Dissertation Ix

REGENERATIVE DESIGN
GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN
SONIPAT 131001
DISSERTATION REPORT
DECEMBER 2022
REGENERATIVE DESIGN
SUBMITTED BY- GUIDED BY-

Bhavishya AR, Ravi Kakkar
Gcad/18/210
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REGENERATIVE DESIGN
DECLARATION
I, BHAVISHYA, Roll Number, GCAD/18/210 hereby declare that the dissertation

titled Regenerative Designsubmitted by me, in partial fulfilment of the requirement of
the curriculum of Bachelor of Architecture as per university norms, to Gateway College
of Architecture and Design, is record of my original work with credits given for
information collected from any other source.
(BHAVISHYA)
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation titledRegenerative Design, submitted in partial

fulfilment of the requirement of the curriculum of Bachelor of Architecture is the work
of BHAVISHYA, Roll Number, GCAD/18/210who carried out research work under
our supervision in Gateway College of Architecture and Design, Sonipat, Haryana.
We recommend that the dissertation report be placed before the examiners for their
consideration.
Ar. Ravi Kakkar Ar. Vinod Patil

Signature of the Guide Signature of the Coordinator
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Table of Contents
LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................8
ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................8
1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION............................................................................10
1.1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND.....................................................10
1.1.1 Topic Description......................................................................................10
1.2 DEFINITION AND MEANING OF IMPORTANT PARAMETERS:...........11
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE:..............................................................................................11
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION:...............................................................................12
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS:...........................................................................12
1.6 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH..............................................13
1.6.1 Aim:...........................................................................................................13
1.6.2 Objective:..................................................................................................13
1.6.3 Scope:........................................................................................................13
1.7 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:....................................................................14
2 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................15
2.1 PURPOSE OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW................................................15
2.2 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS:...........................................................................15
2.3 RESEARCH QUESTION:...............................................................................15
2.4 CATEGORIZATION OF LITERATURE........................................................16
2.4.1 Mention research papers used:..................................................................16
2.5 LITERATURE REVIEW:................................................................................18
2.5.1 Literature Study 1 (Regenerative Architecture: A Pathway Beyond

Sustainability, 2009)................................................................................................18
2.5.2 Literature Study 2 (Beyond Sustainability through Regenerative

Architecture)............................................................................................................21
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2.5.3 Literature Study 3 (Regenerative Design and Development for a

Sustainable Future, 2016)........................................................................................23
2.5.4 Literature Study 4 (Regenerative Design: An Integrated Design Approach

for the New Jersey Highlands, 2014)......................................................................25
2.5.5 Literature Study 5 (Beyond Sustainability – Biophilic and Regenerative

Design in Architecture, 2015).................................................................................27
2.5.6 Literature Study 6 (Development of a Regenerative Design model for

Building Retrofits, 2016).........................................................................................28
2.6 COLLATING THE LITERATURE REVIEW LEARNINGS: THE FINAL

UNDERSTANDING...................................................................................................30
2.7 FINAL CONCLUSION....................................................................................32
3 CHAPTER 3: METHODS AND METHODOLOGY.............................................33
PURPOSE OF METHODS AND METHODOLOGY:..............................................33
AIMS OF CHOOSING THE RESEARCH TOPIC:...................................................33
3.1 METHOD OPTED FOR DATA/CASE SELECTION WITH ITS

JUSTIFICATION........................................................................................................33
Research Question:......................................................................................................33
3.2 METHOD OPTED FOR DATA COLLECTION WITH JUSTIFICATION...34
3.2.1 Literature...................................................................................................34
3.2.2 Case Study.................................................................................................34
3.2.3 Questionnaires...........................................................................................34
3.2.4 Internet.......................................................................................................35
3.2.5 Government reports...................................................................................35
3.3 METHOD OPTED FOR DATA ANALYSIS WITH JUSTIFICATION........35
3.3.1 Qualitative data analysis:...........................................................................35
3.4 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF THE METHOD ADOPTED......35
3.4.1 Advantages of the method adopted...........................................................35
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3.4.2 Limitations of the method(s) adopted........................................................36
4 CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDY DATA PRESENTATION......................................37
Reason for choosing the case study project:............................................................37
4.1 CASE STUDY 1 – Paramit Factory, Malaysia.................................................37
Presentation of data -...............................................................................................37
4.1.1 Brief Description:......................................................................................37
4.1.2 Regional context:.......................................................................................38
4.1.3 Area context:.............................................................................................38
4.1.4 Site plan.....................................................................................................39
4.1.5 Spatial relationship within the built form and open spaces:......................40
4.1.6 Design strategies........................................................................................41
4.1.7 Conclusion.................................................................................................43
4.2 CASE STUDY 2 – VanDusen Botanical Garden in Vancouver......................44
4.2.3 Area context:.............................................................................................45
4.2.4 Form..........................................................................................................46
4.2.5 Design Strategies.......................................................................................46
4.2.6 Conclusion.................................................................................................47
4.3 CASE STUDY 3 – House Solaris 416..............................................................49
4.3.4 Conclusion.................................................................................................51
4.4 CASE STUDY 4 – Garden by the bay.............................................................52
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4.4.4 Conclusion.................................................................................................54
4.5 Case study conclusion.......................................................................................56
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Sustainable to Regenerative design...................................................................11
Figure 2 Research Methodology.....................................................................................14
Figure 3 Lyle’s Comparison between Flows in Degenerative and Regenerative Systems

(http://akihan.hubpages.com/hub/Regenerative-Architecture)........................................24
Figure 4 Degenerative vs Regenerative design...............................................................29
Figure 5 Regenerative Design phases..............................................................................32
Figure 6 Garden by the bay ecosystem............................................................................55
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ABSTRACT
Traditional practices in building and infrastructure construction cause negative

environmental impacts that are evident not only in the early stages but throughout
thelife cycle. The negative impacts of high energy consumption and the associated toxic
gas emissions are major global problems. In this context, the purpose of this paper is to
demonstrate the importance of applying regeneration approaches to the construction of
new buildings and the redevelopment of existing buildings. Based on the analysis of
different life cycle principles of the building/built environment, the benefits of applying
regenerative design can be recognized. This approach basically refers to acting
according to natural systems and processes. Regenerative design is the new approach
and a positively respond to a climate or environment means that it adds respond and
value to nature and building (like symbolic value etc). It is change of mindset not a
change of strategies and techniques and in the humans are intentionally involved and
wants to heals the environment.
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1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction and Background
1.1.1 Topic Description
The global climate system is evolving constantly and for the worse affecting adversely
the ecosystem of the planet. It is no longer sufficient to maintain the current
environmental conditions. According to statistics, it is mostly human activity's carbon
emissions that are causing the climate change to become a disaster. Construction and
planning activities related to our environments account for about half of total carbon
emissions. Instead of just trying to slow down climate change, we need to change the
way we do things and strive to turn it around. Sustainable design practice is not enough
to ensure the climatic condition and lessen the carbon footprint. It is the approach to no
additional harm. The next step towards amelioration of the situation is Regenerative
Design. It incorporates sustainable or green design principles, which demand reducing
the environmental effects of a building. Regenerative Design principles can be used on
any type of building to make a site's environmental performance better. It is a design
approach relying on techniques to create concerned designs that distinguish between the
built and surrounding environment. A multi-scale method of planning that takes into
account both the built and natural surroundings.
Regenerative design is one of the systematic ways to design buildings by taking care of
all aspects of the environment like climate change from a building so it will over the
period of time heals the environment. It is a step beyond sustainable and green building
design.
The regenerative design has its roots in agricultural practices that focus on soil renewal
and ecosystem richness. In 1978, Tasmanian biologist Bill Morrison created a set of
design principles to "integrate landscapes with people to provide food, energy, shelter
and other needs in a sustainable manner".took this concept a step further.
Based on this idea, John T. Lyle, professor of landscape architecture at the California
State Institute of Technology in Pomona, applied these principles to the built
environment and established the Lyle Regeneration Research Centre. Established to test
how buildings can fit together and contribute to environmental growth. environment and
community.
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Figure 1 Sustainable to Regenerative design
Source: Author
1.2 Definition and meaning of important parameters:
Regenerative: It means to “restore to a better state.”
Sustainability: Meeting our needs today without sacrificing the potential of future
generations to satisfy their own needs.
Permaculture: Formation of agricultural ecosystems with the goal of being self-

sufficient and prolonged.
Amelioration - A act to make something better and satisfactory
Green - A approach to building construction with environmentally friendly principles.
1.3 Significance:
By implementing a regenerative design philosophy, decisions are encouraged at every

stage of the design process that will lessen their negative effects on the environment and
the health of the inhabitants, without sacrificing the project's financial viability. It is a
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comprehensive, integrated strategy that promotes negotiation and trade-offs. All stages
of a building's life cycle, including design, construction, operation, and
decommissioning, are positively impacted by such an integrated strategy.
 To maximize the potential of the site
 To reduce the use of non-renewable energy
 To save fossil fuels
 To make natural energy economical
 To lessen the carbon footprint
 To enrichthe ecosystem
1.4 Research question:
1. Is it possible to regenerate lost ecosystem?

