(ENGM-110) Algebra Review

“I can do anything through Christ
who strengthens me.”

Phil. 4:13
ALGEBRA
ENGR. REYNILAN L. DIMAL

Properties of Equality
Reflexive Property
a=a
Symmetric Property
If a = b, then b = a
Transitive Property
If a = b, and b = c, then a = c
Addition Property
If a = b, then a+c = b+c
Subtraction Property
If a = b, then a-c = b-c
Substitution Property
If a = b, then a can be replaced by b
in any expression involving a.
Multiplication Property
If a = b, then (a)(c) = (b)(c)
Division Property
If a = b, then (a/c) = (b/c), with c≠0
Cancellation Property
If a+c = b+c, then a = b
If ac = bc, then a = b, provided c≠0
Basic Rules of Algebra
Commutative Property
Addition: a+b = b+a
Multiplication: ab = ba
Associative Property
Addition: (a+b)+c = a+(b+c)
Multiplication: (ab)c = a(bc)
Distributive Property
Right Distributive: a(b+c) = ab+ac
Left Distributive: (a+b)c = ac+bc
Additive Identity
a+0 = a
Multiplicative Identity
a•1 = 1•a = a
Additive Inverse Property

a+(-a) = 0
Multiplicative Inverse Property

a•(1/a) = 1 ; a≠0
REVIEW QUESTIONS
They are numbers which are

represented by letters
A. coefficients
B. real
C. literal numbers
D. variables
REVIEW QUESTIONS
The statement (x+y)+z=z+(x+y)

illustrates which property of real
numbers?
A. associative
B. commutative
C. closure
D. distributive
REVIEW QUESTIONS
What is the identity element for

multiplication?
A. 0
B. -1
C. 1
D. 1/a
When all x are replaced by y and all y
are replaced by x and the equation
remains the same, then the equation
is said to be:
A. equivalent
B. identical
C. symmetric
D. consistent
A mathematical argument that
appears to prove something that we
know is incorrect.
A. axiom C. fallacy
B. theorem D. lemma
Theory of Equations
Number of Roots of an Equation:
Every rational integral equation f(x) of the nth
degree has exactly “n” roots.
The Remainder Theorem:
If a polynomial f(x) is divided by (x – k), the
remainder is f(k).
The Factor Theorem:
If (x – k) is a factor of a polynomial f(x), then,
the remainder f(k)=0.
Theory of Equations
Descartes’ Rule of Signs:
The number of positive real roots of a polynomial
f(x) is either equal to the number of variations in
sign of f(x) or less than that number by an even
integer.
The number of negative real roots of a
polynomial f(x) is either equal to the number of
variations in sign of f(-x) or less than that
number by an even integer
REVIEW QUESTIONS
The expression 3x4 + x2 + 7x + 1 = 0,

contains how many possible
imaginary roots?
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
REVIEW QUESTIONS
If the polynomial ax3 + bx2 + 8x + 7 is
divided by x – 2, the remainder is 63.
If it is divided by x+3, the remainder is
–62. Find the value of “a”.
A. 3
B. 2
C. 1
D. 0
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Find the value of k for which x + 4 is a

factor of x3 + 2x2 – 7x + k.
A. -4
B. 4
C. -68
D. 32
REVIEW QUESTIONS
When a certain polynomial p(x) is divided
by (x-1), remainder is 12. When the same
polynomial is divided by (x-4), the
remainder is 3. Find the remainder when
the polynomial is divided by (x-1)(x-4).
A. x+5
B. -2x-8
C. -3x+15
D. 4x-1
Special Products and Factoring
1. (x + y)(x – y) = x2 – y2
2. (x + y )2 = x2 + 2xy + y2
3. (x – y)2 = x2 – 2xy + y2
4. (x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy +2xz + 2yz
5. x3 + y3 = (x + y)(x2 – xy + y2)
6. x3 – y3 = (x – y)(x2 + xy + y2)
Quadratic Equations
General Form:
𝐀𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐁𝐱 + 𝐂 = 𝟎
Solution to quadratic Equation:
1. By Factoring
2. By Completing the square
3. By Quadratic Formula
4. By Calculator (Mode 5 3) ☺
Quadratic Equations
The Quadratic Formula:
−𝐁 ± 𝐁 𝟐 − 𝟒𝐀𝐂
𝐱=
𝟐𝐀
Where: B2 – 4AC is called the discriminant
B2 – 4AC = 0 , roots are real and equal
B2 – 4AC > 0 , roots are real and unequal
B2 – 4AC < 0 , roots are complex conjugate
Quadratic Equations
Relationship Between Roots and
Coefficients:
Let: r1 and r2 be roots of the quadratic equation:
Sum of roots:
𝐁
𝐫𝟏 + 𝐫𝟐 = −
𝐀
Product of roots:
𝐂
𝐫𝟏 × 𝐫𝟐 =
𝐀
REVIEW QUESTIONS
The sum of the zeros of y = 3x^2 – 6x

