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Greetings: Formal and Informal Greetings in English

What Is A Greeting?

A greeting is simply a way of saying hello to someone. In the English language, there
are multiple ways in which this can be done. There are greetings which can be used in
formal situations and also greetings which are used in a more friendly, informal
setting. It is very important to be able to select an appropriate greeting for every
situation.

Cuando nos levantamos por la mañana solemos dar los buenos días, en inglés se dice
good morning. Podemos utilizar good morning desde las 6 de la mañana hasta las doce
del mediodía.

Despues del mediodía hasta las seis de la tarde se dice buenas tardes, en inglés se
pronuncia good afternoon.

Despues de las seis de la tarde, el sol se oculta, aparece la luna y se hace de noche. Por
lo que decimos buenas noches. En inglés hay dos formas de decir buenas noches.
Cuando llegamos a un lugar decimos good evening, cuando ya nos vamos se dice good
night.

Formal Greetings

When meeting someone under formal circumstances such as in a business meeting or

meeting an important person for the first time, you might use some of these more
formal greetings. If you are ever in any sort of doubt as to whether you should use a
formal or informal greeting, it is always better to opt for the formal to avoid causing
offence.

 Good morning/afternoon/evening/day – These formal greetings are used as a

replacement for the word ‘hello’ and are often used in a formal setting
depending on the time of day. Usually, before 12 pm, you say ‘good morning,’
after 12 pm you say ‘good afternoon‘ and from around 6 pm you say ‘good
evening.’ You can use the term ‘good day’ at any point during the morning or
afternoon.
 How do you do? – This is quite an old-fashioned greeting, but it is still widely
used in very formal situations. You are likely to hear a reply such as ‘very well,
thank you’ when asking this question.
 Pleased to meet you – This is a greeting which is often used when meeting
someone for the first time. It is common in formal circumstances but may also
be used in a less formal situation on a first meeting.
 How are you doing? – This is a polite way of asking how someone is and is
often used in conjunction with words like ‘hello’ or ‘good
morning/afternoon/evening’ etc.

Informal Greetings

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There are many more informal greetings in English than there are formal ones and this
is because most situations call for a more laid back tone.

 Hi – This word, which is another word for ‘hello‘ is probably one of the most
commonly used greetings in the English language and something you will hear
very frequently.
 Hiya – This is another take on the above mentioned ‘hi’ and is commonly used in
the UK.
 Hey (there!) – Another variation on the word ‘hello’. this is used as a friendly,
upbeat greeting.
 How’s it going? -This is an informal way to ask someone how they are and is
used often in place of ‘hello.’
 How you doing? – Once again, this is a way of asking how someone is and is
something that is commonly said in English.
 Alright! – This is a very common greeting which is used to say hello to someone
and is very common in the UK.
 ‘Sup – More common in the USA, this greeting is a slang term meaning ‘what’s
up?’ Many people will use the term ‘what’s up’ but often it is shortened to ‘sup.
 Yo – This is another one which is more common in the USA, and is simply
another way to say ‘hey, what’s up?’
 How’s things/how’s life? – Rather than asking the more formal question ‘how
are you?’ many people use this less formal term.
 Long time, no see – This greeting is usually used when bumping into a person
who you have not seen for a long time.

Greetings with Conversation

Sometimes you stop and talk for a moment as you say hello. This type of greeting is
followed by a conversation. Close friends often hug when they greet each other,
especially after a long time without seeing one other.

Useful Phrases:

 Nice to see you.

 Long time no see. (I haven't seen you in a while.)
 What have you been up to?
 How are things?
 It's been a while. (It's been a while since I've seen you.)
 What's new?
 Not much. (answer to What's new?)

A: Hi Corey.

B: Hey, Jennifer. Good to see you. (hug)

A: You too. How've you been?

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 B: Busy. You?

A: Pretty good. How's your new job?

B: It's okay. There's a lot to learn. What's new with you?

A: Not much. The kids are back at school.

Note: Between very close friends it's uncommon to use names in a casual
greeting. Sometimes nicknames or short forms are used (Cor and Jen instead
of Corey and Jennifer).

Greetings at a Party

It is polite to greet many people at a social event. This is called "mingling". After you
greet people you know look for people you haven't met before. Introduce yourself and
start a conversation.

Useful Phrases:

 Who are you here with?

 How do you know Jane? (party host)
 I don't think we've met.
 Have you been here long?
 Have you tried the cheese dip/dessert/punch?
 Where did you get your costume?
 The food looks great. I can't wait to try the dip.
 I love your dress/shirt/hat. It really suits you. (looks good on you)
 These decorations are wonderful. I love the table cloth/balloons/flowers.

Pair Practice

A: I don't think we've met. I'm Stacey. (hold out hand to shake)

B: Hi Stacey. I'm Carl.

A: Hi Carl. So, how do you know Jane?

B: Oh, Jane and I used to work together at a coffee shop.

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A: Oh, you mean when you were working in Japan?

B: That's right. And how do you know her?

A: Actually, Jane is my cousin. Our moms are sisters.

B: No way! You two don't look anything alike.

Greetings in Business

Proper etiquette is important in business greetings. Make sure to use polite language
such as "please" and "thank you". Appropriate titles and gestures should also be used.

Useful Phrases

 Please have a seat.

 Thanks for agreeing to meet with me.
 He'll be right with you.
 Can I offer you something to drink?
 My pleasure.

Pair Practice

A: Hello. I'm Mia Conners.

B: Hi Mia. I'm David Sinclair, and this is my partner Gina Evans. (hold out hand to
shake)

A: Nice to meet you Mr. Sinclair, Ms Evans. Thank you for taking the time to meet
with me today.

B: It's our pleasure. And please, call us David and Gina. Can I take your coat?

A: Thank you.

B: No problem. Please take a seat and we'll be right with you.

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Saying good bye

 Good bye!
 Bye!
 Bye-bye!
 See ya!
 See you/See you soon/See you later.
 See you around.
 I’ve got to get going.
 Gotta go.
 Good seeing you!
 Bye for now.
 Talk to you later.

Formal

 Have a nice weekend!

 Have a nice day!
 It was a pleasure seeing you/talking to you.
 Take care.
 I’ll see you then.

Practice

Conversation One: Books

Person 1: Have you read any good books lately?

Person 2: Not really. How about you?

Person 1: Yes, I just finished a really good mystery novel.

Person 2: What was it about?

Person 1: It was about a spy who needs to track down another spy to prevent an
international catastrophe.

Person 2: That sounds interesting!

Person 1: It was! Do you like mystery novels? …

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Conversation Two: Movies

Person 1: What kinds of movies do you like?

Person 2: I love horror movies!

Person 1: Oh, I love horror movies, too! But I can’t watch them alone.

Person 2: Me neither!