2. Does the public have an awareness of environmental problems impacted
bybuilding?
3. Is regenerative design limited to building?
4. Will the ecosystem be improved if following principles of regenerative design?
5. Is it challenging to incorporate regenerative design strategies into the building?
6. Is Regenerative design being the need for a future proof building?
7. Regenerative design vs Sustainable design?
8. What is the Degenerative to Regenerative design range?
9. Are green building techniques expensive to build?
10. Is it possible to practice regenerative design in every type of building?
1.5 Research hypothesis:
“Regenerative design is the most effective way to reduce carbon emissions and it
positively affect the environment and it is the one of the systematic futuristic solution for
the healthy environment.”
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1.6 Aim and objective of the research
1.6.1 Aim:
To understand how to incorporate regenerative design techniques in order to refine the

built environment without compromising the need of the present and future.
1.6.2 Objective:
Regenerative architecture, a new paradigm in design, offers a fresh method for restoring
lost ecosystems and wildlife while also enhancing the social and environmental features
of constructed areas. Following regenerative fundamentals and architectural methods,
The purpose of regenerative design is to reduce the environmental impact of a building

by adding healing value to the building.
1.6.3 Scope:
The new architecture is composite because of its origins and their technological effect.
In the last 20 years the method has been developed or improved and its results made
available to everyone. In order to lessen negative effects, the design and construction
industry has been implementing increasingly strict high performance design practices. It
creates a new chance for new supply chains and greater resource availability for all
types of future projects made possible by regenerative design. Regenerative techniques
are important to reach every type of building.
Created a framework for regenerative design that can handle designs of all sizes, types,
and performance levels. The framework advances design into "net positive" impacts for
carbon, water, nutrients, air, biodiversity, social, and health categories, going beyond
basic high-performance design.
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1.7 Research methodology:
Figure 2 Research Methodology
Source: Author
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2 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Purpose of the literature review
To understand the need of Regenerative design and how it can be implemented on the
buildings through practical examples.
To Know How can a building improve occupant health and wellbeing, and restore and
enhance the local ecosystem.
To understand the impact of sustainable design and regenerative design on environment.
2.2 Research hypothesis:
Regenerative design is the most effective way to reduce carbon emissions and it
positively affects the environment and it is one of the systematic futuristic solutions for
the healthy environment.
2.3 Research question:
I. Is it possible to regenerate lost ecosystem?

II. Does the public have an awareness of environmental problems impacted
bybuilding?
III. Is regenerative design limited to building?
IV. Will the ecosystem be improved if following principles of regenerative
design?
V. Is it challenging to incorporate regenerative design strategies into the
building?
VI. Is Regenerative design being the need for a future proof building?
VII. Regenerative design vs Sustainable design?
VIII. What is the Degenerative to Regenerative design range?
IX. Are green building techniques expensive to build?
X. Is it possible to practice regenerative design in every type of building?
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2.4 Categorization of literature:
2.4.1 Mention research papers used:
S.no. Literature Name of Source Author

Literature
Category
1. Unpublished Regenerative Scholar Work Jacob Alexander

Thesis Architecture: A Littman
(online)
Pathway Beyond
(M. arch. Student at
Sustainability
Department of Art,
(2009)
Architecture and Art
History of the
University of
Massachusetts)
Sam Nemati
2. Unpublished Beyond https://
www.diva-
Thesis Sustainability (Master of Fine Arts in
portal.org/
through smash/get/ Architecture and Urban
diva2:1438628/
Regenerative Design)
FULLTEXT01.p
Architecture. df
(online)
(2020)
3. Unpublished Regenerative https:// Aysegul Akturk

Thesis Design and conservancy.um
(Faculty of University
Development for a n.edu/handle/
of Minnesota)
Sustainable Future 11299/182113
(2016) (online)
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4. Published Regenerative https://s3.us- Emily Kilroy

Report Design: An east-
(Member of Regional
Integrated Design 1.amazonaws.co
Plan Association)
Approach for the m/rpa-org/pdfs/
New Jersey RPA-
Highlands Regenerative-
Design.pdf
(2014)
(Online)
5. Journal Beyond https:// Bruno Duarte Dias,

Article sustainability – core.ac.uk/
(MA Lusíada
biophilic and download/pdf/
University, CITAD,
regenerative design 236408788.pdf
Portugal)
in architecture
(online)
(2015)
6. Journal Development of a https:// W. Craft et al.

Article regenerative design www.sciencedire
(Faculty of the Built
model for building ct.com/science/
Environment,
retrofits article/pii/
University of New
S187770581731
(2016) South Wales, Sydney)
7320
(online)
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2.5 Literature review:
2.5.1 Literature Study 1 (Regenerative Architecture: A Pathway Beyond

Sustainability, 2009)
2.5.1.1 Summary
As per research paper (Littman, 2009),Regenerative architecture is the practice of

engaging the natural world as the medium for, and generator of the architecture. It
responds to and utilizes the living and natural systems that exist on a site that become
the “building blocks” of the architecture.
Sustainability in architecture, as understood by modern society today, is an inadequate

measure for current and future architectural design, for it aims no higher than trying to
make buildings “less bad”.
The architecture is the place in which we can implant the design that can impact
positively to the environment because architecture embedded purely into the site. If
architecture is producing more than its consuming than it is called regenerative design.
A structure can produce energy, food, capture water, purify water, produce oxygen, and
capture CO2, among other things.Before designing, there are some facts we must know
like the existing pattern of the site, and the energy source of a site.
For example,it is not necessary that air treatment requires chemical, machines for a
healthier living environment and the most efficient way to cool the structure by using
deciduous trees to block the sun from direct contact and it is also effective in winter
climate.
Author stated theNine Principles of Regenerative Architecture:
First principles claims that there are multiple solutions within the system to address
each requirement. This idea serves as the foundation for permaculture design. The
foundation of the Principle of Redundancy is the understanding that no single solution
can ensure the smooth running of a natural system. The acquisition of usable energy is
an implementable and realisable example of this within regenerative architecture.In a
regenerative design, we should think about incorporating at least two of these choices to
meet our energy needs. By doing so, we will solve the energy problem with several
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solutions, fortify our energy system, stabilise our energy input, and increase its
dependability, efficiency, and benefits.
According to the second principle, the design is based on a site analysis of the landscape
and all of its natural components and systems. It is defining a generative process that
turns the information, understanding, and insight gathered from the site into
architectural and landscape form. By using this approach, we can produce a design that
is solely of and for the site.
Intelligent limits are the third tenet of regenerative architecture. The design reflects the
program's equilibrium, and each material and space are potentially maximised and
integrated into its fullest potential positive net input into the entire system, according to
this principle. Every programme has a minimum required limit, but it also has a
potentially infinite maximum. Since an equilibrium can occur under many different
situations and can evolve in many different ways depending on what is imposed onto
the site, intelligent constraints are essential to the design process because they guarantee
that the equilibrium can be achieved inside the system.
The fourth principle is "concentration," and it mostly relates to physical space. It is

frequently forgotten that the unique relationships between system parts can have a
significant impact on how the system functions. Each system element has a relative
location or locations inside the site.We also place a lot of emphasis on making the most
of our available space while applying the principle of concentration. We can determine
the potential of a specific location by examining our site and system. However, we must
be careful not to over-program a space or leave out some areas from the "design," as our
intervention may not always be the greatest option for a particular site, system, or
location. It's crucial to keep in mind that less can sometimes be more.
The fifth is "the principle of intelligent construction." It alludes to the building of the
site, the building of the systems, and the building of the architecture. The three pillars of
intelligent building are material efficiency, material potential maximisation, and
constructability. The incorporation of the "image" of the design in the materials is
another essential component. This means that the material choice can affect how the
design is expressed. The place, the design, the systems, and the users are all revealed
through the materials.
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Bold ecology is the sixth tenet of regenerative architecture. Bold ecology refers to the
adoption and spread of ecological systems that serve a number of purposes, are self-
regenerating, and yield a positive net output. The bold ecological system goes beyond
how we now understand ecology because it embraces and embodies everything that
ecological systems have to give, both to the individual ecological system and to us as a
whole. We interact with the environment because it gives us a place to live, food to eat,
and shelter.
"Community" is the seventh regenerative architecture principle. Communities can be

clusters of similar things or they might be homogeneous elements. They are always
characterised by their connection to all other communities since without the existence of
all other communities, it would be impossible to distinguish one particular community.
They can occur and exist at extreme minima and peaks. On every scale, communities
develop, and because of their inherent capacity for self-organization, new systems are
created.
The "experience of place" isthe eighth regenerative architecture principle. The

experience of the place principle embodies a collection of attributes and
phenomenological traits that can be found in and particular to any location. Positive
feelings and a defined systemic form should drive the experience. Communities and
individuals should be able to experience the location, and it should have a narrative to it.
The sense of place conveys the goals of the design and the system's capacity for
regeneration.
"Culture" is the ninth principle.Culture is a fundamental principle that appears at all

scale levels and permeates every species, polyculture, structure, and system. Each
cultural organisation is a part of the location and should be embraced and honoured
during the planning phase. Every location has a narrative to tell and a history that is
deeply ingrained there, and these stories are presented through cultural expression.
Using pattern recognition, the cultural expression is located throughout the site analysis
phase.
2.5.1.2 Conclusion
Current model of architecture is the process of degeneration and with a finite number of
resources in the world.Regenerative architecture is the practice of engaging the natural
world as the medium for, and generator of the architecture.Sustainable building is
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extremely low, becausethe built environment is unnatural and provides virtually no

benefits to the environment. and by adopting regenerative architecture we are answering
the question of how we can be truly sustainable in our buildings.It is possible to design
a structure that can produce its own food, energy, heating, cooling, water capture and
purification, using materials that are derived locally and in a truly sustainable manner.
The author stated the nine principles of regenerative design:
1. Permaculture design
2. Integration to the landscape
3. Intelligent limits
4. Concentration
5. Intelligent construction
6. Bold Ecology
7. Community
8. Experience of place
9. Culture
2.5.2 Literature Study 2 (Beyond Sustainability through

