How Do Org. Repro. (Sexual Reproduction)
How Do Org. Repro. (Sexual Reproduction)
How Do Org. Repro. (Sexual Reproduction)
DHYASHRAM
BHAGATSI
NGHWI
NG
Gr
ade:10. HowdoOr
gani
smsRepr
oduce?
SEXUALREPRODUCTI
ONI
NPLANTS:
Thefl
owerisamodifiedshootwi
thal
imi
tedgr
owt
handi
s
ther
eproduct
ivepar
toftheplant
.
Themai
npar
tsofaf
lowerar
e-
*Cal
yx(Sepal
s).
*Cor
oll
a(Pet
als)
.
*Andr
oeci
um (St
amens)
.
*Gynoeci
um (Pi
sti
l).
St
amensandPisti
lar
ethereproduct
ivepar
toft
hef
lower
whichcont
ainst
hegerm -cell
s.
Androecium i
sagroupofst
amenswhi chconsistofastal
k
call
edthefil
amentandasmallbag-l
ikestr
ucturecall
ed
theantheratthet
ip.
Thepoll
engrai
nsi
ntheant
herar
epr
esentwi
thi
nthe
pol
lensacs.
Gynoeci
um isthef
emalepartofthefl
owerwhichconsi
sts
oftheCarpel
sorOvar
y.Gynoecium hast
hreepart
s.
*St
igma. *St
yle. *Ovar
y.
Theswol
lenbott
om par
tistheovary,middl
eelongat
ed
parti
sthestyl
eandtheter
mi nalst
ickypartisthe
sti
gma.
TheOvar
ycont
ainsOvul
esandeachovul
ehasanegg
cel
l.
Thefusi
onofmal eger
m cel
lwi
tht
hef
emal
egamet
eis
cal
ledFert
il
isat
ion.
TheSexualr
epr
oduct
ioni
nfl
ower
ingpl
ant
sinvol
ves-
*Pol
li
nat
ion. *Fer
ti
li
zat
ion.
POLLI
NATI
ON:
Transferofpoll
engrainsfrom t
heanthert
othesti
gma
iscall
edPol l
inat
ionandi sachi
evedbyagentssuchas
Wind(Anemophi l
y), Water(Hydrophil
y),
Bir
ds
(Ornit
hophily)orAnimals(zoophily)
.
Pol
li
nati
onisf
oll
owedbyFerti
li
sat
ion.Typesof
Fer
ti
li
sati
onar
e-Selfpoll
inat
ion& Cr osspol
li
nat
ion.
Sel
fpol
li
nat
ion(Aut
ogamy):
Tr
ansferofpoll
engr
ainsfrom t
heant
herofaf
lowert
o
thest
igmaoft hesamef l
ower.
Cr
osspol
li
nat
ion(Al
logamy):
Tr
ansferofpoll
engr
ainsfr
om theant
herofaf
lowert
o
thest
igmaoft heanotherf
lower.
Germinati
onofpollengrai
n:I fpol
lenl
andsonasuit
abl
e
sti
gma, i
treachesthefemalegerm-cel
lsthr
ought
hepoll
en
tubewhichtravel
sthroughthestyl
e.
Pr
ocessoff
ert
il
isat
ion:
Thef
usi
onofmal egamet ewithan
eggi
sknownasFer ti
li
sati
on.
Thef
ert
il
izedegg(zygote)lat
erdevel
opsi
ntoanembr
yo.
Afterfer
ti
li
sat
ionovul
edevel
opsatoughcoatand
graduall
yconver
tsint
oaseed.Theovar
ygrowsrapi
dly
andr i
penstofor
m afrui
t.
Meanwhi l
e,thepet
als,
sepals,st
amens,styl
eandsti
gms
mayshr i
velandfal
loff
.Theseedcont ai
nsthefut
urepl
ant
oranembr yowhichdevelopsi
ntoa
seedli
ngunderappropri
atecondit
ions
isknownasGERMI NATI ON.
REPRODUCTI
ONI
NHUMANBEI
NGS.
Pubertyisatransiti
onalperi
odbetweenchil
dhoodand
Adulthood,duringwhichagrowthspurtoccurs,secondar
y
sexualcharacteri
sti
csappear,f
ert
il
it
yandpr ofound
psychologi
calchangest akespl
ace.
Changesseeni
nboysandGi
rl
sar
e,
*Suddengr
owt
hinhei
ght
.
*Voi
ceget
slowerordeeper
.
*Pr
omi
nentAdam '
sappl
e.
*Br
oadeni
ngofshoul
der
sandhi
p.
*Hai
rgr
owt
hmai
nlyseeni
nar
mpi
tsandgeni
tal
s.
MALEREPRODUCTI
VESYSTEM :
ThemaleRepr
oducti
vesyst
em inHumanbeings
composedof-Testes,Vasdef
erens,Semi
nalvesi
cle,
Penis.
Theformationofgerm cell
s(Sperms)t akesplaceinthe
test
es.Thet estesar
elocatedout
sidetheabdomi nalcavi
ty
i
nscr ot
um becausespermf or
mati
onrequiresalower
temperatur
et hanthenormalbodytemperature.