Person 1: What other kinds of movies do you like? …

Conversation Three: Weather

Person 1: Could we ask for better weather today?

Person 2: I know, right? It’s gorgeous outside!

Person 1: It really is. I think I might go for a run today.

Person 2: It’s a great day for it.

Person 1: Do you know of any good places to go for a run nearby? …

Conversation Four: Work

Person 1: I have a long day of work tomorrow.

Person 2: What do you do for a living?

Person 1: I’m an accountant. It can be a little stressful, but I enjoy the work on most
days.

Person 2: My uncle owns an accounting firm.

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Person 1: Really? What’s the name of the firm? …

Conversation Five: Hobbies

Person 1: What do you like to do for fun?

Person 2: I enjoy a lot of things, but painting is my main passion.

Person 1: That’s really cool! What do you paint?

Person 2: I mostly paint landscapes.

Person 1: That’s amazing. Do you have any pictures of your work? …

The self-introduction
The self-introduction for students impacts their mentors and friends and
develops an ideal personality. In addition, it helps to build a positive impression
and aids in making better connections in the future.

Self Introduction Points for a Student

The self introduction for students must be impactful, as it is the chance to

create a first impression. The points expressed while giving the self introduction
must be precise and clear. It is not necessary to include any trivial information to
fill in the gaps in the conversation.

This is a list of points and tips for a self introduction for students to make an
excellent first impression.

 Remember always to wish: By wishing good morning or good evening, a

person initiates a conversation and grabs the listeners' attention. It would
be better if a student looked confident while starting a conversation.
 Have a purpose: It is necessary to have a better understanding of the
motive behind the conversation. Always try to make the conversation
impactful and engaging.
 Provide a name: Start by telling your name in a lively voice to make them
remember the following words spoken by a particular person.
 Profession: Tell about your work experience, career, or anything related to
work. Sometimes it's okay to exclude work experience in the self

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 introduction for students. However, if there are any internships or part-
time jobs, students can include those too.
 Location: Speak about your background and area of residence. One may
include a native place and tell about its speciality to help them remember
the site.
 Hobbies: One may tell them about hobbies, areas of interest, and activities
one gets involved in. This can help to know about nature and lifestyle.
 Aims: Mention the objective of life and give a detailed description
 Discuss achievements: Include one's achievements in the introduction, and
mention what one has achieved till now. Besides, give 3-5 descriptive
achievements in the introduction to make it look impactful.
 Favourite or ideal persons: Include one's perfect person in the
introduction, and talk about the reason why they motivate you.
 Favourite things, color, and movies: If the introduction is casual,
students may feel free to tell their favourite movies and other favourite
places, colours, etc.
 Strengths and weaknesses: Mention strengths and weaknesses in a self
introduction, make sure not to include major flaws and give a detailed
description of the strengths possessed.
 Discuss likes and dislikes: One may include their personal preferences or
dislikes in the introduction.
 Any life-changing point: Students may include life-changing moments if
students want the listeners to engage in their talk.
 Differentiation: In one's introduction, students should speak about their
uniqueness and what makes them stand out, which is the essential aspect of
self introduction.
 Conclusion: In conclusion, offer an unforgettable answer to the question
the spectators possibly will have when they listen to a public speech:
what's in it for me? Describe how different life experiences moulded your
personality, which will be the perfect ending of the self introduction for
students.
 Greeting: Say thank you and exit.

Example 1:

Hello, my name is ______. I am a student at _______. I am from _____. I am

studying _______. I am interested in ________. I am a member of ________. I am
also involved in ___________.

I am a very outgoing person, and I love to meet new people. I am looking forward to
meeting all of you and getting to know you better.

Thank you for having me here today.

Example 2:

Hello, everyone!

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My name is ________and I’m a college student at _______. I’m originally from
_______. I’m really passionate about ___________ and I hope to pursue a career in
that field after graduation. In my free time, I enjoy ___________, ___________,
and ___________.

 I’m really looking forward to getting to know everyone in this class, and I hope we can
all become friends!.

Thanks for letting me introduce myself!

Self Introduction for Students in Interview

Example 1

Hello Sir/Mam,

My name is ____________ and I am a ___________ student at _____ University. I

am interested in ___________ and I have experience in ___________. I am a hard
worker and I am very motivated to achieve my goals. I am excited to learn more about
___________ and I am excited to be here today and I look forward to the
opportunity to show you what I can do. 

I am available to start work on ___________.

Thank you for your time.

Useful phrases

1. Hello, My name is…

2. I am …. years old, and I study in Class 3.
3. My school name is ……. School.
4. My father’s name is ….., and my mother’s name is…..
5. My father is a businessman, and my mother is a housewife.
6. I have one elder brother and one little sister.
7. I like watching cartoons, and (name) is my favorite character.
8. I like drawing paintings and reading storybooks.
9. I am a good student, and I regularly complete my homework.
10. I always respect my elders and follow their advice.

More examples

1. I am the Class Representative of my class and also a favorite student of all

teachers.
2. I am a bright student and always rank 1st in my class.
3. My interests are in studying, playing and also dancing.
4. I got second place in the Annual Dance Competition held last year in our school
and won the first prize in Badminton Competitions.

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 5. Apart from academics, my other hobbies are watching movies, swimming, and
traveling.
6. I like to watch Hindi and English movies in theatres, and also I swim for at
least half an hour daily in my home’s swimming pool.
7. I like eating snacks, street foods, especially Panipuris, Pastries, Pizzas, and
Cakes.
8. I love to spend my quality time with family members, and also I learn respect,
ethics, and value our elders for them.
9. I studies almost 6 to 8 hours at home and joined two coaching classes for
Physics and Mathematics.
10. I also like traveling and enjoying myself with friends in popular places in Patna
City as it is one of the metropolitan cities in India.
11. My parents always treat me as a friend and always suggest that I make my
life’s decisions.
12. My hobbies are riding sports bikes and playing Cricket. I am a player on my
college cricket team, and we have won many games in Intercollege tournaments.
13. My life is fulfilled because of my lovely parents, disciplined brother, and
sincere teachers.
14. I lived with my parents and younger brother in Hyderabad city, near
Charminar, for eight years after my father’s transfer.
15. I want to make my career in Cricket, and for that, I also work hard in playing
cricket and improving my game. My inspiration for cricket comes from M.S.
Dhoni. He is like an ideal person for me.
16. My friends are like my family members, and we always spend our maximum time
playing Cricket and chilling out. We are all decent people, and nobody has any
bad habits.
17. My father is my best friend. He shares everything with me and teaches me
about the ups and downs of life and ways to tackle the situations.