RegenerativeArchitecture)
2.5.2.1 Summary
As per research paper (Nemati, 2020), The relationship between environmental issues of
each decade and the emerging paradigm of that time is illuminated through the history
of environmental paradigms in architecture. The American Institute of Architecture
(AIA) and the American Solar Energy Society introduced "Energy conscious
architecture" in the wake of the first energy crisis in the 1970s (ASES). The
development of this paradigm demonstrated a propensity for the inclusion of solar and
energy-saving design techniques, which merged into earlier paradigms like
environmental architecture and influenced sustainable architecture in the following
decades.The newest environmental paradigm to emerge in the last ten years is
Regenerative architecture. In addition to having the least amount of embodied carbon
and energy consumption, buildings and urban areas must be able to absorb carbon and
produce energy in order to improve the positive environmental impact of
architecture.Buildings burn fossil fuels like oil, gas, and coal, which accounts for about
40% of the world's energy consumption, and they produce cement, which contributes to
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the emission of nearly half of the planet's carbon dioxide (CO2). The globe becomes
warmer as a result of CO2 trapping solar energy in the atmosphere. This is one of the
primary causes of climate change, for which buildings and, consequently, the field of
architecture, bear a heavy burden.
Large-scale urban development projects cause the most negative environmental impact,
concrete is the most substance used on the planet earth, while it is the cause of 50% of
carbon emission by human activities and 80% of concrete is used in urban
constructions.
Sustaining the current environmental conditions is not enough anymore. Climate change
is mainly caused by carbon emission of human activities and the construction is the
main cause of the carbon emission. Resilience and carbon neutrality are not able to heal
or even stop climate change. It is a time for recovery, it is a call for regeneration.
Sustainable architecture focuses on sustaining the resources and environmental
conditions by drawing down the negative footprint of the buildings. Regenerative
architecture is the practice of engaging nature as a design element and a generator in
architecture. Regeneration design aims to merge nature, building and people. By
utilizing the primary regenerative design methods and technologies and taking into
account social integration and people's connection to nature, the building as a
productive machine needs to be designed potentially regeneratively. Regenerative
construction, on the other hand, goes beyond carbon neutrality to become carbon
positive. For example, green roof and skins, capturing rainwater, green energy
consumption and production, Green sustainable materials, and other strategies promote
the net positive movement.
By regenerating nature, which results in a carbon-positive imprint of built

environments, regenerative architecture concepts and solutions offer a chance to address
the climate change challenge. This approach has produced effective outcomes for both
small-scale buildings and landscape architecture.Large-scale urban development’s offer
the highest chances to transform into regenerative landscapes and aid in turning the tide
of disaster because of their enormous influence. Buildings must first possess the
regeneration potentials inside themselves that follow the context's inherent patterns in
order to make this possible. Because buildings must provide natural ecosystems when
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there aren't many in an urban setting. Buildings are made with a thorough knowledge of
the area and by integrating regenerative design with natural environmental patterns.
2.5.2.2 Conclusion
The aim of the author research is clarifying new regenerative mindset and strategies for
tackling climate change.The result shows that the potential for reversing the course of
the crisis may exist in regenerative urban developments.
Regenerative architecture as a new paradigm introduces a new approach in architecture

for regenerating the lost nature and ecosystems, and improving social and
environmental qualities of built environments. These tacticsintersect with net-zero and
green architecture. Regenerative design is implemented and effective on both small- and
large-scale projects.Regenerative architecture and strategies provide opportunity to
tackle the climate change crisis by regenerating green nature and energy which leads to
carbon positive footprint of built environments. New economy models are required,
from small changes such as considering the produced greeneries by the buildings as
municipal or at least community-maintained green spaces, up to long-term changes like
block chain coins.
The author stated the strategies:
1. Green roof and skins

2. Capturing rainwater
3. Green energy consumption and production
4. Green sustainable materials
2.5.3 Literature Study 3 (Regenerative Design and Development for a

Sustainable Future, 2016)
2.5.3.1 Summary
As per research paper (Akturk, Regenerative Design and Development for a Sustainable
Future, 2016), Regenerative design and development aims to reverse the degradation
and negative environmental impacts instead of merely slowing them down. A system
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that combines natural and human processes and creates the technology needed to
support self-sufficient human settlements and food production systems. It strives to
transition from a "net-zero" strategy to one that generates "net positive" effects for
overall ecological, social, and economic growth. The regenerative design paradigm
incorporates new objectives and opportunities together with some traces and expertise
from green and sustainable design. Green design does not close loops, foster creative
synergies, or take into account the regional ecological and social environment.
The "notion of limits" and environmental issues are the two main topics covered in
sustainability literature. It acknowledges the detrimental effects of human progress and
works to mitigate these effects by making efficient use of resources. A different
viewpoint is provided by regenerative design and development, which aims to have a
beneficial influence and stop the degradation. It promotes modifying human behaviour
as well as how constructed settings are designed and produced in order to "heal,"
"regenerate," or "flourish" the earth by interacting with the living system. It encourages
utilising these crises as motivation to improve.
Figure 3Lyle’s Comparison between Flows in Degenerative and Regenerative Systems

(http://akihan.hubpages.com/hub/Regenerative-Architecture)
While "green design" places an emphasis on a building's environmental performance,

"green building" describes a structure with a greater environmental performance than
the norm. Green strategies are referred to as being "eco-efficient." The main topics
covered by green design are resource consumption, emission/waste, health, and comfort.
It makes an effort to lessen the degenerative human activity's effects on ecological
systems, as well as enhancing inhabitants' comfort and health
The complexity of regenerative design and development theory and concept is the
difficulty. Setting measurable performance objectives, such as those involving green
design, is not simple. To help with the transition, new regenerative design support
technologies are, nevertheless, emerging. They work to support practitioners, designers,
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and stakeholders by illuminating the essential traits and qualities of regenerative

approaches.Key topics of the literature are organized in six sections: foundations of
regenerative paradigm; the concepts of green, sustainable and regenerative; the
importance and impact of regenerative design and development.
2.5.3.2 Conclusion
Regenerative design aims to reverse the degradation and negative environmental

impacts instead of merely slowing them down. It strives to transition from a "net-zero"
strategy to one that generates "net positive" effects for overall ecological, social, and
economic growth. The complexity of regenerative design and development theory and
concept is not simple.
While sustainable aim to do less damage to the environment and human health —less
consumption of non-renewable energy and less pollution. A process that integrates
human and natural processes and develops the technology required to enable self-
sufficient humanhabitations and food production systems. It aims to shift away from a
"net-zero"strategy and toward one that produces "net positive" outcomes for overall
ecological, social, and economic development. The regenerative design paradigm
integrates new goals and possibilities together with some elements and know-how from
sustainable and green design. So, it is possible to regenerate lost ecosystem by
regenerative design.
2.5.4 Literature Study 4 (Regenerative Design: An Integrated Design Approach

for the New Jersey Highlands, 2014)
2.5.4.1 Summary
As per research paper (Kilroy, 2014), An alternative method of development is called

regenerative design. Instead of removing trees, wetlands, and paving over them,
removing vegetation to make room for wood frames, concrete pads, and the constructed
environment combines with the current (or ancient) landscape to provide ecosystem
services. Regenerative Design can actually improve the environmental performance of a
site. It tends to create high-performance buildings nested in functional landscapes.
Regenerative design is implemented on various scale of building like regional,
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neighbourhood, site, building, municipal. It can help municipalities, developers, and

landowners go a long way toward achieving the goals of the future proof building.
Regenerative Design is based on historical patterns and methods of development, but it

does not advocate giving up running water or power. High-performance buildings are
nested in useful landscapes as part of a sophisticated design strategy that draws on both
cutting-edge technologies and traditional methods to produce intelligent designs that
blur the line between the built and natural environments.
Regenerative Design begins with analysis at the regional, block/neighbourhood, site,

and structure levels. Regenerative Design starts with examining the site's context at
many scales of ecological evolution by choosing the location and evaluating it for the
placement of the structure, take into account the significance of tree stands, streams,
lakes, and even topography matters. It is at the building stage that all project
stakeholders understand and except for preservation of existing natural elements to
cause the least amount of disruption while being constructed. Community scale
renewable energy are more efficiently than individual sites in the neighbourhood due to
poor maintenance.
In the Regenerative Design paradigm, site design plays a key role. Building placement
is determined by the site's layout and setbacks. Building height restrictions, authorized
uses, and floor space on the property parking regulations and ratios (FARs) have a
significant impact on the character and growth style. The goal of the Regenerative
Design site is viewed as a place to ethically adapt, not as a blank canvas.
Techniques of considering while design are vegetated buffers, hydrology, landscape

design, greywater system, rain gardens, xeriscaping, rainwater harvesting, food
production, Edible landscaping, rooftop gardens, solar energy, Regenerative landscapes
balance ecological function with recreational needs.Understanding what types of
ecosystems were naturally present on the site by investigating the site’s history and
looking at nearby natural sites can help determine what types of ecosystems to recreate.
2.5.4.2 Conclusion
The regenerative design level denotes excellent energy usage, effective water
utilization, utilizing solar energy to the fullest extent possible, using sustainable and
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REGENERATIVE DESIGN
repurposed materials that improve indoor air quality. The best way to have a beneficial
impact on energy is to reduce energy demand. The use of renewable energy sources can
assist in supplying a building's energy requirements in a sustainable manner, but the
smaller the energy demand, the more compact the renewable energy system can be,
which lowers prices and space requirements. There are numerous passive and active
design techniques available to lower a building's energy requirements without
sacrificing occupant comfort.Regenerative Design is based on historical patterns and
methods of development, but it does not advocate giving up running water or power. It
tends to create high-performance buildings nested in functional landscapes.
Regenerative design is implemented on various scale of building like regional,
neighbourhood, site, building, municipal. In the Regenerative Design paradigm, site
design plays a key role. Building placement is determined by the site's layout and
setbacks. Techniques of considering while design are vegetated buffers, hydrology,
landscape design, greywater system, rain gardens, xeriscaping, rainwater harvesting,
food production, Edible landscaping, rooftop gardens, solar energy, Regenerative
landscapes balance ecological function with recreational needs.
2.5.5 Literature Study 5 (Beyond Sustainability – Biophilic and Regenerative

