Week 3

Week 3
parameters, return, math, graphics

Special thanks to Scott Shawcroft, Ryan Tucker, and Paul Beck for their work on these slides.
Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
Parameters
def name(parameter, parameter, ..., parameter):
statements
– Parameters are declared by writing their names (no types)
>>> def print_many(word, n):

... for i in range(n):
... print word
>>> print_many("hello", 4)
hello
hello
hello
hello
2
Exercise
• Recreate the lines/boxes of stars example from lecture:
*************
*******
***********************************
**********
* *
**********
*****
* *
* *
*****
3
Exercise Solution
stars.py
1 # Draws a box of stars with the given width and height.
2 def box(width, height):
3 print width * "*"
4 for i in range(height - 2):
5 print "*" + (width - 2) * " " + "*"
6 print width * "*"
7
8 # main
9 print 13 * "*"
10 print 7 * "*"
11 print 35 * "*"
12 box(10, 3)
13 box(5, 4)
4
Default Parameter Values
def name(parameter=value, ..., parameter=value):
statements
– Can make parameter(s) optional by specifying a default value
>>> def print_many(word, n=1):
... print word
>>> print_many("shrubbery")
shrubbery
>>> print_many("shrubbery", 4)
shrubbery
shrubbery
shrubbery
shrubbery
– Exercise: Modify stars.py to add an optional parameter for

the character to use for the outline of the box (default "*").
5
Parameter Keywords
name(parameter=value, ..., parameter=value)
– Can specify the names of parameters as you call a function
– This allows you to pass the parameters in any order
>>> def print_many(word, n):
... print word
>>> print_many(str="shrubbery", n=4)

shrubbery
shrubbery
shrubbery
shrubbery
>>> print_many(n=3, str="Ni!")
Ni!
Ni!
Ni!
6
Math commands
from math import *
Function name Description Constant Description
ceil(value) rounds up e 2.7182818...
cos(value) cosine, in radians pi 3.1415926...
degrees(value) convert radians to degrees
floor(value) rounds down
log(value, base) logarithm in any base
log10(value) logarithm, base 10
max(value1, value2, ...) largest of two (or more) values
min(value1, value2, ...) smallest of two (or more) values
radians(value) convert degrees to radians
round(value) nearest whole number
sin(value) sine, in radians
sqrt(value) square root
tan(value) tangent
7
Returning Values
def name(parameters):
statements
...
return value
>>> def ftoc(temp):

... tempc = 5.0 / 9.0 * (temp - 32)
... return tempc
>>> ftoc(98.6)
37.0
8
DrawingPanel
• Instructor-provided drawingpanel.py file must be in the
same folder as your Python program
• At the top of your program, write:

– from drawingpanel import *
• Panel's canvas field behaves like Graphics g in Java
• need to say panel.mainloop() at bottom of program!
9
DrawingPanel Example
draw1.py
1 from drawingpanel import *
2
3 panel = DrawingPanel(400, 300)
4 panel.set_background("yellow")
5 panel.canvas.create_rectangle(100, 50, 200, 300)
6 panel.mainloop()
10
Drawing Methods
Java Python
drawLine panel.canvas.create_line(x1, y1, x2, y2)
drawRect, panel.canvas.create_rectangle(x1, y1, x2, y2)
fillRect
drawOval, panel.canvas.create_oval(x1, y1, x2, y2)
fillOval
drawString panel.canvas.create_text(x, y, text="text")
setColor (see next slide)

setBackground panel.set_background(color)
– Notice, methods take x2/y2 parameters, not width/height
11
Colors and Fill
• Python doesn't have fillRect, fillOval, or setColor.
– Instead, pass outline and fill colors when drawing a shape.
– List of all color names: http://wiki.tcl.tk/16166
– Visual display of all colors
drawcolors.py
2
4 panel.canvas.create_rectangle(100, 50, 200, 200,
outline="red", fill="yellow")
5 panel.canvas.create_oval(20, 10, 180, 70, fill="blue")
6 panel.mainloop()
12
Polygons
• Draw arbitrary polygons with create_polygon
• Draw line groups by passing more params to create_line
drawpoly.py
2
4 panel.canvas.create_polygon(100, 50, 150, 0,
150, 100, fill="green")
5 panel.canvas.create_line(10, 120, 20, 160,
30, 120, 40, 175)
6 panel.mainloop()
13
Exercise
• Write a modified Projectile program:
– Draw projectiles traveling at:
• 85 degrees at 30 m/s
– First write a projectile function to draw a single projectile.

• vx = v cos(Θ)
• vy = v sin(Θ)
• totalTime = -2 * vy / GRAVITY
• dt = totalTime / steps
• Create a colored circle, with default color black, at each step in
time where the projectile should be.
14
Animation
• Pause the panel with sleep
animation.py
2
4 for i in range(20):
5 # clear any previous image
6 panel.canvas.create_rectangle(0, 0, 400, 400,
outline="white", fill="white")
7
8 panel.canvas.create_polygon(20 * i, 50, 20 * i,
100, 20 * i + 50, 75)
9
10 # sleep for 100ms
11 panel.sleep(100)
15

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Week 3

parameters, return, math, graphics

– Parameters are declared by writing their names (no types)

>>> def print_many(word, n):

– Exercise: Modify stars.py to add an optional parameter for

>>> print_many(str="shrubbery", n=4)

>>> def ftoc(temp):

• At the top of your program, write:

• Panel's canvas field behaves like Graphics g in Java

• need to say panel.mainloop() at bottom of program!

setColor (see next slide)

– Notice, methods take x2/y2 parameters, not width/height

– First write a projectile function to draw a single projectile.

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