– 4 is ____.
A. 6
B. 2
C. 4/2
D. -2
REVIEW QUESTIONS
The equation whose roots are the

reciprocals of the roots of the
equation, 2x2 – 3x – 5 = 0 is
A. 2x2 – 5x – 3 = 0
B. 5x2 – 2x – 3 = 0
C. 5x2 + 3x – 2 = 0
D. 3x2 + 5x – 2 = 0
REVIEW QUESTIONS
The equation whose roots are the

reciprocals of the roots of the
equation, x3 – 5x2 + 2x + 8 = 0 is
A. x3 – 1/5x2 + 1/2x + 1/8 = 0
B. 8x3 + 2x2 - 5x + 1 = 0
C. 8x3 – 2x2 + 5x + 1 = 0
D. None of these
REVIEW QUESTIONS
In a quadratic equation problem, one
student made a mistake in copying the
coefficient of x and got a root of +3 and –2.
Another student made a mistake in copying
the constant term and got root of +3 and +2.
Determine one of the correct roots.
A. 1
B. 5
C. –6
D. 6
Laws of Exponents
1. an = a × a × a … (n factors)
2. am × an = am+n
3. am/an = am-n , a ≠ 0
4. (am)n = amn
5. (abc)n = anbncn
6. (a/b)n = an/bn , b ≠ 0
n m
7. a = a
m/n
8. a-m = 1/am and 1/a-m = am

9. a0 = 1 , a ≠ 0
Properties of Radicals
1. a1/n = n a
n m n
2. a = a = ( a)m
m/n
n n
3. a = a
n n n
4. a × b = ab
n n n
5. a/ b= a/b , b≠0
m n mn
6. a= a
n
7. an = |a|, n = even
n
8. an = a, n = odd
REVIEW QUESTIONS
If 42x+1 = 1024, find the value of 4x.

2𝑥
A. 2 4 × 4 = 1024
2𝑥
B. 4 4 = 256
C. 8 42𝑥 = 256
D. 16
REVIEW QUESTIONS
If 9x = 5, find the value of 34x.

A. 5
B. 10
C. 25
D. 50
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1
2 3 −2 −3 −3 3 −2
x y z x yz
Simplify: 5
−
xyz−3 2
1 1
A. C.
x2 y7 z3 x2 y5 z3
1 1
B. D.
x2 y7 z5 x5 y7 z3
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Solve for X if: 𝑥 = 1 − 1 − 1 −∙∙∙

A. 0.723
B. 0.618
C. 0.852
D. 0.453
Logarithm
The logarithm of a number to a
given base is the power or exponent
to which the base must be raised in
order to produce the number.
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝑵 = 𝒙
𝒂𝒙 = 𝑵
Properties of Logarithms
1. log 𝑎 𝑀𝑁 = log 𝑎 𝑀 + log 𝑎 𝑁
2. log 𝑎 𝑀/𝑁 = log 𝑎 𝑀 − log 𝑎 𝑁
3. log 𝑎 𝑀𝑁 = 𝑁 log 𝑎 𝑀
4. log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1
5. log 𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥 log 𝑎 𝑎 = 𝑥
6. log 𝑎 1 = 0
7. If log 𝑎 𝑀 = 𝑁 , then 𝑎𝑁 = 𝑀
8. If log 𝑎 𝑀 = log 𝑎 𝑁, then M = N
9. log10 𝑀 =
log 𝑀 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚)
Properties of Logarithms
10. ln 𝑀 = log 𝑒 𝑀 (𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚)
log 𝑀 ln 𝑀
11. log 𝑁 𝑀 = =
log 𝑁 ln 𝑁
−∞ if a > 1
12. log a 0 ቊ
+∞ if a < 1
1
13. log a c =
logc a
14. aloga x = x
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Find log 𝑃 if ln 𝑃 = 8.
A. 2980.96
B. 2542.33
C. 3.47
D. 8.57
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Solve for x in the equation:

log 𝑥 2 − log 5𝑥 = log 20
A. 10
B. 20
C. 2
D. 100
REVIEW QUESTIONS
If 3 log 𝑥 − log 𝑦 = 0, express y in