Design in Architecture, 2015)
2.5.5.1 Summary
As per research paper (Dias, 2015), Mitigation is not enough to invert the current
situation. Co-develop partnership and the relationship between human and natural
systems, through Regenerative design and development is important to achieve net
positive design. Sustainable is different, if something is sustainable, meaning that you
can continue to do indefinitely. If we cannot do indefinitely without causing problems is
not sustainable but contact with nature is beneficial to all. Interacting with nature can
offer positive effects on health and well-being. The aim of sustainability is to satisfy
today needs without compromising the needs of future generations.
“Biophilic design recognizes that nature contribute to our wellbeing, helping our
productivity and creativity” Janine Benyus
By incorporating features that create a new and prosperous order that enhances the
evolution of human and natural systems, human activities can be designed to benefit the
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REGENERATIVE DESIGN
environment. But green design only slows the rate of destruction.The paper
considersregenesis groupframework and it consider to be a leading regenerative
practice.
2.5.5.2 Conclusion
Regenerative design and biophilia practitioners incorporate sustainable design principles

of efficiency and will be neutral in all respects. Both theories acknowledge that any
action should come from an awareness of the location and culture, which are distinctive
in many ways. Kellert highlights the necessity to engage in nature restoration, rejecting
the idea of utilising natural components solely for human purposes. Biophilia stresses
the need of human health and well-being to be in contact with natural elements.
Regenerative architecture takes a holistic approach, upholds the notion that we are
nature and that we can co-evolve human and natural requirements to create structures
that are integrated into their surroundings' ecosystems. The idea that nature is useful to
people.
The author stated the Biophilic design standards:
1. Environmental features
2. Natural shapes and forms
3. Natural patterns and processes
4. Light and space
5. Evolved human relationships to nature
Regenerative design and biophilia practitioners incorporate sustainable design principles

of efficiency and they will be neutral in all respects. Both theories acknowledge that any
action should come from an awareness of the location and culture, which are distinctive
in many ways. Kellert highlights the necessity to engage in nature restoration, rejecting
the idea of utilising natural components solely for human purposes. Biophilia stresses
the need of human health and well-being to be in contact with natural elements.
Regenerative architecture takes a holistic approach, upholds the notion that we are
nature and that we can co-evolve human and natural requirements to create structures
that are integrated into their surroundings' ecosystems.
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2.5.6 Literature Study 6(Development of a Regenerative Design model for

Building Retrofits, 2016)
2.5.6.1 Summary
As per research paper (al, 2016), Currently, energy and financial efficiency at a specific
structure or buildings are the primary emphasis of building retrofits. While the goals of
these retrofits are essential to the long-term sustainability of our physical environment.
To transition to this regenerative paradigm, a single building renovation must transcend

beyond its site bounds and constructively engage with its surrounding social and
ecological systems. to do better. The green areas of the building not only reduce its
overall energy consumption, but provide social and interactive natural environments for
occupants, as well as mitigate urban heat island effects.
In order to include net-positive, restorative, and regenerative design principles into

building retrofits, this article suggests a "proactive" retrofit method.To accomplish these
proactive retrofit outcomes, a regenerative design model that takes into account the
crucial linkages between physical, human, and ecological systems within the built
environment is established. Proactive is the method of achieving a net positive
environment by taking different techniques and strategies before anything happens and
proactive is necessary than reactive.Material selection could enhance indoor air quality
while also reducing the urban microclimate outside. A solid foundation for developing a
set of design principles to move building retrofits toward regeneration is provided by
the process of identifying and extracting the main interactions between physical, human,
and natural systems.
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Figure 4 Degenerative vs Regenerative design
Source: Author
2.5.6.2 Conclusion
Strengthening a connection to nature is important and needs a future proof architecture

is must. Local Food production and provide indigenous wildlife habitats, Energy
sharing strategies, Effective management and storage of produced excess renewable
energy are necessary for a beneficial energy exchange with the built environment
surrounding it. This would enable an existing building to execute energy sharing
methods and initiatives with neighbouring buildings.Retrofit cannot develop individual
performance but can develop others performance also health of other surrounding
systems. This study has touched on the significance of "location" in obtaining
regenerative outcomes by introducing a "proactive" approach to building retrofits. As
was previously mentioned, the concept of location entails examining the entire network
of systems and the intricate relationships that exist between them. In light of this
regenerative philosophy, designing from place necessitates not only attention to the
specific building but also to the surrounding social and environmental context.Because
many of these systems are already in use due to the nature of retrofitting, it is essential
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that a designer be able to recognise and fix a building's problems within this larger
context.
2.6 Collating the literature review learnings: the final understanding
Sustaining the current environmental conditions is not enough anymore. The American
Institute of Architecture (AIA) and the American Solar Energy Society introduced
"Energy conscious architecture" in the wake of the first energy crisis in the 1970s
(ASES). Buildings burn fossil fuels like oil, gas, and coal, which accounts for about
40% of the world's energy consumption, and they produce cement, which contributes to
the emission of nearly half of the planet's carbon dioxide (CO2). The newest
environmental paradigm to emerge in the last ten years is Regenerative architecture.
Regenerative design responds to and utilizes the living and natural systems that exist on
a site that become the “building blocks” of the architecture.
The architecture is the place in which we can implant the design that can impact
positively to the environment because architecture is embedded purely into the site.
Current model of architecture is the process of degeneration and with a finite number of
resources in the world. Regenerative construction, on the other hand, goes beyond
carbon neutrality to become carbon positive. This approach has produced effective
outcomes for both small-scale buildings and landscape architecture. The complexity of
regenerative design and development theory and concept is the difficulty. Setting
measurable performance objectives, such as those involving green design, is not
simple.
Mitigation is not enough to invert the current situation. Co-develop partnership and the
relationship between human and natural systems, through Regenerative design and
development is important to achieve net positive design. Sustainable is different, if
something is sustainable, meaning that you can continue to do indefinitely.
Sustainability in architecture, as understood by modern society today, is an inadequate
measure for current and future architectural design, for it aims no higher than trying to
make buildings “less bad”.
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Regenerative Design begins with analysis at the regional, block/neighbourhood, site,

and structure levels. Regenerative Design starts with examining the site's context at
many scales of ecological evolution by choosing the location and evaluating it for the
placement of the structure, take into account the significance of tree stands, streams,
lakes, and even topography matters. The best way to have a beneficial impact on energy
is to reduce energy demand.
In order to include net-positive, restorative, and regenerative design principles into

building retrofits, an article suggests a "proactive" retrofit method. To accomplish these
proactive retrofit outcomes, a regenerative design model that takes into account the
crucial linkages between physical, human, and ecological systems within the built
environment is established.
It is possible to design a structure that can produce its own food, energy, heating,
cooling, water capture and purification, using materials that are derived locally and in a
truly sustainable manner.
2.7 Final conclusion
- There is a big difference between sustainable design and regenerative design,

sustainable design slows down the degradation but regenerative design reverses
the current situation.
- High costs of green materials, slow construction methods, expensive
applications and maintenance of such systems promote to avoid private section
development.
- Regenerative design is used to create positive impacts to reverse the
degeneration.
- Regenerative design Principles are implemented and effective in both small- and
large-scale projects.
- Regenerative design stops the degradation so it is a better way to get net positive
building.
- It is possible to regenerate lost ecosystem by regenerative design.
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- Regenerative design and biophilia practitioners incorporate sustainable design

principles of efficiency.
- Regenerative design is possible to implement and design a structure that can
produce its own food, energy, heating, cooling, water capture and purification
etc.
Figure 5 Regenerative Design phases
Source: Author
3 CHAPTER 3: METHODS AND METHODOLOGY
Purpose of methods and methodology:
Learning of methods and methodology of research is to understand the systematic way

of research to makes easier for study and better understanding. It helps us to guide and
solve the problem and find solution. It aims to give the approach of research.
Aims of choosing the research topic:
- To explore futuristic design

- Need for future proof architecture
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- A solution of big problem

- Availability of the research
3.1 Methodopted for data/case selection with its justification
Data is the valuable in the research and it can be qualitative and quantitative both but it
must provide the facts and answer the research question.Regenerative design include
various literature and it is the most likely method for data selection. Literature includes
various research papers and case study to gain knowledge and facts. Literature helps us
to building asolid theoretical foundation relevant to the overall requirement and
understanding of regenerative design. Regenerative design is the new way to design and
does not include enough information so data will be selected from case study, research
papers mostly. Main aim and objective are to identify the solution of research question
from various source of information:
Research Question:

