have selected the text, Right click and click on Copy, as it is
shown Figure 3.9 above. Alternatively, go to the Home tab and click
on the Copy and then click on Paste.
V. Cut and Paste
Word processor allow us to cut and paste the same portion of a text
throughout the document as long as the text remains on the clipboard.
For example, to cut and paste a text, the following steps are important.
1. Select the text.
2. Right click and choose Cut option.
3. On the clipboard, group on the Home tab, click the Cut option
or
4. Place the insertion point where you want the text to be inserted.
5. On the clipboard, group on the Home tab and click the Paste.
6. Right click and choose Paste.
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Type a paragraph about Addis Ababa and Copy, and Paste paragraph
as shown in the Figure 3.10 below.
Right click on the paragraph and select Cut option, as it shown in the
above Figure 3.10. As an alternative, you can also select Home tab and
choose Cut and then Paste, as shown in the Figure 3.11.
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VI. Formatting
Bold: is a set of characters that are darker and heavier than normal.
A bold font implies that each character is originally designed with
a heavier appearance other than created on the fly from a normal
character. For example, Bold (See the Figure 3.12 below).
Italic: is style of font that slopes the letters evenly to the right. For
example, this word is italicized (See the Figure 3.12 below).
Underline: is a section of text in a document where the words have a
line running extend them for example underline (See the Figure 3.12
below).
Font Type and Size: There are various default font type and
font size in word processor, as it shown in the Figure 3.13 font
type and Figure 3.14 font size.
Figure 3.13. Font type Figure.3.14. Increasing and decreasing font size
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To increase and decrease the font size of your text, you can select the
number of size, as it shown in the Figure 3.14 above.
Activity 3.3
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3.6. Spreadsheet
Brainstorming activity
Do you know how to perform subtraction,
addition, multiplication and division using
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There are two basic ways to perform calculations in formulas and
functions using spreedsheet.
I. Formulas
In spreadsheet, a formula is an expression that operates on values in
a range of cells or a cell. For example, =B2+B3, which finds the sum of
the range of values from cell B2 to cell B3.
To create a formula that refers to values in other cells,
1. Select a cell;
2. Type the equal sign (=) in the cell B4.
Note: Formulas in spreadsheet always begin with the equal (=) sign.
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6. Press Enter. The result of the calculation
appears in the cell with the formula.
II. Functions
Functions are predefined formulas in spreadsheet. Functions can
be used to perform calculations. The structure of a function begins
with an equal sign (=), followed by the function name, an opening
parenthesis, the arguments for the function separated by commas,
and a closing parenthesis. Some of the functions in spreadsheet are
sum, average, maximum and minimum. For example in the Figure
3.19 the function is: =SUM(C3:C6).
Activity 3.4
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Brainstorming activity
Do you know how to prepare a power point
presentation?
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I. Insert Slide
The presentation contain one slide with the title ‘Slide layout’. It helps
to insert as many slides as needed from a variety of layouts, as shown
in Figure 3.21 below.
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Then Right click and select Paste option, see Figure 3.23 below.
Right click on the slide and choose the Cut option, as shown in Figure
3.24 below.
Activity 3.5
Write a tale you know in your village and present to your class
using a power point.
Instructions:
1. Italicize, bold and underline the topic of your tale.
2. Insert page number to your slide.
3. Use any colour you want, example, blue color.
4. Save it by your name.
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Summary
In this unit, you have learnt about operating system, utility, driver
software, word processor, spreadsheet and power point presentation.
The following are summary of this unit.
An operating system is system software that manages
computer hardware and software resources, which pro
vide common services for computer programs.
Utility software manages matters associated with the
analysis, configuration, performance, and maintenance
of a computer system.
Utility software are system utilities, storage device, man
agement utilities, file management utilities, and miscella
neous utilities.
Driver software is a type of software program that con
trols hardware devices.
Application software is the general designation of computer
programs for performing tasks.
Application software includes word processing,
spreadsheet and PowerPoint presentation.
