Psy Finals Reviewer
Psy Finals Reviewer
Psy Finals Reviewer
CHAPTER 4: THE SELF IN WESTERN AND Countries with generally collectivistic cultures
EASTERN THOUGHTS include:
•Individualistic Cultures put more emphasis on ·It gives more importance on relationships, roles,
promoting the individual and the immediate duties, obligations, and the preservation of culture
familelfare. and tradition.
·It prioritizes the needs and goals of society over the
Countries with generally individualistic cultures needs and desires of every individual.
include: ·It is founded on the belief that people are socially
connected.
-New Zealand, Germany, Poland, Austria, Greece, ·It puts more importance on belongingness to a larger
Italy, belguium, ireleand, spain, and Finland group and emphasized social obligations.
·It is other-oriented because it encourages people to
The Western Conception of the self is be kind, benevolent, charitable, dependable, and
individualistic sensitive to the needs of others.
·It promotes selflessness, sacrifice for the welfare of
society, and the performance of assigned roles.
·Self is viewed as part of a “We” instead of only a offerings, meditate, and perform other rituals for their
“Me”. communities.
TAOISM CONFUCIANISM
Taoism emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao Confucius was a Chinese philosopher and politician
(way or path), is a religion and a philosophy at the of the Spring and Autumn period who is traditionally
same time. considered the paragon of Chinese sages. Confucius
is the founder of Confucianism. He propagated the
Tao is nothing but the expression of the unity of the way of life and claimed that Confucianism regards an
universe and of the path which human beings must individual as a member of a larger whole, not as a
take to preserve that unity. The path starts with the separate being.
knowledge of the origin of the universe.
The teachings of Confucius are based on human
It is referred as the life force that surrounds and flows relationships as reflected in his concept of Five
through all living and non-living thigs, and that Cardinal Relationships or Five Bonds
balances, orders, unifies, and connects them
This refers to the five fundamental relationships
Knowledge of the universe or nature can be attained in Confucian philosophy:
by studying the self because Taoists regard the
human body as the miniature of the universe, as an 1.King (ruler) and His Subject (ruled)
extension of the cosmos 2.Father and Son
(Ho, 1995). Going against the will of nature or the 3.Father other and Younger Brother
universe disrupts the cosmic order (symbolized by 4. Husband and Wife
Ying and Yang). Taoism does not support the 5. Friend and Friend
philosophical teachings of Confucius about self and
society. It does not consider the self as extension of According to Confucius, individual identity is
social relationships; rather, the self is but one of the defined by membership in the reference group to
countless manifestations of the Tao. which one belongs.
Taoist thought focuses on genuineness, longevity, This identity is called RELATIONAL SELF.
health, immortality, vitality, detachment, refinement Wherein, each member must possess the same
(emptiness), spontaneity, transformation and omni- qualities that the group preserves and cherishes. Each
potentiality. member shares the pride that the group claims and is
united in every success or failure.
Lao Tzu
Subdued Self is another concept that Confucius
Lao-Tzu (l. c. 500 BCE, also known as Laozi or Lao- introduced. It is conditioned to response to
Tze) was a Chinese philosopher credited with perceptions, not of its own needs and aspirations but
founding the philosophical system of Taoism. He is of social requirements and obligations. It also means
best known as the author of the Laozi to practice “ren” (human heartedness)- the hallmark
(later retitled the Tao-Te-Ching translated as “The of Confucian ethics. Ren is a Confucian Virtue
Way of Virtue” or “The Classic of the Way and characterized by altruistic behavior that must be
Virtue”) the work which exemplifies his thought nurtured in every person. It can be understood as
love, benevolence or charity. A subdued self,
The Tao Te Ching, or “The Way and Its Power,” is a therefore, is being a “person for others.”
collection of poetry and sayings from around the
third and fourth centuries B.C.E. that guides Taoist Buddhism
thought and actions. The Tao Te Ching and other
Taoist books provide guides for behavior and -Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama who
spiritual ways of living in harmony with this energy. was born in a Hindu family.
