Res Unit-II PV Energy System
Res Unit-II PV Energy System
Res Unit-II PV Energy System
Introduction
to
PV ENERGY SYSTEM
UNIT-ii
Prepared by
A. Ramanjaneyulu
CLASS-IV-I SEM
Assistant Professor
Subject: RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
Dept of ME
PBR VITS Kavali.
SYLLABUS
UNIT-II----------> PV ENERGY SYSTEMS
• Introduction, The PV effect in crystalline
silicon basic principles, the film PV, Other PV
technologies, Electrical characteristics of
silicon PV cells and modules, PV systems for
remote power, Grid connected PV systems.
Photovoltaic system
A photovoltaic (PV) system is composed of
one or more solar panels combined with
an inverter and other electrical and
mechanical hardware that use energy from
the Sun to generate electricity.
PV systems can vary greatly in size from small
roof top or portable systems to large-scale
generation plants.
solar PV system
photovoltaic effect
• The light from the Sun, made up of packets of energy
called photons, falls onto a solar panel and creates an electric
current through a process called the photovoltaic effect.
Photovoltaic system
inverter
The electricity produced from a solar panel (or
array) is in the form of direct current (DC).
Therefore, in order for the solar electricity to be
useful it must first be converted from DC to AC
using an inverter.
This AC electricity from the inverter can be used
to power electronics locally, or be sent on to
the electrical grid for use elsewhere.
Racking
Racking refers to the mounting apparatus which
fixes the solar array to the ground or rooftop.
Typically constructed from steel or aluminum,
these apparatuses mechanically fix the solar
panels in place with a high level of precision.
Racking systems should be designed to withstand
extreme weather events such as hurricane or
tornado level wind speeds
Other Components
• The remaining components of a typical solar
PV system include combiners, disconnects,
breakers, meters and wiring.
What is a PV Cell or Solar Cell?
A PV Cell or Solar Cell or
Photovoltaic Cell is the smallest and
basic building block of a Photovoltaic
System .
These cells vary in size ranging
from about 0.5 inches to 4 inches.
These are made up of solar photovoltaic material that converts
solar radiation into direct current (DC) electricity.
Materials used for photovoltaic cell
• Also CIS cells are one of the most light-absorbent semiconductor compounds
absorbing up to 90% of the solar spectrum.
• Although Copper Indium diSelenide, CIS cells are efficient, the complexity of the
formulation of the semiconductor compound makes them difficult to
manufacture and expensive.
• Also, Indium is a relatively expensive material due to its limited availability with
manufacturing safety issues a concern as hydrogen selenide is an extremely
toxic gas.
Copper Indium Gallium diSelenide, (CIGS)
Copper Indium Gallium diSelenide, (CIGS) is another type of
photovoltaic cell.
It is basically a P-type poly-crystalline thin film material based on the
previous copper indium diselenide (CIS) semiconductor material.
The addition of small amounts of the compound Gallium (Ga)
produces a photovoltaic cell with a higher conversion efficiency of
around 12% from the same amount of sunlight with an open circuit
voltage of about 0.7 volts.
This is because Gallium, which is a liquid similar to mercury at room
temperatures, increases the light-absorbing band gap of the cell,
which matches more closely the solar spectrum, thereby improving
its conductivity allowing electrons to freely move through the cell to
the electrodes.
Other Types of Photovoltaic Cell
• Apart from the commonly used types of
photovoltaic cell mentioned above, and which
account for about 95% of the commercial market,
other types of photovoltaic cell currently being
developed include:
• Multijunction PV Cells
• Dye-Sensitive PV Cells
• 3D Photovoltaic Cells
Multi junction PV Cells
• These are types of photovoltaic cell designed to
maximise the overall conversion efficiency of
the cell by creating a multi-layered design in
which two or more PV junctions are layered one
on top of the other.
• The cell is made up of various semiconductor
materials in thin-film form for each individual
layer.