Animals

Amphibians -------- Anfibios Birds ----- Aves

Frog ------------- Rana Albatros ------ Albatros
Newt ----------- Tritón Canary -------- Canario
Tadpole --------- Renacuajo Crow ---------- Cuervo
Toad ----------- Sapo Dove ---------- Paloma

Pigeon -------- Paloma

Duck ---------- Pato

Goose ---------- Ganso Peacock Eagle --------- Águila

-------
Gull ----------- Gaviota Pavo real Flamingo -------- Flamenco

Hawk -------- Halcón Pelican

Nightingale -------- Ruiseñor -------- Pelicano
Ostrich -------- Avestruz 11
Owl ---------- Lechuza

Parrot -------- Loro

 Penguin ------- Pingüino

Pheasant ------- Faisán

Raven -------- Cuervo

Rooster ------- Gallo

Sparrow ------- Gorrión

Fishes and Marine Animals Insects ----- Insectos

------ Peces y animals
Ant ------- Hormiga
marinos
Bee ------- Abeja
Crab ------- Cangrejo
Beetle ------- Escarabajo
Eel ------ Anguila
Bumblebee --------- Abejorro
Goldfish ------- Pez dorado
Caterpillar -------- Oruga
Jellyfish -------- Medusa
Cockroach -------- Cucaracha
Lobster --------- Langosta
Dragonfly --------- Libélula
Salmon ---------- Salmón
Flea -------- Pulga
Sawfish --------- Pez sierra
Fly ---------- Mosca
Scallop ---------- Vieira
Grasshopper ---------- Saltamontes
Shark ---------- Tiburón
Ladybug --------- Mariquita/ Vaquita de
Shrimp --------- Camarón
San Antonio Worm ---------- Gusano

Moth ---------- Polillla

Wasp ----------- Avispa

Mammals ------- Mamíferos Camel --------- Camello

Anteater---------Oso Chimpanzee --------- Chimpancé

hormiguero

Antelope ---------- Antílope 12

Armadillo --------- Armadillo

Bat --------- Murciélago

 Bear --------- Oso

Deer --------- Ciervo

Dolphin -------- Delfín

Elephant -------- Elefante

Fox --------- Zorro

Gazelle ------- Gacela

Giraffe -------- Jirafa

Goat --------- Cabra

Grizzly bear -------- Oso pardo

Mouse -------- Ratón
Guinea pig -------- Conejillo de indias
Mule ---------- Mula
Hamster -------- Hámster
Otter --------- Nutria
Hedgehog --------- Erizo
Panda ---------- Panda
Horse --------- Caballo
Pig --------- Chanco
Hyena ------- Hiena
Platypus ------- Ornitorrinco
Lion -------- León
polar bear --------- Oso polar
Llama -------- Llama
pony -------- Pony
Lynx ------- Lince
porcupine --------- Puercoespín
Mole -------- Topo
Racoon --------- Mapache
Rhino --------- Rinoceronte
Rat --------- Rata
Sheep ------ Oveja
Reindeer -------- Reno
Skunk ------- Zorrillo
Wolf --------- Lobo
Squirrel ------ Ardillas
Zebra -------- Cebra
Tiger -------- Tigre
Cat ---------- Gato
Weasel -------- Comadreja
Dog --------- Perro
Whale --------- Ballena
Bird -------- Pájaro
Rabbit -------- Conejo

Panther ------- Pantera

Mollusks -------- Moluscos

Slug --------- Babosa

Snail ---------- Caracol

Reptiles ------- Reptiles

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Boa -------- Boa

Chameleon --------- Camaleón

Snake ---------- Serpiente

Crocodile --------- Cocodrilo

Rattlesnake --------- Serpiente de cascabel

Gecko ---------- Gecko

Iguana ---------- Iguana

Lizard --------- Lagarto

Salamander --------- Salamandra

tortoise, turtle --------- Tortuga

Colours

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Here’s a question – do you know what color these words describe: maroon, fuchsia,
hazel, and ivory?

You probably learned simple colors like red, yellow, and blue in your first year of
English… but the language has a lot more color words than these basic ones!

 Maroon (is a dark red)

 Tan (is a light brown)
 Beige (is an extremely light brown)
 Turquoise (is a color in between blue and green)
 Teal (is a darker version of turquoise)
 Ivory (a slightly yellowish-white)
 Lavender (a light purple)
 Fuchsia (is a bright color, somewhere between red and purple)
 Amber (the color of yellow-brown)
 Coral (is a pink-orange-red color)
 Hazel (is a golden-brown color)
 Violet
 Indigo
 Blue
 Green
 Yellow
 Organge
 Red
 Pink
 White
 Black
 Grey
 Gold
 Silver

Note: Agregando “Dark” o “Light” delante de un color, hacemos referencia a que

es un tono más claro o más oscuro de dicho color. Ejemplo: Light blue (celeste),
dark Green (verde oscuro).

PRACTICE!!

Write a word or words to complete the sentences.

1. Grass, some vegetables and the leaves on trees are _______________.

2. Strawberry milkshake and strawberry ice cream are _______________.

3. Chocolate is usually _______________.

4. Tigers and basketballs are _______________.

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5. The sky and the jeans we wear are _______________.

6. Tomatoes and strawberries are _______________.

7. When you mix black and white, you get _______________.

8. The sky at night is _______________.

9. The paper in your notebook is _______________.

10. Bananas and lemons are _______________.

Family Vocabulary

Your family members are also called your relatives. You have an immediate or nuclear
family and an extended family. Your immediate family includes your father, mother
and siblings. Your extended family includes all of the people in your father and
mother's families.

NOTE: Your sibling is your brother or sister. If you have 1 brother and 2
sisters, then you have 3 siblings. Your parent is your father or mother. Your
child is your son or daughter. Your spouse is your husband or wife.

You may also have a stepfamily. Your stepfamily includes people who became part of
your family due to changes in family life. These changes may include death, divorce or
separation. New partnerships create new children. The new children and their
relatives become part of your blended family. Some people are born into a stepfamily.

NOTE: Note that spouses and step-relatives are relatives by marriage. They are
not blood relatives. Your father and mother are related by marriage. But your
father and you are related by blood.

my relatives relationship to I usually call

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male female me him... her...