However, Taoists do not believe in this energy as a
god. Rather, there are gods as part of the Taoist -The religion is neither monotheistic nor polytheistic.
beliefs, often introduced from the various cultures
found in the region known now as China. These gods -The main goal of Buddhism is to reach
are part of the Tao, like all living things. Taoism has enlightenment.
temples, monasteries, and priests who make
BELIEFS
"Man is a transitional being. This body is a bridge."
Buddhists share the belief of reincarnation with —Sri Arubindo
Hindus.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BODY
Buddhists share the belief of reincarnation with
Hindus. It is a concrete dimension.
Buddhists share the belief of reincarnation with It is a tangible aspect of a person that can be
Hindus. directly observed and examined.
FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS: the truth of suffering, Include the physical traits that are visible like our
the truth of the cause of suffering, the truth of the end defining characteristics
of suffering, the truth of the path that leads to
suffering. Height, Complexion, Hair, Face Shape, Sex, Eye
EIGHTFOLAD PATH: right view, right intentions, Color, and Weight
right speech, right action, right livelihood, right
effort, right concentration, right mindfulness. OTHER PERSPECTIVE ON THE PHYSICAL
Life is full of suffering (dukkha) perpetuated due to SELF:
the endless cycle of life, death, and rebirth.
NIRVANA – nirvana can be reached by adhering to Sigmund Freud
the eightfold path.
- described the physical self as the core of
HINDUISM human experience.
For instance, your clothes reflect certain of your A person’s pet could be an expression of one’s social
personality and you designate them as “ my status, pride and prestige
wardrobe”
Home
“ We are what we have”
Earliest nest of our selfhood
Composition of material self
Our experiences inside the home were recorded and
The material self is comprised of our body, clothes, marked on particular parts and things in our home.
immediate family and home
“if only walls can speak”
BODY
The hoem is thus an extension of self, we can directly
Your body is your Possession connect ourself.
Spiritual, which exists on its own. According to french scientist "Arnold Van Genuep"
(Demetrio, Cordero-Fernande Zialcita, and Feleo, the rites of passage that helps individuals through
1991) crucial crises and major four crisis in their lives
Three Basic principles of Legotherapy •Citizens often disregard the impact of their votes to
1. Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the public interest when they elect corrupt and
most miserables ones. incompetent officials as payment for utang na loob
Sense of Overdependency democratic and republican state.”
•Some constituents rely on an elected official or a •Democratic culture has become a way of life for
"patron" politician for their personal and economic Filipinos, and it has been inculcated by the nation's
needs. heroes before the arrival of the Americans.
•This culture results in the re-election of incompetent •Filipinos are known to always fight for their
officials whose means to stay in power is to provide freedom. They know that the suppression of rights
temporary relief to impoverished Filipino families. means running through freedom-loving people and
dying to reclaim their rights.
Belief that Majority of Politicians are Corrupt •The democratic culture is never lost in the Filipino
•Many Filipinos believe that politicians are corrupt consciousness but there are challenges to it.
and are in government service only to promote their
vested interest and not in the public interest. Basic Features of Democracy:
Rule of Majority
•The term buwaya (crocodile) has been used to Protection of Human Rights
describe corrupt politicians in the Philippines Upholding the Law
signifying their greed for money and power.
IDEAL CITIZEN
Lack of Political Maturity
•People elect officials based on popularity and Citizenship
personality, not on performance and platform. denotes the status of being a legal member of a
Politics is no longer limited to individuals with national-state.
backgrounds in political science and law, even When identifying what makes a person citizen of one
celebrities are now able to hold positions in office by state, one must look at the Constitution in
sheer popularity. determining how one becomes a citizen of a nation.
Citizenship is acquired:
ESTABLISHING A DEMOCRATIC CULTURE • through blood relations
• through his or her birthplace
Culture •naturalization
is defined as the way of life followed by people and
which consists of learned and shared values, The real self
behavior, traditions, etc. (Hunt, Quisumbing, is the self that one feels to be most true to what and
Espiritu, Costello, & Lacar, 1994). who he or she really is.
