Dynamic Analysis of Piezoelectric Transducers Using Finite Element Method
Dynamic Analysis of Piezoelectric Transducers Using Finite Element Method
Dynamic Analysis of Piezoelectric Transducers Using Finite Element Method
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 5, May - 2013
and geological instruments as sensors and transducer etc. Piezoelectric crystals are widely
actuators. In the current engineering world used in aerospace industry, automobile industry
automation is an integral part of the machines, and geological instruments as sensors and
processes, automobiles etc. In automation we need actuators.
sensors and actuators. Piezoelectric material is
widely used for the same purpose. Various type of A lot of work has been done in the field of
analysis can be done by Finite Element Modelling finite element modelling of piezoelectric transducer
of Piezoelectric Transducer e.g. Calculation of on different type of uses. A.V. Belokon et al [1]
Eigen values, mode shapes, electrical output on proposed new scheme which develops the
application of strain and vice versa. technique for the finite element analysis to take
account of attenuation in piezoelectric media.
K.Y.Sze, Y.S.pan [4] employed hybrid variational
1. Introduction principles for finite element formulation of
The word piezoelectricity literally means piezoelectric transducer. F.Cote et al [6] validates
„pressure electricity‟; the prefix piezo is derived both theoretically and experimentally the
from the Greek word piezein which means “to implementation of a multilayered three-
press”. Piezoelectricity is the property of a crystal dimensional model based on the analogy between
by which electric polarization is produced by thermal strains and piezoelectric strains.
mechanical strain in crystal and conversely
production of strain on application of voltage. The Application of piezoelectric crystals can be
electric polarization produced is proportional to the divided in to two categories e.g. sensors and
applied strain and changing direction with it. actuators. In the following work, main emphasis is
Piezoelectricity is different from electrostriction, given to the analysis of piezoelectric crystals as
another effect which causes a solid dielectric to sensors. An analysis of transducers have also been
change shape on application of a voltage. In given for dynamic loading, which includes the
piezoelectricity, a reversal of voltage reverses the analysis of simple cantilever beam made of
sign of the resulting strain whereas for piezoelectric crystal, analysis of shell made of
piezoelectric material with ends of brass, analysis
of cantilever beam with piezoelectric strip as
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Vol. 2 Issue 5, May - 2013
transducer, and analysis of proving ring with where i,j,k and l take the values 1,2 and 3, and p,q
piezoelectric strips as sensors. The above analysis take the values 1,2,3,4,5 and 6.
has been done for dynamic loading considering the So cijkl c pq
sinusoidal load as dynamic load. Other than the
above work, a separate work is presented to eikl eip
understand the dependency of piezoelectric
response on working temperature.
ij Tij T p p
.
2. Theoretical concept about Piezoelectric 3. Piezoelectric Analysis
Properties
The piezoelectric effect is the coupling of stress
“Piezoelectricity is electric polarization and electrical field in a material: an electrical field
produced by mechanical strain in crystals causes the material to strain, and vice versa.
belonging to certain classes, the polarization being ANSYS/Standard has the capability to perform
proportional to the strain and changing direction fully coupled piezoelectric analysis. The elements
with it.” The production of an electric polarization that are used in this case contain both displacement
by mechanically inducing a strain in a crystal is degrees of freedom and the electric potential as
called the direct piezoelectric effect. The converse nodal variables.
effect, whereby a mechanical strain is produced in 3.1 Equilibrium and Flux Conservation
a crystal by a polarizing electric field, also exists. The piezoelectric effect is governed by coupled
All the crystalline materials are anisotropic and mechanical equilibrium and electric flux
do not have the same properties in all the directions conservation equations.
as do the isotropic material. Crystals can be divided The mechanical equilibrium equation is
into 32 classes on the basis of symmetry they V : dV S t.udS V f .udV
possess and, of these 32 classes , only 20 possess
where
the property of piezoelectricity and 12 do not
is the “true” (Cauchy) stress at a point currently
because these 12 classes of crystals have the centre
at x;
of symmetry where as a crystal possessing the
t is the traction across a point of the surface of the
RT
centre of symmetry can not be piezoelectric
body;
because no combination of uniform stresses will
f is the body force per unit volume in the body
produce a separation of the centres of gravity of
u is an arbitrary, continuous vector field (the
+ve and –ve charges and produce an induced dipole
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Vol. 2 Issue 5, May - 2013
and and,
E BN N
N
ij Dijkl
E
kl d mkl Em in terms of the
where B N
and B are the spatial derivatives of
N
u
piezoelectric strain coefficient matrix, d mkl . The
N .In geometrically nonlinear analyses these
spatial derivatives are defined in the current electrical behavior is defined by
configuration.
qi eijk jk Dij E j
Where
3.3 System Equations
With these approximate fields and the ij is the mechanical stress tensor;
constitutive properties given above, in conjunction ij is the strain tensor;
with the equilibrium and conservation equations, qi is the electric “displacement” vector;
E is the material's elastic stiffness matrix
the following system of equations is derived in Dijkl
terms of nodal quantities: defined at zero electrical potential gradient (short
M MN uN Kuu u KMN u P
MN N N M
circuit condition);
and
eijk is the material's piezoelectric stress
u u K Q
KMN N MN N M
coefficient matrix,
where d mkl is the material's piezoelectric strain
M MN V N M .N N dV coefficient matrix.
is the mass matrix (no inertia terms exist for the is the electrical potential;
electrical flux conservation equation), Dij is the material's dielectric property,
ρ is the mass density,
Ei is the electrical potential gradient vector,
MN
K uu V BuM : Dm : BuN dV is the displacement
stiffness matrix, / xi .