Word processor is a software program capable of creat
ing, storing, and printing documents.
Spreadsheet is a data file made up of rows and columns
that are used to sort data and allow a user to manipulate
and arrange data easily, commonly numerical data.
A power point presentation is software that helps to cre
ate a slideshow that addresses a topic or presentation.
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Unit 3: Computer Software Grade 8
Review Questions
Part I: Say “True” if the statement is correct and “False” if it is incorrect.
1. Application software used to perform calculation is called power
point.
2. Utility software allows the peripheral devices to communicate with
the operating system.
3. Anti-virus is a software used to store and configure data on the
computer.
4. A software that helps to create presentation on a topic is spreadsheet.
5. Operating system is a system software that manages both hardware
and software.
Part II: Choose the correct answer for each of the following questions.
1. What would be the a correct formula for sum in spreadsheet?
A. =SUM(B3:B9) C. SUM(B3:B9)
B. =SUMB3+B9 D. =ADD(B3:B9)
2. Which area on the File tab has the command allowing a word doc-
ument to preserve a file?
A. Info C. Save As
B. Share D. Options
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Unit 4: Internet Grade 8
UNIT
4 Internet
Unit Outcomes
Overview
Dear students, in grade 7 you have learned the definitions of the internet,
WWW, web page, website, browser, search engine, web server, and web
addresses. In this unit, you will learn about internet services, WWW,
file transfer, text transmission protocol, browsing information on the
internet, email and facebook and benefits and risks of social networks.
Brainstorming activity
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4.1. Internet Services
Computer network is when two or more computer systems are
connected together. Internet refers to network of networks. Internet
is a world-wide global system of interconnected computer networks.
The internet is the largest computer network in the world connecting
millions of computers. World Wide Web (WWW), E-mail, Telnet
and file transfer protocol (FTP) are some of the internet services that
facilitate access to internet resources.
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Static web page
Static web pages contain only static information i.e. user can only read
the information but cannot do any modification or interact with the
information. Static web pages are only used when the information is
no more required to be modified. A static web page remains the same
until it is updated.
Dynamic Web page
A dynamic web page or dynamic website contains information that
changes depending on the viewer, the time of the day, the time zone
and the viewer’s native language. A dynamic web page automatically
changes daily to give visitors a new content.
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Then, a list of relevant websites that match what you searched will be
displayed. These are commonly known as search results. If you see a
site that looks interesting, you can click a link to open it. If the site does
not have what you need, you can return to the results page to look for
more options. Figure 4.2 shows how we search for information from
the internet.
Activity 4.1
Browse the information from the internet such as
Abay River and famous athletes in Ethiopia.
Brainstorming activity
Have you ever used email? If so, for what purpose did
you use it?
I.Creating Email
Google mail (Gmail) is one of the most used email services around
the world. If you want to create a Gmail account, you need to provide
some basic information like your name, birth date, gender, and
location. Even you have to choose a name for your new Gmail address.
Follow the steps below to create Gmail account with the quick sign-
up process.
Email Address
Each user of email is given a unique name for his/her email account.
This name is known as E-mail address. Different users can send and
receive messages based on their e-mail address. To receive emails,
you will need an email account and an email address. To send
emails to other people, you will need to get their email addresses. It is
important to learn how to write email addresses correctly because if
you do not enter it exactly, your emails will not be delivered or might
be delivered to a wrong person.
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Inbox
In inbox, we view and manage emails sent from another person or
people. Emails are listed by the name of the sender, the subject of the
message, and the date received.
Message pane
When you select an email in the inbox, it will open in the message
pane. From here, you can read the message and choose how to
respond with different types of commands as indicated in figure 4.5
below.
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Unit 4: Internet Grade 8
Compose pane
After you have clicked on the compose button, the recipient’s email
address and subject are needed to be filled. Then, write your email
message. There is also an option to upload files like photos and
documents as attachments.