It is how one thinks, feels, and looks.
Two Major Elements of Culture: Material and
Non-Material Ideal self
is the self one aspires to be.
•A system of government is part of a nation’s non- It is an idealized version of oneself influenced by
material culture. one's experiences and aspirations in the environment
he or she is situated in.
•For many years, the system of government in the
Philippines has been democratic.
What constitutes an ideal citizen?
Democracy An ideal citizen can be a person who follows the
is a system of government in which all citizens are laws, protects and takes care of the environment, and
eligible members of the state. contributes to the welfare of other people.
In a democratic country,
it is expected that there is: An ideal citizen carries out his or her civic
•rule of the majority responsibilities—duties that help share a better
•human rights are protected society for all citizens.
•the rule of law is upheld
Sovereign power belongs to the people.
•The very first principle in the 1987 Philippine
Constitution states that “The Philippines is a Article XIV, Section 3, Paragraph 2 of the
Philippine Constituent 5. Accountability - It means being liable and
- identifies the qualities expected of citizens to responsible for one’s action.
posses, thereby creating ideal citizens. The provision
states that an ideal citizen is patriotic and 6. Openness - It means being transparent with
nationalistic, fosters love of humanity, has respect for whatever information one handles.
human rights, appreciates the role of national heroes, Article II, Section 28 of the 1987 Philippine
knows the rights and duties of citizenship, has strong Constitution - to free the government from false
ethical and spiritual values, and has good moral accusations and to inform the public about what is
character and personal discipline. happening in the government.
Freedom of Information (FOI) Bill or House Bill
GOVERNANCE 3227 - to fully disclose information and eliminate
corruption.
Governance
is defined as the traditions and institutions that 7. Leadership - It means being able to lead the way
determine how authority is exercised in a particular for development that would benefit all.
country.
FILIPINO VALUES
Good Governance
British Prime Minister John Major Positive Filipinon Traits
• he created the Committee on Standards in Public
Life to outline proper behavior by public servants, in Bayanihan – as a practice of the spirit of kinship and
1994. camaraderie, the custom of bayanihan is observed
• in its first report, the committee released Nolan whenever a helping hand is extended to accomplish a
Principles, named after the committee’s first task as a group.
chairman, Lord Michael Nolan.
• The principles aim to eliminate corruption in the Damayan – this is characterized by aiding the
government families affected by unfortunate events in terms of
money or goods.
The Seven Nolan Principle
Familism or Close Family Ties – Filipinos are
1. Selflessness - It means caring for what people need known to prioritize the welfare of family members
and want instead of promoting personal interests. above other thing.
2. Objectivity - It means being neutral and free from Optimism – Filipinos have the attitude of looking all
biases in making decisions. ways to be happy and to maintain a positive outlook
even in times of calamities and other challenges in
3. Integrity - It means maintaining a good name and life.
character.
Hospitality – Filipinos are identified to be warm,
4. Honesty - It means telling the truth, hiding friendly, generous, and accommodating to other
nothing, and being transparent at all times. people, fellow Filipino or not.
SALN (Statement of Assets, Liabilities, and Net Regionalism – Outside the “significant others,”
Worth). It is a declaration of assets (i.e., land, Filipinos have this attitude of giving more priority to
vehicles, etc.), and liabilities (i.e., loans, debts, etc.). their province mate.
SALN - required by law under Article XI Section 17 Flexibility – Filipinos can adapt or conform to the
of the 1987 Constitution and Section 8 of republic expectations or will of other people to achieve
Act No. 6713, the “Code of Conduct and Ethical smooth and harmonious relationships.
Standards for Public Officials and Employees.”