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shapes , analysis of electric potential at points 4.2 Finite element modeling of cylindrical shell
1,2,3,4( fig4.1.1 ) is also done. made of PZT-4 and having end cover of Brass
Element Type and determination of eigenvalues and mode
CPE4E – A 4 node bilinear plain strain shapes
piezoelectric quadrilateral. The idea behind the solving such situation was
.Material to have a good understanding about the assembly of
PZT -4 piezoelectric with the other materials. Also to
Boundary condition understand the effect of the piezoelectric material
Surface 1-4 is rigidly fixed i.e. U1= U2=UR3=0 while it is in the combination of other material.
Total no of elements- 306 The modeling of this type of shell is done by
Total no of nodes- 419 taking 2-D asymmetric element. The upper half of
the diagram as shown in following figure is
constructed. And then analysis is done
end cap
Frequency EPOT EPOT EPOT EPOT Considering the following;-
(cycle/time) -1 -2 -3 -4 Element type
1031.9 -8.838 -8.846 -8.846 -8.854
Brass
6259 5.056 5.003 5.003 4.949
16515 -0.405 -0.561 -0.561 -0.716 CAX4R: A 4 node bilinear axisymmetric
20726 35.7 38.68 38.68 35.7 quadrilateral
29990 -4.829 -4.522 -4.522 -4.215 Total no of elements- 600
45594 -22.48 -22.98 -22.98 -23.48
Total no of nodes- 656
62059 33.65 36.59 36.59 3.65
PZT-4
Table 4.1 Electrical potential at point 1,2,3,4 with CAX8RE: An 8 node biquadratic axisymmetric
frequencies.
piezoelectric quadrilateral
Frequency vs Electric Potential
Total no of elements- 600
50
40
30
Total no of nodes- 1941
EPOT-1
20
EPOT
EPOT-2
10
EPOT-3
0
EPOT-4
-10 0 20000 40000 60000 80000
-20
-30
Frequency
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Fig 4.6
Mode shapes of the model for first 6 eigen values Fig: 4.8 Meshed structures of Beam and
80
40
loading. 20
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-11
6 150 5.203 x 10 0
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-10
9 300 1.041 x 10 0
Now each part will be described
individually. The first part is the ring made of 10 350 1.214 x 10-10 0
stainless steel as shown in the following figure.
11 400 1.387 x 10-10 0
The steel ring is modeled as followed-
Inner Diameter – 175mm 12 450 1.561 x 10-10 0
Outer Diameter – 185mm
No. of elements – 70 13 500 1.734 x 10-10 0
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frequencies of the model has been calculated by Load 15N Frequency 100 cycles/sec
using the step frequency and then model dynamics.
After the calculation of natural frequencies of the
system , the analysis has been divided in two
parts.
Fig 4.13 Electric Flux Generated with time for ( 5N, 100 Inner Layer Outer Layer
cycles/sec)
Fig 4.17 Electric Flux Generated with time for ( 25N, 100
cycles/sec)
Load 10N Frequency 100 cycles/sec
Load 30N Frequency 100 cycles/sec
Fig:4.14 Electric Flux Generated with time for ( 10N, 100 Inner Layer Outer Layer
cycles/sec)
Fig 4.18 Electric Flux Generated with time for ( 30N, 100
cycles/sec)
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Load 35N Frequency 100 cycles/sec Load 55N Frequency 100 cycles/sec
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1.00E-10
0.00E+00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
frequency of the dynamic load with proper
-1.00E-10
-2.00E-10
calibration. The effect of temperature has been
-3.00E-10 observed by which we can say that temperature has
Load,N
a good impact on the response of piezoelectric
transducer. In the studies as mentioned above, the
Fig 4.25 Flux on Inner layer with load variation main emphasis is given to the sensor. Piezoelectric
behave as sensors when it gives electrical response
EFLX On Outer Layer with Load Variation
on the application of mechanical loading. After
6.00E-10
4.00E-10 completing the above studies, we can now conclude
2.00E-10
that a piezoelectric sensor can be modeled
Electric Flux
0.00E+00
-2.00E-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
successfully by finite element method even without
-4.00E-10
-6.00E-10 any experimentation. After the detailed study of the
-8.00E-10
Load,N work is done, we find that the electrical response of
any sensor made of piezoelectric is dependent on
Fig 4.26 Flux on Outer layer with load the following factors –
Loading condition i.e. what type of
variation
loading is there, loading frequency and
magnitude of load.
In the studies as described in earlier sections, Temperature of the work environment.
the main emphasis is given to the sensor. Natural frequency of the system.
Piezoelectric behave as sensors when it gives
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