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4.4. Social networks
Social networks refers to the means of interactions among people in
which they create, share, and/or exchange information and ideas in
virtual communities and networks. Social networking is the use of
internet-based social network sites to stay connected with friends,
family, colleagues, customers, or clients. Social networking can have a
social purpose, a business purpose and educational purpose through
sites like Facebook, Telegram, Skype, YouTube, Instagram, LinkedIn
and Twitter. Unless a social network is used properly, it has several
risks as indicated in section 4.5. Therefore, you are advised to use
social networks properly. See the different social networks plat forms
in figure 4.7 below.
Facebook
Facebook is a popular social network website that allows users to
create profiles, upload photos and videos, send messages and stay
connected with friends, family and colleagues.
How to create a Facebook account
1. Go to facebook.com and click Create New Account.
2. Enter your name, email or mobile phone number, password,
date of birth and gender.
3. Then click Sign Up.
4. To finish creating your account, you need to confirm your email
or mobile phone number.
5. Then, go to facebook.com and enter your email or phone number
and password.
6. Finally, click the Log in pane.
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Telegram
The telegram is an online messaging application. Telegram is used
to send messages to your contacts when connected to Wi-Fi or mobile
internet. It is also used to transmit texts, photos, videos, audio files,
location information, contacts and documents. The telegram has the
ability to show whether your communication partner is online or not.
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To create a Telegram account,
1. Install the Telegram application.
2. Enter your phone number.
3. Add your user name and a picture.
4. Find a friend with Telegram.
5. Start chatting.
6. Send a photo, video, document, contact or your current location.
LinkedIn
LinkedIn is another online service that provides business and
employment-services which operates through various online sites.
LinkedIn is mainly used for professional networking. Figure 4.10
below shows the way LinkedIn is used.
YouTube
YouTube is a video sharing website on which users can upload, view,
and share videos which are informative and inspirational to others.
See figure 4.11.
Figure 4.11: YouTube
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Twitter
Twitter is one of the micro-blogging services. Microblogging is a
web service that allows the subscriber to broadcast short messages
to other subscribers of the service. Twitter permits people to be able
to post and exchange text messages limited to 140 characters either
through computers or mobile devices. The major function of twitter is
to post and get connected to the latest information that interests users
and follow within the conversations they are interesting in. Figure
4.12 below shows the twitter sun up.
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4.5. Benefits and Risks of Social networks
Brainstorming activity
Using internet has benefits and risks. Benefits are advantages gained
from the internet when used properly while risks are disadvantages
caused when internet is not used properly.
Users of internet have grown up significant number with the internet
and digital devices as part of their everyday life. They can use social
networks to connect with others including friends, family and teachers.
1. Benefits of Social Networks
The internet, for children and adults alike, is a hugely important me-
dium. Children and young people now frequently use the internet to:
search information;
communicate; express ideas, share information and
experiences;
interact socially with friends and family;
innovate, create and share content;
play and be entertained such as games, movies, music, and
books.
2. Risks of Social Networks
The following are the risks of the internet.
Being exposed to inappropriate content; like mean,
aggressive or sexual comments or images;
Uploading inappropriate content; like photos or videos of
themselves or others;
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Unit 4: Internet Grade 8
Sharing personal information with strangers for example,
phone numbers; date of birth or location;
Cyber bullying, that is, using digital technology to
deliberately and repeatedly hurt someone;
Online bullying or harassment;
Exposure to too much targeted advertising and marketing.
Personal information being stolen;
Untrustworthy and misleading content is easy to find on
social networks.
Activity 4.3
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Summary
In this unit, you have learned about computer network, internet,
internet service, WWW, and HTTP, as well as how to browse
information, emails and different social networks.Input devices are
any computer hardware equipment used to enter the data to the
computer.
Computer network is a group of two or more computer
Systems connected to each other.
Internet is network of networks which connects millions
of computers in the world.
The major internet services are World Wide Web, E-mail,
Telnet and File transfer protocol.
World Wide Web is a collection of websites or web pages
known as Web.
There are static and dynamic web pages.