2. Does the public have an awareness of environmental problems impacted
bybuilding?
4. Will the ecosystem be improved if following principles of regenerative
design?
5. Is it challenging to incorporate regenerative design strategies into the
building?
6. Is Regenerative design being the need for a future proof building?
9. Are green building techniquesexpensive to build?
3.2 Method opted for data collection with justification
Data collection is the gathering of datafrom various sources and the method opted for
data collection are surveys, interviews, observation, literature reviews.
The following methods will be used to gather the data:

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3.2.1 Literature
A study which gives the information that is already exists. Literature includes most of
the theoretical data and it is used for better understanding and collect the data. Literature
consist various research papers of the research problem and it can be published and
unpublished data, books etc. The authentic source of literature are library or books. And
there are various books about regenerative design in library.
3.2.2 Case Study
This study allows the author to gain deeper knowledge of the current design process.
Case study helps to gatherfacts which is observed from the existing projects of
regenerative design. Regenerative design incorporates in various projects throughout
globally and it will be done through online method.
3.2.3 Questionnaires
It includes the survey form and question to answer the research question and it is
efficient and cost-effective method. This study will be gathered from group of people
and the people will be Students, Architects, Teachers, and gather the thoughts about
regenerative design from the randomparticipants. It is easy to handle and time saving
method with the help of software’s. It provides me the direct answer of research
question.
Face to face interview with discussion helps more to get information and facts and
makes a great source of information.Interview with the person having proficiency in
regenerative design help me to collect to more relevant data. It is a difficult method
because it is hard to find the right candidate and it will be done through questionnaire.
3.2.4 Internet
It is the easily accessible source and it is convenient to access to gather information

from different sources and search engines but reliability of the data can be suspect
because regenerative design is the new approach and there is no enough data and
authentic source for research.
3.2.5 Government reports
Government reports are also secondary data collection method but these reports are
authentic and it can be reliable and opted for data collection. It includes the background,
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current situation, guidelines, rules and regulation or various norms for designing a
regenerative building.
3.3 Method opted for data analysis with justification
I opted one primary data analysis method:
3.3.1 Qualitative data analysis:
Qualitativedata include observation, interviews, case studies and questionnaire etc and
quantitative data includes statistical data or calculation and the analysis need more
sample size so, it is not possible and qualitative is the effective way to understand and
analyse the research.
Detailed presentation of the research is important and it will be done with the qualitative
data analysis method.
Infographics presentation will be my result of qualitative data and it is easy to

understand and convenient to present or communicate without a long-written data.
3.4 Advantages and limitations of the method adopted
3.4.1 Advantages of the method adopted
- The method allows us to get deeper knowledge of a research problem.

- I can easily get the solution of the research question with these methods.
- It helps me to analyse the data in a systematic way.
- It allows me to get the diverse perspectives of the authors.
- And it allows more option or sources for gathering information, analysation and
presentation.
3.4.2 Limitations of the method(s) adopted
- Availability of data through internet does not have enoughfacts for better
understanding.
- There can be unauthorised data and it is not possible to fully reliable on these
data.
- Another limitation is physical case study because regenerative design projects
are more used in internationally or globally level and it is not convenient to
gather facts from international case study physically.
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4 CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDY DATA PRESENTATION
Reason for choosing the case study project:
- Availability of the data and convenient to explore

- Relevant to the research problem
- Project fir for research question
- To explore global level project
- Building typology
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4.1 Case study 1 – Paramit Factory, Malaysia
Presentation of data-
4.1.1 Brief Description:
Architects: Design Unit Architects Sdn Bhd
Area: 15000 m²
Year: 2017
Country: Malaysia
The 162,000 square foot "Factory in the Forest" is situated in Bukit Minyak's Penang
Science Park, on the island of Penang. It was finished and launched in January 2017 for
Paramit Corporation (or Paramit Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. as its subsidiary), an electronics
business with headquarters in Silicon Valley that specialises in satellite and medical
equipment.
From project onset, the client wanted an energy efficient and climatically responsive
building. The cardinal regenerative design principles were energy efficiency, water
efficiency, daylighting and biophilia – the fundamental human need for connection to
nature.
With this small palette of materials, the building explains to us what it is, what it is
made of & how it is put together. The approach was to create a stimulating &
meaningful working environment for all employees – the forest to be the face of the
building & company.
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Image 1Building view
4.1.2 Regional context:
Penang state is located in Peninsular Malaysia and is one of the most urbanized and
economically developed states in the country. The state is divided between Penang
Island and Sebarang Perai (the mainland), each governed by its own municipal council:
Majlis Bandaraya Pulau Pinang (MBPP) in the Island and Majlis Perbandaran Seberang
Perai (MPSP) on the mainland.Streets of Malacca is the narrow stretch of water 800 km
long and it is connected to Penang. Malaysia has a tropical climate and annual
temperature is 24.5 deg.c.
Image 2 Macro level view
4.1.3 Area context:
The site is surrounded by Sungai Junjung Mati River and adjacent road is lording
perindustrian bukit minyak 21. The building typology near the site is moreover
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REGENERATIVE DESIGN
industrial. There are also some vacant lands nearby. Main highway is north south
expressway and it is on east direction of site.
Image 3 Micro level view
4.1.4 Site plan
The 5-acre site's rectangular shape was chosen to lessen the impact of sun radiation. The
site is simply divided into four parallel zones (from west to east): the production zone,
the office zone, the courtyard zone, and the "forest" parking area.
A guardhouse, parking spots, and a drop-off area are situated in the "forest" car park
zone, which lies at the western boundary and faces the current entry road. Cars for both
personnel and guests enter and exit at the main door. For workers coming by shuttle
bus, motorcycle, and all stockroom deliveries, use the secondary entrance. There is a
covered staff pathway that leads to the locker room from this entrance. At the beginning
or end of the workday, potential congestion of automobiles, motorcycles, delivery
trucks, and pedestrians is reduced by having two separate entrances. Essentially, the
parking lot is envisioned as a "forest" where cars are parked rather than a parking lot
with trees.
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The office area next to this one has a central three-story glass tower with an irregular
shape and a triple-volume office reception lobby. The cantilevered boardroom on the
second floor, the roof gardens on both levels, and the single- and double-volume office
spaces on the first floor are all connected primarily by the glass tower both vertically
and horizontally.
Image 4 Site plan
4.1.5 Spatial relationship within the built form and open spaces:
A uniformly daylit working environment was achieved by optimising the industrial

skylight design. The factory floor provides an evenly day-lit work environment without
glare throughout the year, according to simulations and daylight measurements taken in
real-world settings. The necessary light levels are always attained thanks to dimmable
LED lighting that responds to daylight and to specific task lighting.
Without a doubt, forestis essential to the macro and microclimate. In addition to

producing oxygen, purifying the air, and reducing global warming, forests also help to
prevent flooding and water pollution. In accordance with this, the idea for a "Factory in
the Forest" was developed.Forests, critical for both macro & micro-climates are also
vital for our psychological well-being. A green courtyard separates the office & factory
with views and access from both. A bridge over the courtyard links the office &
production & this circulation route becomes a space for meetings, breaks & lectures.
The factory and a man-made forest are intended to be connected by the design, blurring
the line between man-made structures and natural surroundings. To do this, the entire
site was seen as a "forest" that penetrates, encloses, and "steps over" the structures. The
"forest" starts at the frontal parking lot area, "steps up" to all office floors as huge,
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REGENERATIVE DESIGN
continuous green roof gardens, descends into the courtyard, and wraps all around the
manufacturing building at the back. By doing this, anyone (management personnel,
factory workers, and visitors), everywhere can see and physically experience nature
(lobby, offices, meeting rooms, boardroom, cafeteria, locker rooms, production areas,
etc.). All office floors have direct access to green roof gardens, creating a work
atmosphere that is environmentally friendly and encouraging outdoor life.
Image 5 Ground Floor plan
Image 6 Roof plan
4.1.6 Design strategies
This project includes various passive strategies to achieve the regenerative design
principles. Some of the following strategies are:
RainwaterFlow - In addition to using natural lighting and vegetation, the factory

incorporates the element of water to help both the environment and employees' mental
health. In order to allow rainwater to filter through, almost the whole floor area of the
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REGENERATIVE DESIGN
"forest" parking zone is covered with pervious surfaces (pervious concrete, porous
pavement, and open-grid pavers). This method lessens the surface water contamination.
Additionally, rainfall that naturally falls from the office green roofs is directed to water
retention ponds that are then used as landscaping in the building's lobby. Rainwater
from the factory roof is intended to cascade down through a number of spouts and
collect in a pebble drain collection area in the courtyard at ground level. As a result, the
glass wall separating the production space from the green courtyard is framed by a
dramatic scene of waterfalls. The same rainwater gathering tank under the parking lot is
then reached by underground pipes after receiving the rainwater from the courtyard.
One's awareness of the tropical climate is heightened by the sensation of seeing,
touching, and hearing the free-falling raindrops everywhere on the property. This also
stimulates one's senses and promotes self-reflection.
Image 7 Rainwater flow
Light and Ventilation - With the installation of movable glass louvres on walls facing
the courtyard, nearly all internal spaces in the courtyard zone (such as the link-bridge,
café, locker room, and hallway to the industrial building) are naturally ventilated. Even
though the production and office areas are actively cooled, the radiant chilled slab
system augments the air-handling unit (AHU) system, which significantly reduces
energy usage. In order to limit the need for artificial lighting, daylight is optimally
caught inside the building while glare and solar heat gain are kept to a minimum. All
perimeter office windows are made of double-glazed low-E glass.
Grand Sunshade -The big sunshade canopy, which covers nearly one-third of the site
surface, adds additional shading to the office building as well as the "forest" car park
and courtyard. The aluminium slats of the canopy are positioned to completely cover the
direct west sun and partially block the direct east sun. The canopy is a simple yet
efficient way to exclude sunlight, keeping both the inside and external areas cool.
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Image 8 Grand sunshade view
4.1.7 Conclusion
The building is designed to cater the hot and glaring tropical sun. Strategies used in the
building does not have any additional energy demand and it helps to lessen the carbon
footprint by reducing demand and use of passive strategies to:
- Reducing the reliability on artificial lighting by using of skylight and courtyard.