Parent relative of whom Father, Mother, Mummy,

I am the child Daddy, Dad, Mum, Mommy,
Papa Mom, Mama, Ma

father mother

Sibling we have the first name; first name;

same father and sometimes sometimes Sis
mother Bro

brother sister

uncle aunt sibling of my Uncle [first Aunt/Auntie

parent name] [first name]

Grandparent parent of my Grandfather, Grandmother,

parent Grandpa Grandma

grand- grand-
father mother

Cousin child of my uncle first name

or aunt

Spouse relative to whom first name

I am married

husband wife

Child relative of whom first name

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 I am the parent

son daughter

nephew niece child of my first name

sibling

Grandchild child of my child first name

grandson grand-
daughter

great great parent of my Great Great Grandma

grand- grand- grandparent Grandpa
father mother

father- mother in- parent of my first name; first name; Mum,

in-law law spouse Dad Mom

brother- sister in- sibling of my first name

in-law law spouse; spouse of
my sibling

son-in- daughter- spouse of my first name

law in-law daughter/son

ex- ex-wife my previous first name

husband spouse (we
divorced)

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 half- half-sister my sibling born first name
brother to my father or
mother but not
both

step-parent new spouse of first name

one of my
parents

step- step-
father mother

step-child child of my first name

spouse but not
of me

step-son step-
daughter

Reading Practice

Read the following birth announcement. Then answer the questions below it.

Paul and Kerry McDonald would like to welcome their new son Christopher Casey to
the clan! Weighing 4.2 kilograms, Chris was born on January 2nd at 3:30pm. He will
join sister Rachel, 6 and brother Malcolm, 4 in the McDonald household in Vancouver,
Canada. Christopher's proud aunts Kathy McDonald and Sherry Smith were present at
his birth. Grandparents, Lisa and Mike Smith were also present. Chris's grandmother
in Texas will be arriving soon to meet her new grandson. Cousins Jerry, Fern, and
Lindsay can't wait to meet baby Chris too! The proud parents would like to thank all of
their extended family for the warm wishes and gifts.

What is Christopher's mother's name?

Who are Christopher's siblings?

How is Kathy McDonald related to the newborn?

Who will be coming to see Chris soon ?

Who is Kathy in relation to Kerry?

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Answers to Reading Practice

Christopher's mother's name is Kerry.

Christopher's siblings are Rachel and Malcolm.

Kathy McDonald is Christopher's aunt.

Chris's grandmother will be coming to see him soon.

Kathy is Kerry's sister-in-law.

More practice!!

1 Angela is my mother's sister; she's my aunt

2 Tom is my mother's brother; he's my uncle

3 My uncle's daughter is my cousin

4 My uncle's son is my cousin

5 Paul's brother has a daughter, Alice.

Alice is Paul's Niece

6 Albert's sister has a son, David.

David is Albert's nephew

7 My mum's grandmother is my great-grandmother

8 My wife's mum is my mother-in-law

9 My wife's brother is my brother-in-law

10 Mary's daughter has three children. They're Mary's grandchildren

Work - What do they do? Where do they work?

Job What do they do? Where do they work?

Look after the finances in an
Accountants They work in an office.
organisation.
Bakers Bake bread. They work in a bakery.
Shave men's beards and cut
Barbers They work in a barbers.
men's hair.
They work in a bar, pub
Barmen/women Serve drinks.
or restaurant.
Butchers Prepare and sell meat. They work in a

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 butchers.
Chambermaids Clean and tidy rooms. They work in a hotel.
Chefs Prepare and cook food. They work in a kitchen.
Dentists Look after people's teeth. They work in a dentists.
They work in a hospital
Doctors Look after people's health.
or surgery.
They work in a
Fishmongers Prepare and sell fish.
fishmongers.
They work in an
Flight attendants Look after passengers. aeroplane (airplane
AmE).
They work in a hair
Hair dressers Cut and style people's hair.
salon.
They work in a law
Judges Judge and sentence people.
court.
They work in a law court
Lawyers Defend and prosecute people.
and in a lawyers office.
They work in a hospital
Nurses Look after patients .
or doctor's surgery.
They work in an
Opticians Look after people's eye sight.
opticians.
Carry other people's bags and They work in a hotel or
Porters
luggage. train station.
Receptionists Meet and greet visitors. They work in reception.
Sell goods and look after
Sales Assistants They work in a shop.
customers.
Arrange appointments, type
Secretaries They work in an office.
letters and organise meetings.
Surgeons Operate on people who are sick. They work in a hospital.
Design, make, alter or repair They work in factories
Tailors
garments, and shops.
Teachers Teach people. They work in a school.
Organise and repair technical
Technicians They work everywhere!
equipment.
They work in a
Vets Look after people's animals. veterinary surgery or
vets.
They work in a
Waiters/Waitresses Serve people food and drink.
restaurant.
They work in factories
Welders Weld metal to make things.
and construction.

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19
                                     
                                       
           
20
                             
 
21
                                       
                                       

Across:
3. He or she supplies and repairs water pipes, sinks, baths etc.
6. He or she participates in various financial transactions within a recognised
financial institution.
7. He or she looks after your teeth.
9. Lynne is a .......
10. He or she is in charge of a trial in court.
11. He or she writes articles for newspapers.
14. He or she enforces the law.
15. He or she is the boss in a restaurant kitchen.
16. He or she looks after the records of money for a company or person.
17. He or she operates on you in hospital.
18. He or she stops buildings and other things from burning.
19. He or she works with wood.
21. He or she builds or designs buildings, machines, roads, etc

Down:
1. He or she makes bread and cakes.
2. He or she looks after you in hospital.
4. He or she constructs houses and other constructions.
5. He or she speaks for people in court.
8. She brings you your food or drinks in a restaurant.

22
12. He or she treats people who are ill or hurt.
13. He or she fixes lights, switches and appliances.
20. He or she treats animals who are ill or hurt.

IN, AT, ON

Preposición Con qué se usa Ejemplos

IN Número de semanas / meses / 3 weeks / 2 years / a month’s

años time
(en, por,
dentro de,   (Dentro de) 3 semanas / 2 años /
durante) un mes
Partes del día
The morning / the afternoon /
  the evening

Meses (Por) la mañana / la tarde / la

tarde/noche

 
August / December

Estaciones del año

(En) agosto / diciembre

 
Summer / winter / autumn /
spring
 

(Durante / En) el verano / el

Años
invierno / el otoño / la primavera

 
1983 / 2018

Décadas
(En) 1983 / 2018

 
The 90s / the 1780s / the 2010s

 
(En / Durante) los años 90 / la
década de 1780 / la década de
Siglos 2010

23
   The 20th century

  (En) el siglo XX

ON Días de la semana Monday / Friday

---   El lunes / El viernes

Días especiales con la Christmas Day / New year’s Day

palabra  “day”
El día de Navidad / El día de Año
  Nuevo

Fechas concretas April 1st / your birthday /

February 8th

El 1 de abril / El día de tu
cumpleaños / El 8 de febrero

AT Horas 8 p.m. / 9.45 / 10 a.m.

(A las) ocho de la tarde / 9.45 /
(a las, en) Fiestas y festivales sin la 10 de la mañana
palabra “day”
Christmas / Easter / Diwali /
Hannukah
(En) Navidad / Pascua / Diwali /
Janucá

NOTE: También usamos estas preposiciones al referirnos a lugares o a dónde está

alguien o algo.