Testi
spri
maril
yservesthefunct
ionofsperm producti
on
andalsohel
psinthesecreti
onofTestoster
one(Mal e
hormone)asthishormoneisresponsi
blefordevelopi
ng
secondar
ysexualcharact
ersinboys.
Thespermsfor
medaredel
iver
edthr
oughthevasdef
erens
whichuni
teswi
that
ubef r
om uri
nar
ybladder
.
TheUr et
hrathusf ormsacommon
passagef orbot hthespermsand
urine.Alongthepat hofvasdefer
ens,
glandsl i
keprost at
eandthesemi nal
vesiclesaddf l
uidlikesecret
ion.
Thisf l
uidprovidesnutri
ti
onandal sohel
pst
hesper
msi
n
tr
anspor tat
ion.
Thespermsaretinybodiest
hatconsi
stsofmainl
ygenet
ic
materi
alandalongtailt
hathel
psthem tomovetowar
ds
thefemaleger
m cell
.
FEMALEREPRODUCTI
VESYSTEM :
Thefemal
erepr
oducti
vesystem composedofUt
erus,
Fal
lopi
ant
ube,Ovary,
Vagina.
Whent hegir
lisborn, t
heovari
esalr
eadycontai
n
thousandsofimmat ureeggs.Onreachi
ngpuberty,some
ofthesestar
tmat uring.Oneeggisproducedeverymonth
byoneoft heovar
ies.
Theeggiscar
ri
edf rom t
heovaryt
othewombt
hrougha
thi
novi
ductorfal
lopiantube.
Thetwooviductsunitei
ntoanel
asti
cbag-l
ikestr
ucture
knownadtheut erus.
Theuter
usopensi
ntothevaginal
thr
ought
hecer vix.
Theli
ningthi
ckensandisrichl
ysupl
iedwi
thbl
oodt
o
nour
ishthegrowingembryo.
Theembr yogetsnutri
ti
onfrom themother'sbloodwith
thehel
pofaspeci alti
ssuecall
edPlacenta.Thi
sisadi sc
whichi
sembeddedi ntheuter
inewall
.Itcontsi
nsvil
lion
theembryo'ssi
deoft heti
ssue.
Ont hemother
'ssidearebloodspaces,
whichsur r
oundt
he
vi
lli
.Thispr
ovi
desal argesurfacear
eaforglucoseand
oxygentopassfrom themot her'
sbl
oodthr
ought he
placent
a.
Thedevelopmentofthechildi
nsidethemother'
sbody
takesapproximat
elyni
nemont hs.Thechi
ldisbornasa
resul
tofrhythmiccont
ract
ionsofthemusclesinthe
uter
us.Expul
sionofmat
uref
oet
usf
rom t
heut
erusi
s
call
edPARTURI TI
ON.
Whathappenswhent
heEggi
snotf
ert
il
ised?
IftheEggisnotfer
til
ised,
itl
ivesforaboutoneday.Since
theovaryrel
easesoneeggever ymont h,
t heuter
usalso
preparesi
tsel
feverymonthtor ecei
veaf ert
il
isedegg.
Thusit
slini
ngbecomest
hickandspongythi
shelpsin
nour
ishi
ngthegr
owingembryoincaseoff
ert
il
isat
ion.
Iftheeggisnotfert
ili
sedtheli
ningslowlybreakzand
comesoutt hr
ought hevaginaasbloodandmucous. Thi
s
cycletakespl
aceroughlyeverymonthandi sknownas
Menst r
uati
on.Thismenstrualcycl
elastsforabouttwot
o
eightdays.
REPRODUCTI
VEHEALTH:
AccordingtoWHO, Reproducti
veheal
thref
erstothetotal
well
-bei nginallaspectsofrepr
oduct
ion(i
e)Physical
,
emotional,BehaviouralandSocial
.
Certai
nmeasuresaretakenbythegover nmenttopr
ovide
properinf
ormati
onaboutReproducti
veor gans,
Adolescenceandrel
atedchangesthroughsexeducati
onin
schools.
UsageofCont r
acept
ivedevi
ceshel
pstoprevent
pregnancyandt hetr
ansmissi
onofSTDswhi chi
ncl
ude
Bacteri
alinfect
ions(Gonorr
hoea,Syphi
li
s),
Virali
nfecti
ons(Genitalwar
ts,AI
DS)andotherheal
th
consequences.
Contr
acepti
vemethodsfalli
nanumberofcat
egori
es
suchas,Mechanicalbar
ri
er- CONDOMSwhichactsas
amechanicalbar
ri
erbetweenthesper
m andtheegg.
ORALPILLS i
nhibi
tst
heOvul
ati
onandi
mpl
ant
ati
onof
fer
ti
li
zedeggs.
I
NTRAUTERI
NEDEVICES suchasLOOPorCOPPER-T
r
educest
hemot
il
it
yofthesperms.
PERMANENTMETHODSofcont racept
ioni
nmal
eand
femal
ear
ealsodoneSur
gical
ly.
-VASECTOMYi sasur
gicalmet
hoddoneinmale
i
nwhi
chsmallinci
sioni
smadeinVasdeferensandt
ied.
-TUBECTOMYisdoneinfemalei
nwhi
chai
nci
sioni
s
madei
nFal
lopi
antube/Ovi
ductandt
ied.
*
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