Multi junction PV Cells
• The advantage of this is that each layer
extracts energy from each photon from a
particular portion of the light spectrum that is
bombarding the cell.
• This layering of the PV materials increases the
overall efficiency and reduces the degradation
in efficiency that occurs with standard
amorphous silicon cells.
Dye-Sensitive PV Cells
• – This type of technology is considered to be the 3rd generation of solar
cells.
• Instead of using solid-state PN-junction technology to convert photon
energy into electrical energy, an electrolyte, liquid, gel or solid is used to
produce a photo-electrochemical PV cell.
• These types of photovoltaic cells are manufactured using microscopic
molecules of photosensitive dye on a nano-crystalline or polymer film.
• The photon light energy being absorbed by the dye releases electrons
into the conduction band causing a flow of the electricity through the
semiconductor.
• The advantage of a dye-sensitive nano-crystalline photo-electrochemical
photovoltaic cell is that the dye can be screen printed onto any surface
producing conversion efficiencies of around 10%.
3D Photovoltaic Cells
• – This type of photovoltaic cell uses a unique
three-dimensional structure to absorb the
photon light energy from all directions and not
just from the top as in convectional flat PV cells.
• The cell uses a 3D array of miniature molecular
structures which capture as much sunlight as
possible boosting its efficiency and voltage
output while reducing its size, weight and
complexity.
Comparison of types of Solar cells
Electrical characteristics of silicon PV cells
and modules
• PV cells can be modeled as a current source in
parallel with a diode.
• When there is no light present to generate any
current, the PV cell behaves like a diode.
• As the intensity of incident light increases,
current is generated by the PV cell, as
illustrated in Figure.
Electrical characteristics of silicon PV
cells and modules
Electrical characteristics of silicon PV cells
and modules
• In an ideal cell, the total current I is equal to
the current Iℓ generated by the photoelectric
effect minus the diode current ID,
• according to the equation:
• where
I0 is the saturation current of the diode
q is the elementary charge 1.6x10-19 Coulombs,
k is a constant of value 1.38x10-23J/K
T is the cell temperature in Kelvin
V is the measured cell voltage that is either
produced
I-V curve of a PV cell
• The I-V curve of an illuminated PV cell has the
shape shown in the following Figure as the
voltage across the measuring load is swept
from zero to VOC,
Short Circuit Current (ISC)
• The short circuit current ISC corresponds to the short circuit
condition
• when the impedance is low and is calculated when the
voltage equals 0.
• I (at V=0) = ISC
• ISC occurs at the beginning of the forward-bias sweep and
is the maximum current value in the power quadrant.
• For an ideal cell, this maximum current value is the total
current produced in the solar cell by photon excitation.
• ISC = IMAX = Iℓ for forward-bias power quadrant
Open Circuit Voltage (VOC)
• The open circuit voltage (VOC) occurs when
there is no current passing through the cell.
• V (at I=0) = VOC
• VOC is also the maximum voltage difference
across the cell for a forwardbias sweep in the
power quadrant.
• VOC= VMAX for forward-bias power quadrant
Maximum Power (PMAX), Current at
PMAX (IMP), Voltage at PMAX (VMP)
The power produced by the cell in
Watts can be easily calculated along
the I-V sweep by the equation P=IV.
At the ISC and VOC points, the
power will be zero and the maximum
value for power will occur between
the two.
The voltage and current at this
maximum power point are denoted as
VMP and IMP respectively.
Fill Factor
• The Fill Factor (FF) is essentially a measure of
quality of the solar cell.
• It is calculated by comparing the maximum
power to the theoretical power (PT) that would
be output at both the open circuit voltage and
short circuit current together.
• FF can also be interpreted graphically as the ratio
of the rectangular areas depicted in Figure
Fill Factor
Fill Factor
• A larger fill factor is desirable, and
corresponds to an I-V sweep that is more
square-like.