Preposición Con qué se usa Ejemplos

IN Ciudades Budapest

24
(en)   (En) Budapest

Países France

  (En) Francia

Continentes North America

  (En) Norteamérica

Partes de un país / región / The north / my neighbourhood

ciudad
(En) el norte / mi barrio

ON Calles Las Ramblas

(en)   (En) las Ramblas

Lugares concretos The corner of Oxford and Regent

street

(En) la esquina entre las calles

Oxford y Regent

AT Direcciones 13 Rochester Street

(en)   (En) el número 13 de la calle

Rochester
Lugares concretos de pueblos o
ciudades The university / the hospital / the
airport

(En) la universidad / el hospital / el

aeropuerto

25
NOTE: Tanto “on” como “in” sirven para indicar que estamos utilizando un medio de
transporte, aunque aquí la cosa se complica, pues la preposición correcta en cada caso
depende de qué tipo de medio de transporte se trate.

IN (en) ON (en, a)

The car (En el coche) The train (En el tren)

A taxi (En un taxi) The bus (En el autobús)

  A bike (En bicicleta)

A scooter (En patinete / moto)

A skateboard (En monopatín)

Foot (A pie)

Exceptions!!

1. Cuando mencionamos las partes del día

Al hablar en general de las partes del día, utilizamos “in” con “the morning”, “the
evening” y “the afternoon”. Pero, para hablar de “night”, solo usamos el artículo en la
expresión “in the middle of the night”, y cuando decimos “por la noche” (“at night”), la
preposición es “at” y se omite “the”.

Por ejemplo:

I prefer to exercise in the afternoon rather than in the morning. At night, I like to
watch TV and relax. When I exercise in the afternoon, I’m so tired that I never wake
up in the middle of the night.

(Prefiero hacer ejercicio por la tarde, en vez de por la mañana. Por la noche me gusta
ver la tele y relajarme. Cuando hago ejercicio por la tarde, estoy tan cansado que
nunca me despierto en mitad de la noche).

2. Hablando del fin de semana…

Por lo general, en el Reino Unido decimos “at the weekend”, aunque en inglés americano
es corriente preguntar “What are you doing on the weekend?” (¿Qué vas a hacer el fin
de semana?), así que ambas formas son válidas.

3. Para describir dónde estás

26
La preposición empleada puede aportar un significado ligeramente distinto a lo que
digas.

Compara:

a.I’m in the school - there’s a dance concert on.

b.I’m at school at the moment, studying for my final exams.

c.I’ll see you at school tomorrow.

En la frase a), “Estoy en el colegio, hay un espectáculo de baile”, podemos imaginar que
la persona se encuentra dentro del edificio del colegio (probablemente en el salón de
actos). De forma similar, alguien podría decir “I’m in the office” (Estoy en la oficina) o
“I’m in the hospital” (Estoy en el hospital), para destacar que se encuentra en ese
edificio concreto, quizá incluso haciendo una cosa extraordinaria que no es lo que
habitualmente se hace allí.

PRACTICE!!

1 What do you do ____ weekends?

at in on

2 I'm seeing my grandmother ____ Tuesday.

at in on

3 Susan is coming ___ five o'clock.

in at on

4 - Can I talk to you? - Sorry, but I'm leaving ____ five minutes.

at in on

5 There aren't any lions ___ Greenland.

in at on

6 We're going to London ____ June for three months.

at on in

7 Would you like to come with me ____ Monday morning?

at in on

8 I don't need more money ___ the moment.

at in on

9 It was so romantic, we met ____ sunset.

on in at

27
10 We all like to think that cars will be able to fly ____ the next century.

at in on

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

We use some adverbs to describe how frequently we do an activity.

These are called adverbs of frequency and include:

Frequency Adverb of Frequency Example Sentence

100% Always I always go to bed before 11 p.m.

90% Usually I usually have cereal for breakfast.
80% normally / generally I normally go to the gym.
70% often / frequently I often surf the internet.
I sometimes forget my wife's
50% Sometimes
birthday.
30% Occasionally I occasionally eat junk food.
10% Seldom I seldom read the newspaper.
5% hardly ever / rarely I hardly ever drink alcohol.
0% Never I never swim in the sea. * Some
people
pronounce the 'T' in often but many others do not.

The Position of the Adverb in a Sentence

An adverb of frequency goes before a main verb (except with To Be).

Subject + adverb + main verb

I always remember to do my
homework.
He normally gets good marks in exams.

An adverb of frequency goes after the verb To Be.

Subject + to be + adverb

They are never pleased to see me.

She isn't usually bad tempered.

28
When we use an auxiliary verb (have, will, must, might, could, would, can, etc.), the
adverb is placed between the auxiliary and the main verb. This is also true for to be.

Subject + auxiliary + adverb + main
verb

She can sometimes beat me in a race.
I would hardly ever be unkind to someone.
They might never see each other again.

NOTE:

Adverbs of INDEFINITE frequency

-Always/ Siempre

-Usually/ Usualmente

-Normally / generally Normalmente/ generalmente

-Often / frequently A menudo/ con frecuencia

-Sometimes/ algunas veces

-Occasionally/ ocasionalmente

-Seldom/ raramente

-Hardly ever / rarely Casi nunca/ rara vez

-Never/ nunca

NOTE

Adverbs of DEFINITE Frequency

- every day

- once a month

- twice a year

- four times a day

- every other week

- daily

- monthly

29
- Exercise 1

Complete the sentences.

Use the adverb and the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1. Our teacher, Mrs Jones, (never / be) late for lessons.

2. I (often / clean) my bedroom at the weekend.

3. My brother (hardly ever / help) me with my homework.

4. I (sometimes / be) bored in the maths lessons.

5. We (rarely / watch) football on TV.

6. You and Tony (never / play) computer games with me.

7. You (usually / be) at the sports centre on Sunday.

8. The school bus (always / arrive) at half past eight.

- Exercise 2

Read the sentences and underline the correct one.

I go always to the park at the weekend.

I always go to the park at the weekend.

Always I go to the park at the weekend.

_______

b.

I watch sometimes cartoons on TV.

I sometime watch cartoons on TV.

I sometimes watch cartoons on TV.

_______

c.

My sister doesn’t usual play football after dinner.

My sister doesn’t usually play football after dinner.

30
My sister doesn’t play usually football after dinner.

_______

d.

My best friend never says bad things about me.

My best friend says never bad things about me.

My best friend says always bad things about me.

_______

e.

My teacher always gives us homework!

My teacher all way gives us homework!

My teacher gives us always homework!

- Exercise 3

Find the mistake, underline it and write the correct sentence.

a. I always am helpful at home. _________________________________________

_______

b. They go sometimes to the cinema. ____________________________________

_______

c. Is usually your teacher nice? _________________________________________

_______

d. My cousin eats never broccoli!