- Lessen the water contamination by using rainwater.
- Lessen the glare by using of materials.
- Lessen the solar heat gain by green roof.
The building uses zero discharge water system because building comprises fully
integrated water system that does not waste the water, reuse the water completely until
possible and rainwater is the main source of water to fulfil the demands of buildingSo,
the system collects the rainwater and reuse it until it discharged.Other strategy is a
grand sunshade helps the lessen the heat island effect means it reduce the heat load of a
building and it keeps the both internal and external areas cool so there is no need of
energy to cool the spaces. It is passive strategies and it always helps to lessen the carbon
footprint, thus it makes a design a regenerative design.
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4.2 Case study 2 – VanDusen Botanical Garden in Vancouver
Architects: Perkins&Will
Area: 19483 m²
Year: 2011
Location – Vancouver, Canada
The magnificent 22-hectare (55 acre) VanDusen Botanical Garden, located in the centre
of Vancouver, British Columbia, is famous worldwide for its beauty and for being a
pioneer in plant conservation, biodiversity, and sustainability.
The purpose of the public VanDusen Botanical Garden, which first opened its doors in
1975, is to foster appreciation for the critical significance of plants to all life via the
excellence of our botanical collections, programmes, and practises.
The VanDusen Botanical Garden Association and the Vancouver Board of Parks and
Recreation chose the design firm Busby Perkins + Will and landscape architect Cornelia
Hahn Oberlander in early December 2007 to create a master plan for the garden's 55
cultivated acres. Landscape architects Sharp and Diamond worked with Cornelia
Oberlander (now Connect Landscape Architecture).
Image 9 Plan and Site plan
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Vancouver is located across from Vancouver Island, between Burrard Inlet, a branch of
the Strait of Georgia, to the north, and the Fraser River delta, to the south. The city is
located just to the north of Washington, USA. A location with views of the sea and
mountains.It has a moderate, oceanic climate.
Image 10 Region context view
4.2.3 Area context:
The building is surrounded by lush green garden and the nearby building typology is
residential. Adjacent road is oak st and 37th wave. East side of site is oak meadows
park.
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Image 11 Area context
4.2.4 Form
The leaves and blossom of an orchid served as the design inspiration for the visitor
centre at the VanDusen Botanical Garden. On the "petals," there are sloping green roofs
covered with bright bulbs and grasses. A daylit oculus with a slope of more than 45
degrees sits atop the multi-petalled structure's circular area, acting as both a solar
chimney and an exhaust vent for hot air.
4.2.5 Design Strategies
This project includes various passive strategies to achieve the regenerative design
principles. Some of the following strategies are:
Green roof - The greenroof is connected to the ground plane by a ramp of vegetated
land, which encourages wildlife in the area to use it and fosters biodiversity.
There are three distinct green roofs, the Landbridge, a relatively level semi-intensive
area; The Petals, whereused a moderate slope engineered green roof system with shear
barriers; and The Oculus, a high slope area in the middle that prompted to deploy a
specialised shear barrier and soil erosion design
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Image 12 Oculus view
Water management –
Rainwater is filtered and used for the Centre’s greywater needs, and 100% of the
blackwater is treated in the on-site bioreactor, the first of its kind in Vancouver, and
discharged to a new percolation field in the garden, accounting for 100% of water use.
Energy System –
Utilizing locally available renewable energy sources, the VanDusen Botanical Garden
Visitor Centre achieves net-positive energy yearly. Wood, which stores carbon dioxide
for the duration of the construction, is the main building material. The Centre is
powered by photovoltaic panels on its roof, and a biomass boiler that heats the building
with waste dry wood from the neighbourhood serves as the source of hot water.
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Image 13 Energy system flow
4.2.6 Conclusion
VanDusen achieves net-positive energy through a variety of techniques including solar

hot water, photovoltaic panels, and geothermal boreholes.
Photovoltaics on the roof create electricity for the Centre, and hot water is provided by a
biomass boiler fed by dry wood waste reclaimed from the surrounding area. 100% of
water use comes from captured precipitation or reused water – rainwater is filtered and
used for the Centre’s greywater requirements and 100% of blackwater is treated by the
on-site bioreactor, and discharged to a new percolation field in the garden.
Thus, the demand of building in term of water, electricity is fulfilled by itself on site
without the use of external supply of water and electricity. The building generated more
electricity than its consumption value. The image below shown the water and energy
system flow ofVanDusen botanical garden
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Image 14 Water and Energy system flow
4.3 Case study 3 – House Solaris 416
Building typology: Collective housing
Construction year: 2011
Commencement year: 2017
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Location - Seestrasse 416 8038 zurich, Switzerland
A slender structure, the multi-story residential building at Seestrasse 416 in Zurich not
only has an urban appearance but also exudes elegance and has room for ten units. The
well-designed structure makes this possible. The structure is bent both horizontally and
vertically because of the base's hourglass-like shape, which is slightly asymmetrical. All
apartments have five expositions, which result in distinct floor plans, all-day sunlight, a
variety of views, including a view of lake Zurich, and two noise-averted facades for
ventilation, thanks to the building's waisted shape.
Image 15 Building View
Huggenbergerfriesarchitects had the view that the structure need not initially resemble a
solar home during the development stage. At Solaris, they ultimately had great success
with this. The outer shell is made of a structured, brown cast glass that has undergone
months of development in collaboration with the Lucerne University of Applied
Sciences and Arts. The house appears in a variety of colours from dark red to violet to
sparkling silver depending on the lighting and viewing point.
Seestrasse 416 is surrounded by riverZurichsee and the Climate is humid continental

mild summer, wet all year. Hot climate helps to generate electricity through
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photovoltaic cells and helps to lessen carbon footprint trough building design using
regenerative design principles.
Image 16 Regional context view
The building's energy efficiency was constantly considered during development to

ensure that no energy is wasted during home operation, the photovoltaic system covers
the energy consumption, and the available space is utilised to its full potential. In
addition, the building's design provides an excellent sound-proofing even though it is
situated between a busy road and active railroad tracks.This project includes strategies
to achieve the regenerative design principles.
Photovoltaic cell:1,300 photovoltaic modules from ertex solar are installed across the
building exterior, producing a total of about 31,832 kWh of electricity yearly. This
enables the home to create even more and supply itself totally. The Solaris house at
Seestrasse 416 is an environmentally friendly home that offers more than just solar
power. For instance, the home is entirely CO2 free since biogas is used to heat the home
instead of a typical electrically powered heat pump.Even though the solar cells are not
visible to the naked eye even on closer inspection, dispersed light is transmitted onto
them via the front glass utilised in the building envelope, which only results in yield
losses of about 3-4%. The PV roof produces 14,809 kWh annually, whilst the 47 kW
PV facade system produces about 17,000 kWh.
pg. 52
REGENERATIVE DESIGN
4.3.4 Conclusion
Building envelope of photovoltaic cells make the house design a regenerative design.
The production of electricity through photovoltaic cell glass building envelope is more
than consumption of building annually. With the help of1,300 photovoltaic modules,
annual average of 31,832 kWh of electricity are produced. This enables the home to
create even more and supply itself totally.A 10kW battery and the battery of the home's
electric vehicle both hold the extra electricity produced. If the enterprise is still
producing electricity, it is routed into the general grid.The stairs, hallways, and entrance
area all have wood flooring that were previously built in the building;thus, they were
reused.Also, the home used biogas to heat instead of powered technology.Thus,these
strategies make the building is regenerative so, it helps to lessen the carbon footprint.
4.4 Case study 4– Garden by the bay
Architects: Grant Associates
Completed year: 2012
Location: MarinaSouth, Singapore
One of the largest garden projects of its kind in the world is Gardens by the Bay. The
facility will eventually cover 101 hectares and have three different gardens: Bay South,
Bay East, and Bay Central. situated at Marina Bay in Singapore's new city on reclaimed
land.Grant Associates' vision is a rich blend of nature, technology, and environmental
pg. 53
REGENERATIVE DESIGN
management, drawing inspiration from the shape of the orchid. A vast range of
horticultural displays, daily light and sound performances, lakes, woodlands, event
spaces, and a variety of dining and retail options coexist with stunning architectural
monuments. The entire plan contains a clever environmental infrastructure that enables
endangered plants that ordinarily couldn't thrive in Singapore to flourish, giving the
country both relaxation and education.
Image 17 Building view
Singapore is situated near the equator and has a typically tropical climate, with abundant
rainfall, high and uniform temperatures, and high humidity all year round and Marina
south is surrounded by marina bay.
pg. 54
REGENERATIVE DESIGN
Image 18 Regional context view
Cooled Conservatories:The Flower Dome (1.2 hectares) and the Cloud Forest Dome
(0.8 hectares), two enormous biomes created by Wilkinson Eyre Architects,
respectively, showcase plants and flowers from Mediterranean-type climate regions and
Tropical Montane (Cloud Forest) environments and offer an all-weather "edutainment"
space within the Gardens.
Super Trees:The 18 Super trees by Grant Associates, which range in height from 25 to
50 metres, are recognisable vertical gardens. These canopies come to life at night with
lighting and projected images. Visitors can get a distinctive view of the gardens from an
aerial walkway strung from the Super trees. The Cooled Conservatories are cooled
using water and sustainable energy technology built within the Super trees.
Image 19Super trees view
pg. 55
REGENERATIVE DESIGN
Minimising solar heat gain: The glass in the two conservatories has a unique coating
that lets in the ideal amount of light for plants while significantly reducing heat. When
it's too hot outside, the sensor-controlled retractable sails on the roof shade the plants.
Generating energy and harnessing waste heat: On-site electricity production is

