EsquivelVilchisA TermoApl 36 PhotovoltaicSystem Nov152014
EsquivelVilchisA TermoApl 36 PhotovoltaicSystem Nov152014
EsquivelVilchisA TermoApl 36 PhotovoltaicSystem Nov152014
FACULTAD DE QUÍMICA
PROGRAMA EDUCATIVO DE INGENIERO QUÍMICO
PRESENTA:
ANDREA ESQUIVEL VILCHIS
TERMODINÁMICA APLICADA
PROFESOR:
ING. JULIÁN CRUZ OLIVARES
The word photovoltaic comes from “photo,” meaning light, and “voltaic,” which
refers to producing electricity. Therefore, the photovoltaic process is “producing
electricity directly from sunlight.” Photovoltaic are often referred to as PV.
Photovoltaic’s is the direct conversion of light into electricity at the atomic level.
Some materials exhibit a property known as the photoelectric effect that causes
them to absorb photons of light and release electrons.
Solar cells are made of the same kinds of semiconductor materials, such as silicon,
used in the microelectronics industry. For solar cells, a thin semiconductor wafer is
specially treated to form an electric field, positive on one side and negative on the
other. When light energy strikes the solar cell, electrons are knocked loose from
the atoms in the semiconductor material. If electrical conductors are attached to
the positive and negative sides, forming an electrical circuit, the electrons can be
captured in the form of an electric current -- that is, electricity. This electricity can
then be used to power a load, such as a light or a tool.
If an electrical path exists outside the cell between the top grid and the Backplane
of the cell, a flow of electrons begins. Loose electrons move out the top of the cell
and into the external electrical circuit. Electrons from further back in the circuit
move up to fill the empty electron holes.
All PV cells consist of two or more thin layers of semi-conducting material, most
commonly silicon. When the semiconductor is exposed to light, electrical charges
are generated and this can be conducted away by metal contacts as direct current
(DC). The electrical output from a single cell is small, so multiple cells are
connected together to form a "string", which produces a direct current.
- Monocrystalline Silicon Cells
- Amorphous Silicon
CHARGE CONTROLLER
A Solar Charge Controller is a device that is installed directly in between your solar
panel and battery bank and it helps protect your batteries from
overcharging/discharging, and also helps to prevent an overload or short circuit in
your system. They are great for helping you keep your batteries working to their
optimal level. Additionally, a good solar charge controller can also help to prevent
the battery bank from reverse charging a solar panel – acting as a blocking diode if
your solar panel system does not have a one-way diode already installed
SOLAR BATTERIES
Solar energy systems use a lead-acid deep cycle battery or accumulator. This type
of battery is different from a conventional car battery, as it is designed to be more
tolerant of the kind of ongoing charging and discharging you would expect when
you have variable sun from day to day. Deep cycle batteries last longer but they
also cost more than a conventional battery.
INVERTER
Inverter The purpose of a solar inverter is to convert the DC output power output
from photovoltaic modules into a clean 50 or 60 Hz AC current sine wave. This DC
output is then directly applied to the commercial electrical grid or to a local off grid
electrical network.
TYPES OF PV SYSTEMS
- Hybrid System
A large number of photovoltaic systems installed in industrial nations today are grid
connected. An inverter converts the direct current (DC) voltage of the modules to
the two-phase or three-phase AC voltage of the public grid. However, the voltage
and current generated by the PV modules must fit within the inverter range. If PV
modules are connected in series, their voltage adds to the total voltage, whereas
the current of parallel PV modules adds to the total current. Photovoltaic inverters
only operate at rated power for a very few hours in any year, as, due to changes in
solar irradiance, they work predominantly at part load.
PHOTOVOLTAIC BENEFITS
- They operate cost-effectively in remote areas and for many residential and
commercial applications.
- They are flexible and can be expanded at any time to meet your electrical
needs.
- They give you increased autonomy – independence from the grid or backup
during outages.
PHOTOVOLTAIC LIMITATIONS
- PV systems are not well suited for highly energy-intensive uses such as
heating. If you wish to use solar energy for this purpose, consider other
alternatives such as a solar water heater, which produces heat much more
efficiently.