________________________________________ _______

e. Do you visit usually LearnEnglish Kids? ________________________________

_______

Adverbs Spelling –LY

Adjective vs. Adverb Review

Adjectives describe nouns (things).

 My dog is slow.

Slow is an adjective since it describes the subject (my dog).

How is my dog? Slow

31
Adverbs describe verbs (actions).

 My dog eats slowly.

Slowly is an adverb since it describes the way my dog eats.

How does my dog eat? Slowly.

For details see our page about Adjectives vs Adverbs.

Adverbs -LY
Adverbs are normally formed by adding -LY to the end of an adjective.

E.g. Quick - Quickly

For adjectives that end in -l or -e, we simply add -ly:

special + ly = specially
terminal +
= terminally
ly
literal + ly = literally
nice + ly = nicely
polite + ly = politely
There are of course some exceptions:

true truly
whole wholly
due duly
full fully

Adverbs ending in -Y
For adjectives that end in -y, we remove the -y and add -ily:

crazy crazily
happy happily

Adverbs ending in -LE

For adjectives that end in a consonant + le we remove the -e and add -y:

terrible Terribly
horrible Horribly
noble Nobly
idle Idly

32
Adverbs ending in -IC
If the adjective ends in -ic, we add -ally:

ironic Ironically
enthusiastic Enthusiastically
realistic Realistically
Except: public - publicly

Irregular Adverbs
Some adverbs are irregular:

Adjective Adverb Example

fast Fast The man drives very fast (quickly).

good Well You speak English very well.

Parts of the Body

Here is some essential vocabulary to talk about parts of your body in English, from top
to bottom.

 Head = the top of your body.

 Face = forehead (above your eyes), eyes, nose. mouth, chin (below your
mouth), ears, cheeks (under your eyes and to the sides of your nose).
Eyebrows (line of hair above your eyes), eyelid (skin that closes over your eyes
when you sleep), eyelashes (the hairs which grow along the top and along the
bottom of your eyes). Your mouth consists of your lips (top and bottom lip),
your teeth and your tongue.
 Throat = inside your mouth, at the back. It leads down to your chest, or up to
your nose.
 Hair (this is always uncountable: “Her hair is brown.”)
 Neck = the column that supports your head.
 Shoulders = the widest part of your body, where your arms join your body.
Arms – upper arm (below the shoulder), elbow (the bone in the middle of your
arm), wrist (pronounced /rist/, where your hand joins your arm).
 Hands – on each hand you have four fingers and one thumb. On the end of your
fingers you have fingernails, and on the end of your thumbs you have
thumbnails.
 Chest = the part of your body (on the front) from your shoulders down to your
waist.
 Breasts = the two areas of extra flesh on a woman’s chest.
 Back = from the neck to the waist.

33
  Waist = the bottom of your chest, where your body is narrower.
 Hips = Left and right bones below your waist, where your upper body meets
your lower body.
 Genitals = the area where the male / female sexual organs are.
 Bottom = At the bottom of your back – what you sit on.
 Legs – the thigh (the top part of your leg, pronounced /th -eye/), knee (the
middle part of your leg), calf (the bottom part of your leg), ankle (where your
foot joins your leg).
 Feet – on each foot you have five toes, each with a toenail.

Major internal organs

 Brain = inside your head, it controls every part of your body.

 Heart = it beats and pumps blood around the body.
 Lungs = two organs which fill with air.
 Stomach = where your food goes after you eat it.
 Intestines = where food goes after it leaves your stomach.
 Liver and kidneys = the organs that deal with waste.

Major bones

 Skeleton = your bone structure, from top to bottom.

 Skull = the bones which form your head.
 Spine = the bone that goes from your neck down to your bottom.
 Ribs = the bones in your chest that protect your lungs.
 Pelvis = the bones around the front of your hips

Verbs to do with the body

 see (with your eyes)

 smell (with your nose)
 hear (with your ears)
 taste (with your tongue)
 bite (with your teeth)
 eat (with your mouth)
 swallow (with your throat)
 breathe (with your nose or mouth)
 touch (with your hands)
 walk / run (with your legs)
 lift / carry (with your arms)

Can - Cannot - Can't

Can is a modal verb.

34
Can is used to express ability or to say that something is possible.

Can is the same for all subjects. We don't add an 'S' in the third person (like other
verbs)

The verb that comes after Can is in the infinitive without to:

 I can speak Spanish. (= it is possible for me to speak Spanish = I have the

ability to speak Spanish)
 He can swim well.
 We can see our neighbour in the garden.
 They can play the guitar.

Negative
To form the negative we add "not" after can to form one word: cannot.

We can also contract the negative to form can't. (can't = cannot)

 I cannot play  the piano. We can't go to the cinema tonight.

 She cannot speak French very well. He can't drive a car.

Questions
To from the question we change the position of the subject and the auxiliary verb.

The main verb is still in the infinitive without  to.

 Where can I  buy  an ice-cream?

 Can I go  to the party, please?
 Can you speak Japanese?
 What can we do  on Saturday?

Remember that you can use short answers:

 Can I sit here please? Yes, you can.

 Can you speak Chinese? No, I can't.

- Exercise 1

True or false?

Read and circle true or false for these sentences.

I know lots of sports. I can swim and I can play football. I can play basketball
too because we practise at school! But I can’t play tennis. What else can I do?
Well, I can’t speak German or French but I can speak English and Arabic!

a. She can swim. true false

b. She can’t play football. true false

35
c. She practises basketball at school. true false

d. She can play tennis. true false

e. She can’t speak Arabic. true false

- Exercise 2

Read the sentence. Circle the correct answer.

a. I can . to swim / swim / swimming

b. She ride a bike. can / cans / know

c. Can you tennis? plays / to play / play

d. He speak Spanish. isn’t / can’ts / can’t

e. run fast? They can / Can they / Are they

f. He can’t five pizzas! eat / ate / to eat

g. We dinner. can to cook / can cook / can cooking

h. What sports play? you can / are you / can you

I know lots of sports. I can swim and I can play football. I can play

basketball too because we practise at school! But I can’t play

tennis. What else can I do? Well, I can’t speak German or French

but I can speak English and Arabic!

- Exercise 3

Find the mistake in each sentence and correct it.

a. She can’t driving a car. She can’t drive a car.

b. I can’t to play chess.

c. He cans make a cake.

d. They can’t to sing very well.

e. Can you eating with chopsticks?

f. She can’ts ride a horse.

g. He can speaking three languages.

h. How many musical instruments you can play?

36
- Exercise 4

Writing: What sports can you play? What languages can you speak? What else
can

you do? Write about yourself like in exercise 1

- Exercise 5

Read the sentences and underline the correct one.

