Natural Convection in A Differentially Heated Porous Cavity
Natural Convection in A Differentially Heated Porous Cavity
Natural Convection in A Differentially Heated Porous Cavity
porous cavity
1.Introduction
Natural Convection is taking place all around us all the time. The
behaviour of the fluid during natural convection is of major
concern for applications of this phenomenon.
Porous media is a very important concept in Ansys because of
its wide range of applicability. It helps simulate very complicated
domains in very simple form reducing computational power
required and even in some cases making it possible to simulate
a physical model in computational form.
There are two types of approaches that we can take: microscopic
or macroscopic. In microscopic approach the interest lies on the
pore size and or the particle sizes in the porous media where as
in macroscopic approach a mean of the property is taken over
a sufficiently large representative elementary volume.
Natural convection has been widely studied in literature and the
relations used is the Darcy relation or other modified forms. In
this experiment non Darcy regime has been used while varying
the Rayleigh and Darcy numbers.
Nomenclature:
u - X-velocity
v - Y-velocity
𝜌 - Density
p - Pressure
µ - Dynamic viscosity
β - Volumetric thermal expansion coefficient
α - Thermal Diffusivity
ʋ - Kinematic Viscosity
ϵ - Porosity
Ra – Rayleigh Number
Da – Darcy Number
K – Permeability
k – conductivity
X-Momentum Equation:
𝜌 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜇 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜇𝑢 𝐹𝜌𝑢|𝑢|
[ + ]= − + [ 2 + ]− −
𝜖 𝜖 𝜕𝑥 𝜖 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜖 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝐾 √𝐾
Y-Momentum Equation:
𝜌 𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝑣 𝜕𝑣
[ + ]
𝜖 𝜖 𝜕𝑥 𝜖 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑝 𝜇 𝜕 2 𝑣 𝜕 2 𝑣 𝜇𝑣 𝐹𝜌𝑣 |𝑣|
= − + [ 2 + 2] − − + 𝜌𝑔𝛽 (𝑇 − 𝑇∞ )
𝜕𝑦 𝜖 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝐾 √𝐾
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
Energy Equation: 𝜌𝐶𝑝 [𝑢 +𝑣 ] = 𝑘𝑒 (∇2 𝑇)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑘𝑒 =∈ 𝑘𝑓 + (1−∈)𝑘𝑠
In these equations u and v refer to the average velocities and the
properties are of the fluid. The effective conductivity is evaluated.
Non-Dimension Parameters:
x*=x/L; y*=y/L;
u*=u/(α/L); v*=v/(α/L);
𝑔𝛽(𝑇ℎ −𝑇𝑐 )𝐿3 𝑇−𝑇𝑐
p*=p/ (𝜌(α/L)2 ); 𝑅𝑎 = ; 𝑃𝑟 = 𝜗/𝛼 ; 𝜃 =
𝜗𝛼 𝑇ℎ −𝑇𝑐
Da= K/L2
So, the governing equations become:
𝑈𝜕𝑢∗ 𝑈𝜕𝑣 ∗
+ =0
𝐿𝜕𝑥 ∗ 𝐿𝜕𝑦 ∗
Which reduces to:
𝜕𝑢∗ 𝜕𝑣 ∗
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 ∗ 𝜕𝑦 ∗
x-momentum Equation(dimensionless):
𝑢∗ 𝜕𝑢∗ 𝑣 ∗ 𝜕𝑢∗ 𝜕𝑝∗ 𝑃𝑟 𝜕 2 𝑢∗ 𝜕 2 𝑢∗ 𝑃𝑟 ∗ 𝐹 ∗ ∗
[ 2 ∗ + 2 ∗] = − ∗ + [ ∗2 + ∗2 ] − 𝑢 − 𝑢 |𝑢 |
