Design Exercise No 1

DESIGN EXERCISE NO.
1
To plot a graph for the given data of temperature (T) and saturated vapor pressure (es) of
air showing that the saturated vapor pressure is a function of the temperature. Also find the
following for the given conditions:
1. Saturation Deficit (es – e)
2. Relative Humidity (f)
3. Dew point temperature (Td)
Related Theory Hydrology It is the scientific study of hydrological cycle. Schematic diagram
showing the hydrological cycle is presented in Figure 1.1.
Hydrology is the science of waters of the earth, their circulation and distribution over the globe,
their physical and chemical properties and their interaction with the physical and biological
environment (Aswan N. M. 1981). Hydrology is concerned with the circulation of water and its
constituents through the hydrologic cycle. It deals with precipitation, evaporation, infiltration,
groundwater flow, runoff, stream flow and the transport of substances dissolved or suspended in
flowing water. Hydrology is primarily concerned with water on or near the land surface; ocean
waters are the domain of oceanography and the marine sciences (Maidment 1993). Hydrology is
an earth science. It encompasses the occurrence, distribution, movement, and properties of the
waters of the earth. Knowledge of hydrology is fundamental to decision making process where
water is a component of the system of concern. Water and environmental issues are inextricably
linked, and it is important to clearly understand how water is affected by and how water affects
ecosystem manipulations (Viessman Warren 1996).
Engineering Hydrology
Engineering hydrology includes those segments of the field pertinent to planning, design and
operation of engineering projects for the control and use of water (Linsley 1982). Significance
of Hydrology Study of water is extremely necessary as:
I. It is the basic need for the sustenance of human life over the planet (drinking,
agriculture and industry).
II. To cope with the extreme hydrological events (floods and droughts).
III. To determine input data for the design of hydraulic structures (Design floods and
sediment inflows).
Meteorology
It is the science of atmosphere which is gaseous envelope surrounding the earth (Awan N. M.
1981).
Climatic Factors
Meteorology of the region is affected by certain climatic factors.
I. Amount and distribution of precipitation.
II. The occurrence of snow and ice.
III. Wind velocity.
IV. Temperature.
V. Humidity.
Importance of Knowledge of Meteorology
I. Cloud formation.
II. Occurrence of precipitation.
III. Thunder storm formation.
IV. Movement of rainstorms.
V. Weather forecast.
VI. As the meteorological phenomena are the forerunners of floods, flood warnings and
forecasts may be issued in advance if one can make use of the meteorological
conditions that are likely to produce floods. Knowledge of meteorology is also
essential prerequisite in the understanding of evaporation phenomenon.
Atmosphere
Atmosphere is the gaseous envelop around the earth surface. It consists of many gases like
N2, O2, CO2 etc and water vapours. The term is derived from the Greek work atoms (vapor
of breath) and sphaira (sphere or ball) (Aswan N. M. 1981).
Troposphere / Hydrosphere
It is the layer of atmosphere adjacent to the surface of the earth, which contains about 99% of
total atmospheric water. Its average thickness is about 12 km. For civil engineers this is the
most important atmospheric layer. All processes like cloud formation, thunderstorms, and
precipitation take place in this layer.
Atmospheric Water
It is the water available in the atmosphere (troposphere / hydrosphere), in the form of water
vapors’, ice crystals, clouds and precipitating particles etc. The quantity of water in
atmosphere is approximately 12.900 Km3, which is about 0.001% of total global water and
0.5% of volume of the atmosphere (Chow 1988).
Vaporization
It is the process of transformation of water from liquid state to vapor state.
Vapor Pressure (e)
Pressure exerted by the water vapors in air is known as vapors in air is known as paver
pressure. Its commonly used units are mm of Hg.
Graph showing relationship between air temperature and saturation vapor pressure. Saturation
Vapor Pressure (es). It is the vapor pressure when air is fully saturated at a given temperature.
It is the measure of moisture holding capacity of air, which increases with increase in air
temperature.
Table 1.1 Data for saturation curve
Procedure:
1. Plot a graph between saturated vapor pressure (es) and air temperature (T) choosing suitable scale.
2. Plot condition 1 for a given e & T on es ~ T graph.
3. for point 1, draw a vertical line passing through the point up to the saturation line, measure distance
between saturation lines; it is the saturation vapor pressure for point 1.
4. Measure vertical distance between point 1 and saturated line, it is saturation deficit.
5. Compute relative humidity by using equation (1.2).
6. Draw a horizontal line from point 1 to the left, it may intersect with the saturation curve. Note
down the temperature for the intersection point, it is the dew point temperature.
7. Repeat steps 2 to 6 for points 2, 3 and 4.
Results
The results of the design exercise are presented in the last three columns of Table 1.2.
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