File transfer protocol is internet service which is used for
transferring files from one system to another using inter
net.
The HTTP stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol and is
used to access data on the World Wide Web.
HTTP has a server (service) and client (request) commu
nication protocol.
Browsing information is the process of searching or find
ing information on the internet.
Search engines like Google make information search easy.
Email is a way to send and receive messages across the
internet.
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Review questions
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Unit 5: Computer Ergonomics Grade 8
UNIT
5 Computer Ergonomics
Unit Outcomes
Overview
In this unit, you will learn about computer ergonomics, proper
handling of portable devices and workstation ergonomics. The unit
also addresses the recommended principles of healthier seating
style while using computer, ergonomic guidelines and the proper
utilization of smart phones.
Brainstorming activity
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Computer ergonomics deals with the interaction of the user’s, their
work bodies on a computer in order to minimize risks of health
associated with improper sitting on the computer. Computer users take
more hours a day to use a computer without knowing its consequence
on their bodies. There are many health risks while inappropriately
sitting on the computer frequently. For example, contraction of
muscle, pain, injury, and backaches are some of the consequences
of the inappropriate seating on the computer. Figure 5.1 shows the
appropriate way of sitting and handling of the mouse and keyboard
of a computer.
Activity 5.1
Activity 5.2
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Unit 5: Computer Ergonomics Grade 8
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Ergonomic workstation set-up:
The following are principles recommended for healthier use of
computer.
Elbows: above the desk, at 90-110 degrees.
Shoulders: relaxed as opposed to hunched.
Wrists: in line with forearms.
Hips, knees, and ankles: at 90 degrees whilst seated.
Feet: flat on the ground or footrest and for prolonged standing.
Head: upright with ears aligned with shoulders.
Eyes: looking at the top third of the screen.
Seat length: should be enough to provide support be neath
thighs.
Backrest: angled at 90-110 degrees with adequate lumbar
Support in line with lower back.
Keyboard and mouse: keyboard aligned with your nose,
mouse gripped loosely.
Laptop: used with a riser, external keyboard and external
mouse.
General Ergonomic Guidelines
The following tips are designed to reduce the risk of stress, physical
injury and eyestrain while using computer.
Keep your head and neck in upright position.
Face your computer screen directly.
Keep your elbows comfortably close to your body.
Use a chair that provides support for your lower back.
Keep your mouse close to your keyboard.
Adjust the position of your display to prevent reflections
of overhead and outdoor lighting appearing on your
screen.
Put your monitor close enough to your eyes.
Use a hands-free headset when talking on the phone.
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Unit 5: Computer Ergonomics Grade 8
5.3. Careful Handling of Portable Devices
Brainstorming activity
Figure 5.5 Headset
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3. Keeping Mobile Devices away from your Body
All transmitting devices should be kept away from your body. Avoid
any direct contact with body and keep it inside a bag. While sleeping,
keep your mobile devices away from your bed and switch off mobile
data and wireless options. See Figure 5.6.
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Unit 5: Computer Ergonomics Grade 8
5. Avoiding Calls at Places with Low Signal Reception
In order to keep connected with mobile tower, mobile devices increase
transmission power if the signal reception is poor. Avoid places where
signal reception from mobile tower is very poor. Avoid phone calls
while travelling on a vehicle. Cell phones continuously send signals
to maintain contact with cell towers and that could cause the mobile
device to transmit high power radiation than in idle condition. See
Figure 5.8 below.
Brainstorming activity
What are the proper ways of utilizing
smartphone?
Now smart phone users have many more options in terms of how to
engage with technologies, making the focus on health and comfort.
Smartphone has become a common place device and a challenge as
well. Here are some tips that can considerably help reduce health
risks:
Do not play games all the time.
Avoid browsing unnecessary links.
Do not capture photo and share it.
Do not text insulting messages.
Take a break from your phone.
Further away the phone from your body.
Use a land phone for calling purpose.
Do not use a mobile phone when crossing the road.
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Do not use your mobile phone in places where there is a
lot of electrical equipment.