∈ 𝜕𝑥 ∈ 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 ∈ 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝐷𝑎 √𝐷𝑎
Similarly in y-direction:
𝑢∗ 𝜕𝑣 ∗ 𝑣 ∗ 𝜕𝑣 ∗ 𝜕𝑝∗ 𝑃𝑟 𝜕 2 𝑣 ∗ 𝜕 2 𝑣 ∗ 𝑃𝑟 ∗ 𝐹 ∗ ∗
[ 2 ∗
+ 2 ∗
] = − ∗
+ [ ∗2 + ∗2 ] − 𝑣 − 𝑣 |𝑣 | + 𝑅𝑎 ∗ 𝑃𝑟 ∗ 𝜃
∈ 𝜕𝑥 ∈ 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 ∈ 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝐷𝑎 √𝐷𝑎
Energy Equation:
𝛼 ∗
𝜕𝜃 ∗
𝜕𝜃 (𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐 ) 𝜕 2 𝜃 𝜕2𝜃
𝜌𝐶𝑝 2 (𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐 ) [𝑢 +𝑣 ]=𝑘 ( ∗2 + ∗2 )
𝐿 𝜕𝑥 ∗ 𝜕𝑦 ∗ 𝐿2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
which reduces to
𝜕𝜃
∗ ∗
𝜕𝜃 𝜕2𝜃 𝜕2𝜃
𝑢 +𝑣 = +
𝜕𝑥 ∗ 𝜕𝑦 ∗ 𝜕𝑥 ∗2 𝜕𝑦 ∗2
For our Calculations we use:
Th = 500C Tc = 400C
Properties of air at 450C
𝜌 = 1.1105kg/m3
β = 2/(Th+Tc)=2/(323+313)=3.1447*10^-3
α = 2.5014*10^-5 m2/s
ʋ = 2.5014*10^-5 m2/s
µ = 1.97722*10^-5 m2/s
k = 0.02791 W/mK
Cp = k/(𝜌*α)= 1005J/kg-K
𝑔𝛽(𝑇ℎ −𝑇𝑐 )𝐿3
𝑅𝑎 = J=k(Th-Tc)/L Nu= q’’/J
𝜗𝛼
for,
Ra Da L(m) K-1 C Nu J(W/m2)
107 10-4 0.2728 134408.60 403.28 9.25 1.0227
6 -4
10 10 0.1266 625000 869.63 2.706 2.2038
5 -4
10 10 0.0588 2890173.41 1870.06 1.072 4.7449
5 -2
5x10 10 0.1005 9900.99 109.45 6.61 2.7761
4 -2
10 10 0.0273 134174.158 402.93 1.498 10.2198
3 -2
10 10 0.0127 619962.8 866.11 1.01 21.9685
The values of Nu for the respective Ra have been obtained from well-
established journal research papers.
For all of the above grid study an unstructured grid has been
used and in all the cases only the no. of divisions is changed, the
bias factor is kept constant.
As we can see the result is not varying with grid sizes. The grid
size with 80 divisions is chosen for the Rayleigh number to
showcase the Temperature distribution and the stream functions
in each case.
For the sake of size of the report the grid independence study for
Ra=106 is shown here. But the same is done for all other
Rayleigh numbers listed in the results segment.
For Ra=106
For Ra=105
Figure 5 Stream Functions
For Ra=5x105
For Ra=104
Figure 10 Temperature Distribution
For Ra =103
But one of the things to observe is that for the computation the
method used for all the Rayleigh Numbers is SIMPLE. The grid
size for all is kept the same.
5.Conclusion
From the experiment conducted it is observed that as the
Rayleigh number increases there is more intermixing of the hot
and cold air(in this case).
The effect of various parameters like Rayleigh number and
Darcy number on the temperature gradient close to the walls is
demonstrated.
The results obtained is also validated against well established
data and it is seen that the error is less than 5%.
6.References
1. D. Jaya Krishna, Tanmay Basak, Sarit K. Das (2008) Non-Darcy
buoyancy driven flows in a fluid saturated porous medium: the use of
asymptotic computational fluid dynamics (ACFD) approach. Heat Mass
Transfer 44:1117-1125.