Religious – this is characterized by strong faith and
Assets, liabilities, net worth, business interests and submission to the will of a supreme being.
financial connections from all appropriate
government agencies. Respect for Elders – Filipinos are thought to show
courtesy towards the elderly at all times.
performance of certain tasks affects one’s
Remedyo Attitude – Filipinos are known for being productivity.
creative and resourceful. This is characterized by
their ability to find useful in things that may already Ningas Kugon – this is characterized by the attitude
be considered as junk by others. of being enthusiastic only at the beginning of an
endeavor.
Matiyaga – Filipinos are known for their grit and
strong determination in every undertaking. Oversensitivity – it is the inability of some Filipinos
to withstand and accept criticism or negative
Utang na Loob – this is a feeling of gratitude, comments, when they hear criticisms, they are easily
recognition of one’s indebtedness, and obligation to hurt as they take these personally and negatively,
repay someone who has extended assistance to instead of constructively.
another.
Pakikisama – it is a Filipino attitude of always
Negative Filipino Traits adhering or submitting to the will of the group they
are part of.
Bahala na Attitude – this is a Filipino trait of
leaving to fate and luck the outcome of certain Lack of Sportsmanship – it is an attitude of
undertaking, hence the expression bahala na. Filipinos manifested in how they cannot seem to
accept defeat. They would rather believe that they
Colonial Mentality or Blue-seal Mentality – is a were cheated on than accept that they were defeated.
Filipino value of giving high regard to foreign
products and treating the local as inferior and low Tsamba Lang Attitude – it is attitude characterized
quality. by the refusal to take the credit for one’s own
accomplishments, instead owing it to charm and luck.
Crab Mentality – is a Filipino attitude born out of
jealousy and insecurity characterized by an attempt to CHAPTER 10: DIGITAL ASPECT OF THE
pull down those who are ahead of them in life. SELF
Euphemistic – this is a Filipino attitude of not being Front and Back stages of the self
frank and straightforward so as not to offend or hurt
another person. Goffman (1967), as cited by Delise (2012), theorized
notions concerning the presentetation of self in daily
Filipino Time – these manifests among Filipino face to face interactions.
through lack of punctuality.
The theory presents social life as a stage, where all
Gaya-gaya Attitude – this is Filipino trait of are actors and audience members.
copying or imitating others’ work, product, type of
business, fashion, and the likes. According to Goffman , many videos or pictures
uploaded by people are their Front stages, while their
Jackpot Mentality – this is characterized by an Back stages remain hidden so that the identities that
“instant millionaire” mentality of some Filipinos who they portray in public are preserved.
would rather engage in fast ways of acquiring money.
Digital Self
Belief in Kapalaran – it is a Filipino trait of Images can be manipulated through skills in
believing and accepting that one’s fate is already photography or photoshops.
written in the stars. This is manifested in the practice
of going to fortunate-tellers and palm-readers just What not to post online
earn affirmation of their beliefs rather than planning • Sexy or revealing pictures
and pursuing their goal in life. •Pictures or videos showing private moments with
loved ones
Mañana Habit – Mañana from the phrase mamaya •Pictures or videos showing bad habits
na means “I’ll do it later,” is an attitude of Filipinos • Negative comments on another person's attitudes
characterized by stalling on doing tasks instead of • Posts announcing conflicts with other people
doing them immediately. The delay in the • Comments showing strong opposition to certain
issues
•James Spady is considered the father of Outcomed-
Dichotomies of the self Based Education (OBE)
• it deals with what the students can do.
1. Producer or Consumer •In a nutshells. OBE is performance - based and
2. Offline versus offline action based. It is not about what the students know.
3. Body versus Technology But what the students can perform or do.
1. Self Care
Self Compassion
-refers to all activities that a person does to
-is defined as showing compassion to oneself.
maintain amd improve his or her physical,
psychological, emotional, social and spiritual well
being. Three components of self compassion:
Common humanity
-means acceptance that one is an imperfect being,
one makes mistakes along with everyone else, and
one does not always get what he or she wants.
Mindfulness
-is the practice of being fully present in the moment.
One has to turn toward his or her painful thoughts
and emotions in order to embrace himself or herself
with compassion.