1.

a. I can to swim.

b. I can swim.

c. I can swimming.

_______

2.

a. We can’t speak Russian.

b. We can’t not speak Russian.

c. We can’t to speak Russian.

_______

3.

a. Can you swim?

b. You can swim?

c. Can you to swim?

_______

4.

a. Yes, I can’t.

b. Yes, I to can.

c. Yes, I can.

37
_______

5.

a. No, I can’t.

b. No, I can.

c. No, I can’t not.

- Exercise 6

Find the mistake, underline it and write the correct sentence.

a. They can to speak English. ________________________________ _______

b. I can’t riding a bike. ______________________________________ _______

c. We to can play the violin. _________________________________ _______

d. Please can't I have some water? ___________________________ _______

e. She can writing Chinese. _____________________________

Do vs. Does
To make a question in English we normally use Do or Does. It is normally put at the
beginning of the question (before the subject).

Affirmative: You speak Spanish.

Question: Do you speak Spanish?

You will see that we add DO at the beginning of the affirmative sentence to make it a
question. We use Do when the subject is I, you, we or they.

Affirmative: He speaks Spanish.

Question: Does he speak Spanish?

When the subject is he, she or it, we add DOES at the beginning to make the

affirmative sentence a question. Notice that the letter S at the end of the verb in
the affirmative sentence (because it is in third person) disappears in the question. We
will see the reason why below.

We DON'T use Do or Does in questions that have the verb To Be or Modal

Verbs (can, must, might, should etc.)

Word Order of Questions with Do and Does

The following is the word order to construct a basic question in English
using Do or Does.

Do/Does Subject Verb* The rest of the sentence

38
 I / you / we / have / buy
Do cereal for breakfast?
they eat / like etc.
*Verb: The verb that goes here is the base form of the infinitive = The infinitive
without TO before the verb. Instead of the infinitive To have it is just the have part.

Remember that the infinitive is the verb before it is conjugated (changed) and it
begins with TO. For example: to have, to eat, to go, to live, to speak etc.

Short Answers with Do and Does

In questions that use do/does it is possible to give short answers to direct questions
as follows:

Short Answer Short Answer

Sample Questions
(Affirmative) (Negative)

Do you speak English? Yes, I do. No, I don't.

Do I need a dictionary? Yes, you do. No, you don't.
Do you both speak English? Yes, we do. No, we don't.
Do they speak English? Yes, they do. No, they don't.
Does he speak English? Yes, he does. No, he doesn't.
Does she speak English? Yes, she does. No, she doesn't.
Does it have four legs? Yes, it does. No, it doesn't.

However, if a question word such as who, when, where, why, which or how is used in

the question, you can not use the short answers above to respond to the question.

Question Words with Do and Does

The order for making sentences with Questions words is the following:

Question Word Do/Does Subject Verb

What do you have for breakfast?

What does she have for breakfast?
Where do you live?
When do you study?
How do you spell your name?

Notes

Examples of Negative Sentences with Don't and Doesn't:

39
•You don't speak Russian.

•John doesn't speak French.

•We don't have time for a quick drink.

•It doesn't rain much in summer.

•They don't want to come with us.

•She doesn't like meat.

Notes

Examples of Questions with Do and Does:

Do you speak English?

Does John speak French?

Do we have time for a quick drink?

Does it rain a lot in the South?

Do they want to come with me?

Does she like chocolate?

- Exercise 1

Fill in the blanks by putting “do” or “does”.

1. ————you know how to speak French?

2. ————- they write well?
3. ————- she know car driving?
4. I believe I can __________ it.
5. Bob _________ whatever he wants on weekend.
6. ———— we have sufficient stock of food?
7. ———— Mary have children?
8. ————– Children have chairs to sit in?
9. I __________ (not) know the City Bank Manager.
10. I __________ the electronics’ business.
11. ———– your father have a car?
12. What ——— you do in the afternoon?
13. ———— Shane and Mary have families?
14. This Town __________ not have a Bank?
15. John __________ not have his own house?
16. ————- Clara have dues?
17. This train __________ not stop at the City Centre?
18. This cab __________ go to the beach.

40
 19. Where ——– you live?
20. How ——— it look like?
21. They __________ not have any problem.
22. ———– your family need a big house?
23. This machine __________ not work properly?
24. ———– the tea has sugar (in it)?
25. ———– your car need service?

Don't vs. Doesn't

To make a negative sentence in English we normally use Don't or Doesn't with all verbs
EXCEPT To Be and Modal verbs (Can, might, should etc.).

Affirmative: You speak Spanish.

Negative: You don't speak Spanish.

You will see that we add don't between the subject and the verb. We use Don't when
the subject is I, you, we or they.

Affirmative: He speaks Spanish.

Negative: He doesn't speak Spanish.

When the subject is he, she or it, we add doesn't between the subject and the verb
to make a negative sentence. Notice that the letter S at the end of the verb in the
affirmative sentence (because it is in third person) disappears in the negative
sentence. We will see the reason why below.

Word Order of Negative Sentences

The following is the word order to construct a basic negative sentence in English in
the Present Tense using Don't or Doesn't.

*Verb: The verb that goes here is the base form of the infinitive = The infinitive
without

TO before the verb. Instead of the infinitive To have it is just the have part.

Remember that the infinitive is the verb before it is conjugated (changed) and it
begins with TO.

For example: to have, to eat, to go, to live, to speak etc.

The Rest of the

Subject don't/doesn't Verb*
sentence

I / you / we / have / buy

don't
they eat / like cereal for breakfast
he / she / it doesn't etc.

41
Noun + To Be + Noun

Nouns are words that name things. Some common nouns include those used for
animals, countries, food, languages, cities and countries.

When we are explaining things, we use Noun + To Be + Noun:

 English is a language. (Noun + To Be + Noun)

 A chicken is a bird. (Noun + To Be + Noun)

Singular Noun + IS + Singular Noun

We use IS between the two singular nouns.

 Champagne is a drink.
 Paris is a city.
 France is a country.
 French is a language.
 Europe is a continent.

Note that we normally use an article (A / AN) before a singular noun.

Articles + Nouns
'A' or 'AN' are articles. In English we normally use articles before singular nouns.

A is used before a word that begins with a consonant.

AN is used before a word that begins with a vowel.

Vowels: A, E, I, O, U.
Consonants: B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z.

For example:

 Chile is a country. (A before consonant)

 Santiago is a city. (A before consonant)
 An apple is a fruit (A before consonant)
 A dog is an animal. (AN before vowel)
 A mosquito is an insect. (AN before vowel)
 Qantas is an airline. (AN before vowel)

Plural Noun + Are + Plural Noun

Singular Noun + IS + Singular Noun
Plural Noun + ARE + Plural Noun

Note that we do not use an article (A / AN) with a plural noun.