terms of x.
A. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3
B. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
C. 𝑦 = 𝑥
D. 𝑦 = 3𝑥
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Let x, y, and z all exceed 1 and let w
be a positive number such that logx w
= 24, logy w = 40, and logxyz w = 12.
Find logz w.
A. 80
B. 60
C. 40
D. 20
Binomial Expansion
Expansion of (x+y)n
𝐱+𝐲 𝐧
𝐧 𝐧−𝟏
𝐧(𝐧 − 𝟏) 𝐧−𝟐 𝟐
= 𝐱 + 𝐧𝐱 𝐲+ 𝐱 𝐲
𝟐!
+ ∙∙∙ +𝐧𝐱𝐲 𝐧−𝟏 +𝐲 𝐧
Properties of Binomial Expansion
1. The number of terms in the expansion of (x + y)n
is n+1.
2. The first term is xn and the last term is yn.
3. The exponent of x decreases linearly from n to 0.
4. The exponent of y increases linearly from 0 to n.
5. The sum of the exponents of x and y in any of the
terms is equal to n.
6. The coefficient of the second term and the
second from the last term is n.
7. The coefficient of every term follows the Pascal’s
Triangle.
Pascal’s Triangle (Blaise Pascal)
Example :
Expand (x+y)^5
x5 + 5x 4 y + 10x3 y 2 + 10x 2 y3 + 5xy 4 + y5

Binomial Expansion
rth term of (x+y)n:
𝐫 𝐭𝐡 𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦 = 𝐧𝐂𝐫−𝟏 𝐱 𝐧−𝐫+𝟏 𝐲 𝐫−𝟏
(yr)th term of (x+y)n:

(𝐲 𝐫 )𝐭𝐡 𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦 = 𝐧𝐂𝐫 𝐱 𝐧−𝐫 𝐲 𝐫
Binomial Expansion
Sum of coefficients in the expansion
of (ax+by+…)n:
• Expand then add all coefficients of the
variables or
• Substitute 1 to every variable and
simplify.
Binomial Expansion
Sum of exponents in the expansion of
(xa+yb)n:
• Expand then add all exponents of the
variables or
a+b
• Used the formula: ( )(𝒏)(𝒏 + 𝟏)
2
• If a = b = 1, then the formula will become

(𝒏)(𝒏 + 𝟏)
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Determine the 4th term in the

expansion of (2x – y2)5.
A. 40x2y6
B. –40x2y6
C. 80x4y2
D. –80x4y2
REVIEW QUESTIONS
In the expansion of (x – 2y)10, find the

term involving y7.
A. 15,360 x3y7
B. –15,360 x3y7
C. –120 x3y7
D. 120 x3y7
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Determine the sum of coefficients in

the expansion of (x + y)3.
A. 2
B. 7
C. 8
D. 12
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Determine the sum of exponents in

the expansion of (x2 + y3)3.
A. 12
B. 15
C. 8
D. 30
REVIEW QUESTIONS
In the expansion of (Ax + By)5, find the
value of A if the product of A and B is
–24 and if the sum of all numerical
coefficients is 32.
A. 2
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Find the constant term in the

expansion of (2x2 – 3/x)12.
A. 51,963,120
B. -51,963,120
C. 43,110,144
D. –43,110,114
REVIEW QUESTIONS
In the expansion of (x2 + y + z3)8. Find

the term involving x10y.
A. 56 x10yz6
B. 56 x10yz3
C. 168 x10yz3
D. 168 x10yz6
Always remember…
“I can do anything through Christ

who strengthens me.”
Phil. 4:13

(ENGM-110) Algebra Review

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“I can do anything through Christ

who strengthens me.”

ENGR. REYNILAN L. DIMAL

Additive Inverse Property

Multiplicative Inverse Property

They are numbers which are

The statement (x+y)+z=z+(x+y)

What is the identity element for

The expression 3x4 + x2 + 7x + 1 = 0,

Find the value of k for which x + 4 is a

The sum of the zeros of y = 3x^2 – 6x

The equation whose roots are the

The equation whose roots are the

8. a-m = 1/am and 1/a-m = am

If 42x+1 = 1024, find the value of 4x.

If 9x = 5, find the value of 34x.

Solve for X if: 𝑥 = 1 − 1 − 1 −∙∙∙

Solve for x in the equation:

If 3 log 𝑥 − log 𝑦 = 0, express y in

x5 + 5x 4 y + 10x3 y 2 + 10x 2 y3 + 5xy 4 + y5

(yr)th term of (x+y)n:

• If a = b = 1, then the formula will become

Determine the 4th term in the

In the expansion of (x – 2y)10, find the

Determine the sum of coefficients in

Determine the sum of exponents in

Find the constant term in the

In the expansion of (x2 + y + z3)8. Find

“I can do anything through Christ

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