Keep your phone on silent mode when you are in public
places.
Summary
In this unit, you have learnt about computer ergonomics, skills
for proper handling of portable devices, and proper utilization of
smartphone. The following are summary of this unit.
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Review Questions
Part I: Say “True” if the statement is correct and “False” if it is
incorrect
1. Cognitive ergonomics is the protection of computer systems
and information from harm, theft, and unauthorized use.
2. The goal of ergonomics is to prevent soft tissue injuries and
musculoskeletal disorders.
3. The term ergonomics is rooted from organizational and physi-
cal ergonomics.
4. The over use of computer has associated with humans health
problems.
5. Children are more sensitive to radio frequency radiation due to
their smaller head circumference and brain size.
Part II: From the following figures, which is the correct ergonomic
seating? Explain it to your teacher.
Part III: Write short answer for each of the following questions
UNIT
Unit Outcomes
Overview
In Grade 7, you have learned about Logic Oriented Graphics Oriented
(LOGO) language. You have already known that; LOGO is one of the
easiest and simplest computer languages. As you remember, LOGO uses
to perform various functions such as drawing figures, typing text and
performing calculations. In this unit, you will learn about using variables
in writing LOGO procedures and creating recursive procedures in LOGO.
LOGO 6.5 b version was used in this textbook; which is available on the site
“https://mswlogo.en.softonic.com/download”.
Brainstorming activity
Why do you learn the LOGO language?
Write some of LOGO turtle commands you
learned in grade 7?
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6.1. LOGO Primitives
LOGO uses a triangle shaped turtle that moves on the MSW Microsoft
Windows (MSW) LOGO screen. The LOGO turtle can draw and
perform actions when you give a command. These commands are
also known as primitives. Primitives are entered in the bar called
command input box. The basic LOGO primitives are shown in Table
6.1 below.
Table 6.1 LOGO Primitives
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6.2. Variables in LOGO
A variable is the name of a memory location which can contain a value.
Variables are given names which are strings of letters. A variable
name can contain alphabets, digits and underscore. Variables are like
containers; they contain some “thing” inside. This topic discusses
how to make your own variables, how to get at the “thing” inside.
Every variable has a name and a value associated with it. A name is a
word, just like the words you have used for the names of turtles. A
variable is something that can vary.
To define a variable in MSW LOGO, use a statement in the form:
MAKE “variableName value
e.g. make “size 10
In this example ,the variable called “size” will now have a value of
ten (10).
If you want to make use of a variable in a procedure, you must refer to
it by writing a colon (“:”) in front of the variable name. In the example
above you would refer to the variable in the form - : size. If you just
write the word “size”, without the colon, MSW LOGO will treat it as
a text, rather than the value it contains.
Example .
make “size 60
print :size/2
There are several ways to give a value to a variable. An explicit way
to do this is described below. An implicit way will be seen when we
introduce procedures. A variable can be given a value with the make
command, as shown below.
make “size 60
This command gives size to the value 60. Note that in this case, we
have used ``size, not :size. The reason is that: size is the value of the
variable size, while ``size is its name. We say that ``size is the ``quoted
name’’ of size. LOGO tries to ``evaluate’’ words as it reads them
because some words are the names of procedures. We quote words to
tell LOGO, that they should not be evaluated. In LOGO variables do
not have types, nor do they have to be declared before used.
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make “size 60
print :size +2
print :size-2
print size*2
Now let us give the variable name a value which is the name of
the Hello. Try executing the following commands in the command
window.
make “name “Hello
print :name
Note that we quote the name of the variable name in the make
command but we use the colon version to obtain its value. Hello is
quoted so it is recognized as string and not as a variable. Its output is
Hello.
6.3. Recursive procedures
When you use LOGO, each time you type a command (or a set of
commands), the turtle moves immediately. However, the turtle does
not “remember” how to make the shape. To create the shape again,
you need to type the commands again. A procedure is a way to make
the turtle remember a set of commands.