carbon-neutral. The procedure to renew the liquid desiccant also captures waste heat.
Utilizing a Combined Heat Power (CHP) steam turbine, which is fuel by wood and
horticulture waste from all across Singapore, this energy co-generation is accomplished.
By doing this, we lessen our reliance on fossil fuel-produced grid electricity.
De-humidifying the air before cooling: The air in Flower Dome is dehumidified using
liquid desiccant (drying agent) before it is cooled to minimise the energy needed in the
chilling process. Utilizing the leftover heat from the burning of the biomass, this
desiccant is recycled.
Cooling only the occupied zones: The Conservatories use the technique of solely
chilling the lower levels, which lowers the amount of air that needs to be cooled. This is
accomplished using displacement cooling, which uses chilled water pipes embedded in
floor slabs to cool the ground, allowing cold air to condense in the lower occupied area
while heated air rises and is evacuated at higher elevations.
4.4.4 Conclusion
The Singapore garden by the bay is a huge architecture complex comprises of various
flora and fauna thus it required more energy so the designers adopted various strategies
to reduce the demand of energy and makes the net positive environment. Biomass fuel
of the site is horticulture and wood waste so, the complex does not require other
external source of fuel to generating energy.Solar energy lights up the Super trees and
the lakes collect rain, which is then cleaned by a variety of aquatic plants and used to
irrigate the gardens. Planting a mangrove in the site and they have ability to remove the
greenhouse gases and mitigate the effect of global warming.
pg. 56
REGENERATIVE DESIGN
Figure 6 Garden by the bay ecosystem
Electrical power: 0.94MW
Heating power (steam): 5.4MW
Cooling load: 675 KW
Steam Production capacity: 9.5 tons/annum
Co2 reduction: 13,280 tons/annum
Thus, the complex uses the renewable sources of energy to generate the electricity more
they needed and makes the environment positive so it helps to lessen the carbon
footprint.
pg. 57
REGENERATIVE DESIGN
4.5 Case study conclusion
Regenerative design is beyond from sustainable design So, use of sustainable design
principles in a building design can be same but the output result of regenerative design
is different than sustainable design. There is different typology of projects which leads
the environment to net positive or regenerative. So, the projects itself stated that the
regenerative design is not limited to the building, it also included the nature and
biophilia. It also stated that regenerative design is not only used for limited building
typology it can be used in residence, commercial etc as seen in the above case study
projects. The building is regenerated in terms of various parameters like electricity,
water, food etc. some of the building in case study are regenerated in term of electricity
for example case study 3House Solaris 416, this building generates more electricity than
its consumption value through photovoltaic cell. We can also achieve the net positive
aspects by reducing the demand of electricity through passive strategies like by
providing grand shade at paramita factory, Malaysia (case study 1).
Examples of strategies used:
- Biogas used to heat the spaces.

- Photovoltaic cells areused to generate electricity.
- Plant waste is gathered, processed into woodchips, and then burned in a biomass
boiler. The spaces are cooled using its energy.
- Chilled water pipes embedded in floor slabs to cool the ground.
- Planting a mangrove to reduce greenhouse effect.
- Sunshade to cool the interiors.
- Green roof is used as a barrier to protect the building from harsh sunrays and
helps to lessen the heat island effect.
- Water management system like rainwater collection and zero discharge system.
pg. 58
REGENERATIVE DESIGN
5 CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
Purpose of analysis and discusison:
This chapter help us to find out the answer of the question based on various research
papers, journal, article etc. It aims to the research question and comprehension of data
based on the available liable data.
5.1 Introduction
Analysis anddiscussion are two different words used together in this chapter to
summarize the effective learning outcomes of the reader. Analysing means
breakingdown the main output into its various components for better understanding.
Therefore,analyses of data collected from literature reviews, case studies and surveys
conducted areperformed. It helps summarize the topic in a more generalway. So,
someone can take thatstudy as the basis for evidence and conclusions andproceed with
their own research.
5.2 Strength of collected data
5.2.1 Strength
i. The liable data collected justify the answer of research question.

ii. Better understanding of author perspective with different research papers,
journal, article etc.
iii. Due to the broad viewpoint on this subject, numerous planners and architects
have investigated and documented related subjects, making the collection of data
easier.
5.3 Visual representation of data
It is the visual representation like graphical, figure and image etc of the collected data
based on the liable data. Regenerative design includes various surveys and data which
analyse the research.
Questionnaire is provided to teachers, students, architects, general person to gather the

collectively data of different perspectives. Some of the answers are listed below based
on the survey.
pg. 59
REGENERATIVE DESIGN
i. Does the public have an awareness of environmental problems impacted by

building?
ii. Are public know about principles

and importance of eco-friendly
design?
iii. Is sustainable design is not enough for future proof building?
iv. Is Regenerative design is the only option for future proof building?
pg. 60
REGENERATIVE DESIGN
Moreover, regenerative design includes design strategies and techniques that helps the
building to sustain and to regenerate the local ecosystem. Image 20 shows the different
strategies of different need for example, water is the need and collecting rainwater is the
strategies and design makes its zero discharge so, it helps to regenerate. Other need is
electricity and the techniques is photo voltaic panels and design helps to generate more
electricity than its need so, it also regenerates.
Image 20 shows the building that sustain and fulfil the building needs by its own.
5.4 Cause and effect relationship
The global climate system is evolving constantly and for the worse affecting adversely
the ecosystem of the planet. It is no longer sufficient to maintain the current
environmental conditions. According to statistics, it is mostly human activity's carbon
emissions that are causing the climate change to become a disaster. Construction and
planning activities related to our environments account for about half of total carbon
emissions. Instead of just trying to slow down climate change, we need to change the
way we do things and strive to turn it around. The next step towards amelioration of the
situation is Regenerative Design.
pg. 61
REGENERATIVE DESIGN
To transition to this regenerative paradigm, a single building renovation must transcend

beyond its site bounds and constructively engage with its surrounding social and
ecological systems. to do better. The green areas of the building not only reduce its
overall energy consumption, but provide social and interactive natural environments for
occupants, as well as mitigate urban heat island effects.
Strengthening a connection to nature is important and needs a future proof architecture

is must. Local Food production and provide indigenous wildlife habitats, energy sharing
strategies, Effective management and storage of produced excess renewable energy are
necessary for a beneficial energy exchange with the built environment surrounding it.
So, it effects the ecosystem and lessen the carbon footprint and ability to reverse the
current situation.
5.5 The final comments
Due to the constantly climate change and to restore the lost ecosystem the need of
regenerative design is important. Construction activities is the main cause of carbon
emission and to lessen the carbon emission the regenerative design is important. By the
use of various design strategies and support it is possible to change the current climatic
condition.The site has enough potential of its regeneration it can produce its own
energy, food and fulfil the demands by its own by implementing strategies and
techniques.
pg. 62
REGENERATIVE DESIGN
6 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS
6.1 Summary
Regenerative design is the systematic way to achieve environmentally responsible

design which means to net positive environment. Regenerative means to the “restore to
a better state” so, regenerative design is the amelioration of the situation.
It is important because of overexploitation and overuse of non-renewable resources.

Currently, construction activities account for about half of total carbon emission. So,
regenerative design is the way to lessen the carbon emission and has potential to remove
the dependency on non-renewable resources like fuels, gas or the sources. It includes
various construction and design strategy for example, produce more energy than need of
building.Instead of just trying to slow down the climate change, we need to change the
way so, it is the design different from sustainable design because sustainable design is
not enough for the future and it leads the environment to net-zero or even degrade the
environment.But regenerate leads the environment to net-positiveand it reverses the
current condition of climate. So, it is the way beyond sustainable design or next step to
sustainable design. Regenerative design is flexible for all type of building and sizes
without compromising the need of the stakeholders. In the last 20 years the method has
been developed and its results made available to everyone.
By implementing a regenerative design philosophy, decisions are encouraged at every

stage of the design process that will lessen their negative effects on the environment and
the health of the inhabitants, without sacrificing the project's financial viability. It is a
comprehensive, integrated strategy that promotes negotiation and trade-offs. All stages
of a building's life cycle, including design, construction, operation, and
decommissioning, are positively impacted by such an integrated strategy.
 To maximize the potential of the site
 To reduce the use of non-renewable energy
 To make natural energy economical
 To lessen the carbon footprint
 To enrichthe ecosystem
pg. 63
REGENERATIVE DESIGN
6.1.1 Recapitulation of research questions and its significance

As per (Akturk, Regenerative Design and Development for a Sustainable Future,
2016), it is not possible to regenerate lost ecosystem but there is still a probability to
improve the current situation by implementing regenerative design principles. It is
not a short duration task; it takes a very long-time span to recover but not possible to
restore to its original state but there is an opportunity to improve the environment.
As per (Rohlfing, 2020), Regenerative design is taking responsibility and mitigating
the harmful impacts of the carbon emission caused by the building.
2. Does the public have an awareness of environmental problems impacted by

building?
Yes, the public have an awareness of environmental problems impacted by building
as per the survey given in chapter 5. There are many organizations, architects
promote the ideas against environmental problems impact by building. General
public facing this issue in their local areas also because construction activity
includes large space, promote carbon emission which leads to pollution. So, it
claims that the public have an awareness but need to grow further.