• Typical fill factors range from 0.5 to 0.82. Fill
factor is also often represented as a
percentage.
Efficiency (η)
• Efficiency is the ratio of the electrical power
output Pout, compared to the solar power
input, Pin, into the PV cell.
• Pout can be taken to be PMAX since the solar
cell can be operated up to its maximum power
output to get the maximum efficiency.
Types of PV Systems
• Photovoltaic power systems are generally classified
according to their functional and operational requirements,
their component configurations, and how the equipment is
connected to other power sources and electrical loads.
• The two principle classifications are grid-connected or
utility-interactive systems and stand-alone systems.
• Photovoltaic systems can be designed to provide DC and/or
AC power service, can operate interconnected with or
independent of the utility grid, and can be connected with
other energy sources and energy storage systems.
Types of PV Systems
• PV Direct System
• Solar Off Grid System
• Solar Grid Tied with Battery Backup System
• Hybrid system
PV Direct System
These are the simple most type of solar PV systems, with
the fewest components; the Solar Panels and the load.
Because they don‘t have batteries and are not hooked up to
the grid, they only power the loads when the sun is shining.
They are appropriate for a few applications e.g. water
pumping or Ventilation fan.
Solar Off Grid System
Also referred to as stand-alone systems, it is
designed to be independent of the power grid.
Batteries are used to store energy when the sun
is not available during cloudy days or at night.
This type of system will require regular attention
to battery electrolyte levels and terminal
corrosion.
Solar Off Grid System
Independence from the utility grid
In remote areas, it is cost effective than extending a grid
Batteries require maintenance and has limited life
More components means more complexity
Batteries decrease system efficiency
It is more expensive than a grid-direct system
When the batteries are fully charged, potential power from the PV array is
not utilized
If the PV system fails, back-up electricity is required to run load
Most off-grid systems use a backup generator for non-sunny days. They are
expensive, noisy, dirty, and require fuel and regular maintenance
Solar Off Grid System
Solar Grid Tied with Battery Backup
System
This type is very similar to an off-grid system in design and
components, but adds the utility grid, which reduces the
need for the system to provide all the energy all the time.
Grid-tied-with-battery-backup
Designated loads have power when the grid goes down
If the system produces more than the home needs, then the
extra energy is sold back to the utility- not lost as in a stand-
alone systems after the batteries get full on a sunny day
Gird tied solar system with battery back up
Gird tied solar system with battery
back up
Batteries require maintenance
Requires rewiring circuits from main service panel to a separate
subpanel
More components mean more complexity
Batteries decrease system performance because of their
efficiency losses
More expensive than a grid-direct system
Typically only provides modest backup – usually not all of the
loads are backed up.
Requires paperwork for interconnection, incentives, and rebates
Solar Grid Tied System without Battery backup
• These are most common type of PV systems. They are also
known as on-grid, grid-tied, grid-intertied, or grid-direct
systems.
• They generate solar electricity and route it to the loads and to
the grid, offsetting some of electricity usage.
• System components comprises of the PV array and inverter.
• Grid-connected system is similar to regular electric powered
system except that some or all of the electricity comes from
the sun.
• The drawback of these battery less systems is that they
provide no outage protection when the utility grid fails, these
systems cannot operate.
Grid tied system without battery back up
Hybrid system
Hybrid system tries to combine multiple sources of
power to maximize availability of power.
It may source energy from sun, wind or diesel
generator and back it up with battery.
Multiple sources of generation allows for
complementary sources and backup.
For instance, when it is sunny out the PV array will
charge the battery; if it is cloudy and windy, a wind
turbine can charge the batteries.
Hybrid power systems
Hybrid power systems
Array size and battery bank capacity can typically
be reduced and not having to oversize for periods of
no sun
More complex system design and installation
Multiple power sources can increase upfront
expenses.
Wind turbines and generators require regular
maintenance.