Each procedure is given a name (e.g., SQUARE or HOUSE or BIG,RED.
THING). The name may not include spaces. Creating the procedure
is like teaching the LOGO turtle the meaning of a word. For example,
we can teach the turtle that the word SQUARE means REPEAT 4 [FD
50 RT 90]. Afterwards, every time we type the word SQAURE, the
turtle will know what to do. Procedures are kept in memory as part
of a LOGO workspace. The workspace is a collection of all the LOGO
procedures currently in memory. These workspaces can be saved and
loaded, just like other documents.
Creating a Procedure using TO
All LOGO procedures actually have the word ‘TO’ as part of the name
(e.g., TO SQUARE or TO HOUSE). All versions of LOGO allow this
method for creating procedures. To begin a procedure, type the word
TO and a name for the procedure. For example, you could type TO
NAME or TO TRIANGLE.
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Creating a Procedure using EDIT
There is no space between the quote and the name of the procedure.
There is no quote after the procedure name. Many LOGO commands
follow this pattern.
You will probably see the following two lines in the editing window
when you begin a new procedure:
TO SQUARE
END.
You will be typing the commands between these two lines, so you
may need to press Return/Enter to open up a space to type.
Finishing and saving a procedure using EDIT will depend on the
version of LOGO you are using. There may be a menu item such as
“Save and Exit”. The simplest way is to attempt to close the editing
window. The computer asks you if you want to save the changes.
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Activity 6.1
Create the following procedures and view their output.
a.
to square
fd 100 rt 90 fd 100 rt 90 fd 100
end
b.
to square
fd 100 rt 90 fd 100 rt 90 fd 100 rt 90 fd 100 rt 90
end
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steps LOGO must take to make something happen.
end
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tells the app what to do when the condition is false. If you leave out
the else part then your application will do nothing when the condition
is false.
Conditional Command: if else
General form:
ifelse [true/false condition][action if true][action if false]
Example 1
The MSWLOGO display the output for the above example 1 code as
follows.
The MSWLOGO displays the output for the above figure 6.6 as follows.
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Conditional Command: Using until and while
General form:
until [condition][action]
while [condition][action]
make “count 1
until [:count > 5][print :count make “count :count + 1]
Output: 1 2 3 4 5
make “count 5
Output: 5 6 7 8 9 10
Conditional Command: do.until, do.while
do.until and do.while are effectively the same as until and
while except that the <action> and <condition> are reversed.
General form:
do.until [action][condition]
do.while [action][condition]
make “count 1
do.until [print :count make “count :count + 1][:count > 10]
Output: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
make “count 1
do.while [print :count make “count :count + 1][:count < 10]
Output: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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Activity 6.2
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Summary
In this unit, you have learned about primitives, variables, procedure
and conditional statements in LOGO programming.
Primitives are commands in LOGO programming.
Variable is the name of a memory location which can con
tain a value.
Variables are given names which are strings of letters.
Procedure is a way to make the turtle remember a set of
commands.
Creating the procedure is like teaching the LOGO turtle
the meaning of a word.
Recursive is a procedure that invokes its own copy.
Conditional statements are statements that are used to de
cide whether or not the condition is true or false.
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Review Questions
Part I. Say “True” if each of the following statements is correct
and “False” if it is incorrect.
1. After a variable, there is always a quote.
2. Colon is used to refer to the variable in LOGO programming.
3. A procedure is a way to make the turtle remember a set of
commands.
4. Recursive procedures cannot be written in LOGO.
5. Recursive procedure is a call for the procedure within the
procedure.
Part II: Write the correct answer on the blank space provided.
1. A_________________ is the name of memory location that
contains a value.
2. A LOGO procedure is called ___________________ if it calls
itself as a sub procedure.
3. The ______________is used to clear all the commands in the
recall list box.
4. _____________________ are entered in the bar called command
input box.
5. All LOGO procedures have the word ___________________ as
part of their name.