As per the literature study 4 and 5 in chapter 2, regenerative design is not limited to
building it also apply to our lifestyle. Lifestyle include the consumption pattern,
social factors, and even clothing factor and a poor lifestyle leads the environment to
a worse situation.so, lifestyle is the factor other than building is responsible for
carbon emission i.e., minimize the usage, reduce the wastage, change in the
consumption pattern helps to reduce the carbon footprint. Burning fossil fuels,
deforestation and all are leading the climate change. Use of personal transport have
the largest impact on carbon emission. So being regenerative, lifestyle pattern shall
be changes because lifestyle is also responsible to impact on environment and it
shall be taken care to lessen the carbon footprint.So, it is not only about building.
pg. 64
REGENERATIVE DESIGN
4. Will the ecosystem be improved if following principles of regenerative design?

As per (Akturk, Regenerative Design and Development for a Sustainable Future,
2016), the ecosystem will be improve by implementing principles of regenerative
design. Regenerative means itself to restore and it helps to reduce the carbon
emission or lessen the carbon footprint which is healthy for the ecosystem. The
design principlesstrive to transition from a net zero strategy to one that generates net
positive effects for overall ecosystem growth.
5. Is it challenging to incorporate regenerative design strategies into the building?

Not at all, it is not challenging to incorporate regenerative design strategies into the
building. Based on the above case study1-4, the strategies are easily integrate in the
building through various techniques. As environmental impact hit consciously and
the awareness become increasing, availability of environmental positive material
across the industries becoming more popular and it easy to implement in building by
making some changing in design strategies. It changes the approach with the
fundamental thinking and the project should carry out through its life-cycle.
6. Is Regenerative design, the need for a future proof building?

Based on literature study 3 in chapter 2, built environment plays a vital crucial role
in climate change because construction activities related to our environments
account for about half of total carbon emissions.
High performance design becoming the need for the current situation and it is
necessary to minimize those impacts. Current design practices result negative to the
environment and regenerative design is next bigger step to net positive design. To
regenerate the positive impacts and lessen the carbon footprint it is important.It
creates an opportunity for new supply chains and increased availability of resources
for future projects of all types. So yes, it is the need for a future proof building to
lessen the carbon footprint.

As per literature study 1 and 2 in chapter 2, Regenerative design is beyond from
sustainable design. Concept and aim of sustainable design and regenerative design is
different relatively and both are used some design principles same like minimize
non-renewable energy consumption, use environmental preferable products, protect
pg. 65
REGENERATIVE DESIGN
and conserve water etc. Sustainable design still results negatively to the
environment. Sustainable design means to doing less harm but the actual need is
doing good. Sustainable design is not enough to reverse current climatic condition
but regenerative design is a step further and has potential to restore the lost
ecosystem.
So, it claims that regenerative is next step to sustainable design.

Based on chapter 2 case study 5, Degenerative to regenerative means to net-negative
to net-positive design range. It includes various design techniques which design
affect directly on environment differently. In this range various design strategy are
involved like green design, conventional design etc.
Figure 7 Degenerative to Regenerative range
9. Are green building techniques expensive to build?

Primarily, green building techniques are expensive to build but after a limited time
span it will be cost effective and the building payback itself. As per (Evan, 2016),
that green building is only about 2 to 3% more expensive than conventional
building. For a long-term building operation, the green building is not expensive and
even beneficial for the stakeholders for the project.

As per (Rohlfing, 2020), regenerative design is flexible for all project types and
sizes. The design strategies have potential to accommodate in all type of building.
For example, case study 3 in chapter 4 (House Solaris 416) is small scale residential
project which produce more energy than its need through photovoltaic panels
incorporated in windows. The building has no space for p.v. panels on roof so the
designer designed the windows which collect solar heat and generate electricity so,
it does not required extra space and it helps to lessen the carbon footprint.
pg. 66
REGENERATIVE DESIGN
6.1.2 The central claim / hypothesis
As, discussed in Chapter 1, Research hypothesisis a paradigm about any topic, which is
intended to be researched upon through various sources. Its purpose, based on existing
case study and literature study, is to determine whether the amount of data that has been
studied and understood in alignment to the claim itself, turns out to be True, False or
Null. It has to be a sequential process, through which the analysed data leads to various
inferences, therefore used for proving the hypothesis or otherwise.
Central Claim:
“Regenerative design is the most effective way to reduce carbon emissions and it
positively affect the environment and it is the one of the systematic futuristic solution
for the healthy environment.”
With enough evidences and sources, supporting the qualitative data and beliefs of
various users, the research hypothesis has been provedcorrect. Through which, with
the help of research papers and case study, it can be concluded that the regenerative
design has the potential to regenerate the lost ecosystem by reducing the carbon
emission and it is the need for a future.
6.2 Research Inference
- Regenerative design is one of the systematic ways to design buildings by taking

care of all aspects of the environment like climate change from a building so it
will over the period of time heals the environment. It is a step beyond
sustainable and green building design.
- There is a big difference between sustainable design and regenerative design,
sustainable design slows down the degradation but regenerative design reverses
the current situation.
- Regenerative design is used to create positive impacts to reverse the
degeneration.
- Regenerative design principles are implemented and effective in both small- and
large-scale projects.
- It is possible to regenerate lost ecosystem by regenerative design.
pg. 67
REGENERATIVE DESIGN
- Regenerative design is possible to implement and design a structure that can

produce its own food, energy, heating, cooling, water capture and purification
etc.
6.3 The future Research possibilities
Any future researcher studying similar domain can refer this document or use this
document as a secondary study, acting as a base to his research questions. Where they’ll
get precise information about similar topic. Further researchers used this research to
study in master’s and doctorate.
6.4 The future Research projects
Regenerative design is flexible for all project types and sizes. The design strategies have
potential to accommodate in all type of building.The future research projects which the
author is concluded by doing the study as following:
- Institutional
- Residential
- Commercial
- Mixed use, etc.
It also concluded the urban level design factors which helps to lessen the carbon foot
print.
pg. 68

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REGENERATIVE DESIGN

GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN

SUBMITTED BY- GUIDED BY-

GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN

I, BHAVISHYA, Roll Number, GCAD/18/210 hereby declare that the dissertation

GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN

This is to certify that the dissertation titledRegenerative Design, submitted in partial

Ar. Ravi Kakkar Ar. Vinod Patil

1.1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND.....................................................10

1.1.1 Topic Description......................................................................................10

1.2 DEFINITION AND MEANING OF IMPORTANT PARAMETERS:...........11

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION:...............................................................................12

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS:...........................................................................12

1.6 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH..............................................13

1.7 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:....................................................................14

2 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................15

2.1 PURPOSE OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW................................................15

2.2 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS:...........................................................................15

2.3 RESEARCH QUESTION:...............................................................................15

2.4 CATEGORIZATION OF LITERATURE........................................................16

2.4.1 Mention research papers used:..................................................................16

2.5 LITERATURE REVIEW:................................................................................18

2.5.1 Literature Study 1 (Regenerative Architecture: A Pathway Beyond

2.5.2 Literature Study 2 (Beyond Sustainability through Regenerative

2.5.3 Literature Study 3 (Regenerative Design and Development for a

2.5.4 Literature Study 4 (Regenerative Design: An Integrated Design Approach

2.5.5 Literature Study 5 (Beyond Sustainability – Biophilic and Regenerative

2.5.6 Literature Study 6 (Development of a Regenerative Design model for

2.6 COLLATING THE LITERATURE REVIEW LEARNINGS: THE FINAL

2.7 FINAL CONCLUSION....................................................................................32

3 CHAPTER 3: METHODS AND METHODOLOGY.............................................33

PURPOSE OF METHODS AND METHODOLOGY:..............................................33

AIMS OF CHOOSING THE RESEARCH TOPIC:...................................................33

3.1 METHOD OPTED FOR DATA/CASE SELECTION WITH ITS

3.2 METHOD OPTED FOR DATA COLLECTION WITH JUSTIFICATION...34

3.2.2 Case Study.................................................................................................34

3.2.5 Government reports...................................................................................35

3.3 METHOD OPTED FOR DATA ANALYSIS WITH JUSTIFICATION........35

3.3.1 Qualitative data analysis:...........................................................................35

3.4 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF THE METHOD ADOPTED......35

3.4.1 Advantages of the method adopted...........................................................35

3.4.2 Limitations of the method(s) adopted........................................................36

4 CHAPTER 4: CASE STUDY DATA PRESENTATION......................................37

Reason for choosing the case study project:............................................................37

4.1 CASE STUDY 1 – Paramit Factory, Malaysia.................................................37

Presentation of data -...............................................................................................37

4.1.1 Brief Description:......................................................................................37

4.1.2 Regional context:.......................................................................................38

4.1.3 Area context:.............................................................................................38

4.1.4 Site plan.....................................................................................................39

4.1.6 Design strategies........................................................................................41

4.2 CASE STUDY 2 – VanDusen Botanical Garden in Vancouver......................44

4.2.1 Brief Description:......................................................................................44

4.2.2 Regional context:.......................................................................................45

4.2.3 Area context:.............................................................................................45

4.2.5 Design Strategies.......................................................................................46

4.3 CASE STUDY 3 – House Solaris 416..............................................................49

4.3.1 Brief Description:......................................................................................49

4.3.2 Regional context:.......................................................................................50

4.3.3 Design Strategies.......................................................................................50