W8 Protocols Standard and Internet Architecture - Presentation

Protocol
This are set of rules that governs a communication or

exchange of information. This can be the step by step
procedure or can be the guidelines to follow in
communicating or exchanging information.
Protocol is a standards used to define a method of

exchanging data over a computer network such as local
area network, Internet, Intranet, etc. Each protocol has its
own method of how data is formatted when sent and what
to do with it once received, how that data is compressed or
how to check for errors in data.
(ComputerHope.com)
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol)
is a set of communication protocols used for the Internet
and other similar networks. The Internet Protocol suite, like
many protocol suite, may categorized in a set of layers.
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

is a communication protocol that is used to resolve the
Logical Address into Physical Address. Meaning using this
Protocols
protocol network layer address are converted into data
link layer addresses.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

is a network protocol used by IP networks to dynamically
distribute network configuration paramters like IP address
for interface and services.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
is a telecommunication protocol used to transfer files or
data from one device to another device over the TCP/IP
Connection.
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)

is one of the main protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite
used by network devices to send error message and relay
Protocols
query messages.
POP 3 (Post Office Protocol 3)

is an Internet Standard protocol used by E-mail clients to
retrieve information/data from an E-mail server through
TCP/IP connection.
SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) –
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)
is another communication protocol that is designed for
Voice over Internet Protocol. It is used for signaling and
controlling multimedia communication sessions.
Protocols
Standards
Standards are necessary in almost every business and
public service entity. The primary reason for standards is to
ensure that hardware and software produced by different
vendors can work together. Without networking standards,
it will be difficult – if not impossible – to develop networks
that easily share information. Standards also mean that
customer are not locked into one vendor. They can buy
hardware and software from any vendor whose
equipment meets the standard.
(What-When-How.Com)
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Standard Giving Org.

is an organization that is based in Geneva, Switzerland. It promotes
worldwide, proprietary, industrial and commercial standards. One of
the biggest contribution of this standard giving body is the OSI or the
Open System Interconnect that is widely used in the Networking world.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer (IEEE)

is a professional organization that is composed of computer scientist,
software developers, information technology professional, physicist
and even medical doctor. This organization is focused in the advance
technological innovation and excellence. The greatest contribution of
IEEE in the Data Communication is the 802 which is the LAN/WAN
Standards.
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

is an international community of network designers, operators,
vendors and researcher that is focused in the evolution of the internet
architecture and the enhancement of the internet operation. IETF
uses the RFC or the Request for Comment in their standards.
Standard Giving Org.
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
is an agency under the United Nations (UN) that is tasked to oversee
and address the issues when it comes to Information and
Communication Technologies.
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

is a private organization that is responsible for the development of
consensus standards for services, products, systems, processes and
even personnel in the United State of America.
Open Systems Interconnect (OSI)
is one of the greatest contribution of the ISO in the computer
networking industry. This model is used by company as
reference because it characterizes and standardizes the
internal functions of a communication system into different
layers.
Open System is a set of protocols that allow any two different

systems to communicate regardless of their underlying
structure. The purpose of OSI model is to show how to
facilitate communication between different systems without
requiring changes to the logic of the underlying hardware
and software.
(Wikipedia.com)
Physical layer
OSI Model 7 Layers

is the layer that defines the electrical and physical specifications of the
data connection. It defines the relationship between a device and a
physical transmission medium.
Data Link layer

provides node-to-node transfer (reliable link between two directly
connected nodes), by detecting and possibly correcting errors that
may occur in the physical layer.
Network Layer
layer that is responsible in providing functional and procedural means
of transferring variable length data sequences (called datagrams)
from one node to another connected to the same network. It
translates logical network address into physical machine address.
Transport Layer
OSI Model 7 Layers

provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable-
length data sequences from a source to a destination host via one or
more networks, while maintaining the quality of service functions.
Session Layer
controls the dialogues (connections) between computers. It
establishes, manages and terminates the connections between the
local and remote applications. It provides for full duplex, half duplex or
even simplex operations.
Presentation Layer
establish context between application-layer entities, in which the
application-layer entities may use different syntax and semantics if
the presentation services provides a big mapping between them.
OSI Model 7 Layers
Application layer
the layer among the 7 OSI layer that is closest to the end user, which
means both the OSI application layer and the user interact directly
with the software application. This layer interacts with the software
applications that implement a communicating component.
Application-layer functions typically include identifying
communication partners, determining resource availability and
synchronizing communications.
TCP/IP Model
is maintained by the Internet Engineering Task Force. TCP/IP is
almost the same as with OSI but TCP/IP is much simpler
because instead of 7 layers TCP/IP is divided into 4 layers.
TCP/IP Model provides end-to-end connectivity specifying

how data should be packetized, addressed, transmitted,
routed and received at the destination. Indeed, this
functionality is organized into four abstraction layers which
are used to sort all related protocols according to the scope
of networking involved.
(Wikipedia.com)
TCP/IP Model 4 Layers
Network Layer
is used to move packets between the Internet layer interface of two
different host on the same link. The process of transmitting and
receiving packets on a given link can be controlled both in the
software device drivers for network cards, as well as on firmware or
specialized chipsets.
Internet Layer
has the responsibility of sending packets across potentially multiple
networks. Internetworking requires sending data from the source
network to the destination network. This process is called routing.
Transport Layer
establishes a basic data channel that an application uses in its task-
specific data exchange. The layer establishes process-to-process
connectivity, meaning it provides end-to-end services that are
independent of the structure of user data and the logistics of
exchanging information for any particular specific purpose.
TCP/IP Model 4 Layers
Application Layer
includes the protocols used by most applications for providing user
services or exchanging applications data over the network
connections established by the lower level protocols, but this may
include some basic network support services, such as many routing
protocols, and host configuration protocols.
Internet Architecture
is a meta-network, a constantly changing collection of thousands of
individual networks intercommunicating with a common protocol. This
architecture is based in the very specification of the standard TCP/IP
protocol, designed to connect any two network which may be very
different in internal hardware, software, and technical design.
Once two networks are interconnected, communication with TCP/IP is
enabled end-to-end, so that any node on the Internet has the near
magical ability to communicate with any other no matter where they
are.
This openness of design has enabled the Internet Architecture to grow
to a global scale. Here are some terminologies that is related to
Internet Architecture.
(LivingInternet.com)
Routers
is a specialized hardware that does the routing of data.
This hardware is commonly known as the Layer 3 Hardware
because it uses logical addresses to route the information
from the sender to its destination.
“A Router is a device that forwards data packets along

networks. A Router is connected to at least two networks,
commonly two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISP's
network. Routers are located at gateways, the places
where two or more networks connect.”
(Webopedia.com)
Domain Name Services
is another terminology in the Internet Architecture wherein
using this service. DNS Servers translates the public IP
addresses into Domain Names. For example, if you will type
http://www.facebook.com at the web browser the DNS
Server will be resolving this IP and will convert it to
69.171.230.5 which is the public IP Address of
Facebook.com.
“Domain Name Servers (DNS) are the Internet's equivalent

of a phone book. They maintain a directory of domain
names and translate them to Internet Protocol (IP)
addresses. “
(NetworkSolutions.com)
Internet Service Providers
depends on what country you are in but in principles,
Internet Service Providers are the companies that allows
every household or companies to access the World Wide
Web or the Internet.
“Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that

provides services for accessing, using, or participating in
the Internet. Internet service providers may be organized in
various forms, such as commercial, community-owned,
non-profit, or otherwise privately owned.”
(Wikipedia.com)

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Protocol

This are set of rules that governs a communication or

Protocol is a standards used to define a method of

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)

POP 3 (Post Office Protocol 3)

Standard Giving Org.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer (IEEE)

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

Open System is a set of protocols that allow any two different

OSI Model 7 Layers

Data Link layer

OSI Model 7 Layers

TCP/IP Model provides end-to-end connectivity specifying

“A Router is a device that forwards data packets along

“Domain Name Servers (DNS) are the Internet's equivalent

“Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that

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