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Glossary
Application software: specific computer on the
is computer program internet.
designed to help users to Download: is a term
perform an activity. for transferring software
Artificial intelligence or other files from one
(AI): refers to the computer to another.
simulation of human Driver software: is a type
intelligence in machines of software that controls
that are programmed to hardware devices such
think like humans and as microprocessor,
mimic their actions. memory, hard drive, and
Browser: is a software peripherals devices.
program that allows Email address: The way a
viewing webpages. specific user is identified
Computer: is an electronic so that they may receive
machine that can store email.
and process data; it Email: is messages sent
has hardware which is from one specific user to
the machine itself, and another using the Internet.
software which is a set of
instructions. Ergonomics: deals with
the interaction of the user
CPU: is a brain of bodies on a computer in
the computer where order to minimize risks
programs are run. of health that associated
Cyberspace: is a world of with improper sitting on
computer networks. the computer.
Desktop: is a full size External hard drive: is
computer with a central a device that acts like
processing unit (CPU) a computer hard drive
connected to a monitor. without being installed
Domain Name: is a unique in the computer; it is
name that identifies a plugged into a computer
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via a port. device developed from
External Hard Drive: is a semiconductor materials.
storage device that serves Keyboard: is where all
as an extra hard drive the letters, numbers and
used for additional or other buttons are located;
backup storage. when you type on it, the
Hard Driver: is an input/ symbols appear on the
output device that serves monitor.
as the long-term storage Laptop: is a small portable
memory of the computer. computer.
Home Page: is a first page Link: is a word, phrase,
of a Website, it is similar or image that allows
to a table of contents. you to jump to another
HTML: is a computer document on the World
language used to make Wide Web.
hypertext documents that Microphone: is a device,
are sent via the World which allows you to talk
Wide Web and viewed to others through your
using a Browser. computer provided that
HTTP: is a way that you are connected to them
hypertext documents via a communication
are transferred over the application.
Internet. Modem: is a device that
Hypertext: is a way of allows a computer to
presenting information connect to the intranet.
that allows words, Monitor: is an output
pictures, sounds, and device that displays
actions to be inter-linked information visually.
so that you may jump Motherboard: is a
between them as you circuit board that holds
choose. and connects various
Integrated circuit: refers components of the
to a small electronic computer and allows their
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communication. Scanner: is a device that
Mouse: is a little device scans something that is
you move with your flat and sends the image
hand, which then moves to the computer.
the cursor on the screen. Search Engine: is a
Operating System: website that indexes
is software that and allows searching of
communicates with the information gathered
hardware and allows from the internet.
other programs to run. Smartphone: is a portable
Optical Driver: is an device that combines
input/output device that mobile telephone and
reads data from and computing functions into
writes data to CDs and one unit.
DVDs. Speakers: are devices that
Peripheral: is an the sounds come out of;
accessory that you use they are sometimes built
with your computer; into the monitor.
not part of the computer Touchpad: is an area on
itself, but it connects to a laptop that substitutes
the computer via a cable for a mouse; you move
or wireless access; for your finger around on it
example, printers and to move the cursor.
scanners. Transistor: is an electronic
Printer: is a device that device used to control
prints out data sent from the flow of electricity in
the computer onto paper. electronic equipment.
RAM: is a computer’s URL: is a uniform resource
high-speed, short-term locator -The entire address
memory. It temporarily for a piece of information
stores data and of the internet. E.g., www.
instructions for programs google.com
that run on the computer. Utility software: is system
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software used to solve a transistors.
particular problem of a Webpage: is a hypertext
user. document available on
Vacuum tube: is an the World Wide Web.
electronic device that Website: is a collection of
controls the flow of webpages.
electrons in a vacuum.
World Wide Web: is a
Very Large Scale collection of resources
Integrated circuit: is the available on the internet
current level of computer using a web browser.
microchip containing
hundreds of thousands of
Bibliography
Basic Concepts of Computer, available at the link http://uru.
ac.in/uruonlinelibrary/Cloud_Computing/Basics%20of%20
Computer.pdf
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