For example:

42
  A dog is an animal. (singular)
 Dogs are animals. (plural)
 Spanish is a language. (singular)
 Spanish and Italian are languages. (plural)
 Cities are places. (plural)
 Countries are states. (plural)

- Exercise 1

Read and circle true or false for these sentences

We’re having a picnic! We’re sitting on some grass in a park. There are some
cakes, sandwiches, apples and bananas. We haven’t got any oranges or ice cream,
but we’ve got some water, juice and cheese. It’s sunny and there isn’t any rain.
Picnics are great!

a. They’re having a picnic. true false

b. There aren’t any sandwiches. true false

c. There are some oranges. true false

d. There’s some cheese. true false

e. It’s raining. true false

- Exercise 2

Write these words in the correct group.

Picnic/ grass/ cakes/ ice cream/ water/ sandwiches

Apples/ juice/ cheese/ bananas/ rain/ oranges

countable nouns uncountable

nouns

picnic

- Exercise 3

Read the sentence. Circle the correct answer.

a. I’ve got water in my bag. a / some / any

43
b. There are bananas on the table. some / any / a

c. there any chocolate in the fridge? Do / Are / Is

d. He hasn’t got time. a / any / some

e. I need green paper. some / a / any

f. There any grapes left. don’t / isn’t / aren’t

g. There isn’t rice in the cupboard. some / any / a

h. Have you got new toy? a / some / any

- Exercise 4

Write about a picnic like in exercise 1

- Exercise 5

Read the sentences and underline the correct one.

a.

There is any milk in the fridge.

There is some milk in the fridge.

There is some milks in the fridge.

_______

b.

He’s got a grapes for a snack.

He’s got any grapes for a snack.

He’s got some grapes for a snack.

_______

c.

There aren’t some biscuits left!

There aren’t any biscuits left!

There aren’t any biscuit left!

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_______

d.

Is there any time left?

Is there a time left?

Is there any times left?

_______

e.

I haven’t got any glues.

I haven’t got a glue.

I haven’t got any glue.

_______

- Exercise 4

Find the mistake, underline it and write the correct sentence.

a. Do you want some pen?

_________________________________________________ _______

b. I would like any cheese.

__________________________________________________ _______

c. Are there a sweets?

_____________________________________________________ _______

d. They’ve got any new games.

______________________________________________ _______

e. We don’t need a money.

_________________________________________________

Notes

Usually we only add 'S' to a verb when we conjugate it in the third person but
notice how To Have and To Go are slightly irregular (though they still both end in
S).

Have - Has - Go – Goes

Conjugation of have and go

To Have = To show possession / a quality

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To Go = to show movement (travel) in a specific direction

Subject To Have The Rest of the sentence

I / you / we /
Have an old bike.
they
he / she / it Has a new car.

Subject To Go The Rest of the sentence

I / you / we /
Go to class every day.
they
he / she / it Goes to the movies on Friday.

Have and Go in Negative Sentences

To make a negative sentence in English with To Have and To Go we
use Don't or Doesn't followed by Have or Go (never Has or Goes).

Affirmative: You have a pen.

Negative: You don't have a pen.

You will see that we add don't between the subject and the verb. We use Don't when
the subject is I, you, we or they.

Affirmative: He has a pencil.

Negative: He doesn't have a pencil.

When the subject is he, she or it, we add doesn't between the subject and the verb
to make a negative sentence. Notice that we don't use the normal third person
conjugation (has, goes) in negative sentences. We use the base form of the infinitive
as seen below.

Word Order of Negative Sentences

The following is the word order to construct a basic negative sentence in English in
the Present Tense using Don't or Doesn't.

To The Rest of the

Subject don't/doesn't
Have* sentence

I / you / we /
don't
they Have cereal for lunch.
he / she / it doesn't

46
 To The Rest of the
Subject don't/doesn't
Go* sentence

I / you / we /
don't
they Go to classes every day.
he / she / it doesn't

* Verb: The verb that goes here is the base form

of the infinitive = The infinitive without TO before the verb.

Instead of the infinitive To have it is just the have part.

Examples of Negative Sentences with Have:

 You don't have a clue.
 John doesn't have many friends.
 We don't have time for a rest.
 It doesn't have four wheels.
 They don't have the correct answers.
 She doesn't have a nice dress.

Examples of Negative Sentences with Go:

 You don't go to university.
 John doesn't go to parties.
 We don't go to work on the weekend.
 It doesn't go fast.
 They don't go to the beach.
 She doesn't go to church.

Questions with Have and Go

To make a question in English with To Have and To Go, we normally use

 Do or Does at the beginning of the question.

Affirmative: You have a girlfriend.

Question: Do you have a girlfriend?

You will see that we add DO at the beginning of the affirmative sentence

to make it a question. We use Do when the subject is I, you, we or they.

Affirmative: She has a boyfriend.

Question: Does she have a boyfriend?

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When the subject is he, she or it, we add DOES at the beginning to make the
affirmative sentence a question. Notice that we don't use the normal third person
conjugation (has, goes) in questions. We use the base form of the infinitive as seen
below.

Word Order of Questions with Do and Does

The following is the word order to construct a basic question in English
using Do or Does.

Do/Does Subject Verb* The Rest of the sentence

I / you / we /
Do
they have a new bike?
Does he / she / it

Do/Does Subject Verb* The Rest of the sentence

I / you / we /
Do
they go to school?
Does he / she / it

*Verb: The verb that goes here is the base form of the infinitive = The infinitive
without TO before the verb. Instead of the infinitive To have it is just the have part.

Remember that the infinitive is the verb before it is conjugated (changed) and it
begins with TO. For example: to have, to eat, to go, to live, to speak etc.

Examples of Questions with Have and Go:

 Do you have a dictionary?

 Does Mary have a dictionary?
 Do we go to all the meetings?
 Does she go to all the meetings?

Short Answers with Have and Go

In questions that use do/does it is possible to give short answers to direct questions
as follows:

Short Answer Short Answer

Sample Questions
(Affirmative) (Negative)

Do you have a car?

Yes, I do. No, I don't.
Do you go to church?

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 Do I have time?
Yes, you do. No, you don't.
Do I go to work today?
Do you both have time?
Yes, we do. No, we don't.
Do you both go to school?
Do they have a car?
Yes, they do. No, they don't.
Do they go to the pub?
Does he have a car?
Yes, he does. No, he doesn't.
Does he go to university?
Does she have a car?
Yes, she does. No, she doesn't.
Does she go to the gym?
Does it have four wheels?
Yes, it does. No, it doesn't.
Does it go slow?
However, if a question word such as who, when, where, why, which or how is used in
the question, you can not use the short answers above to respond to the question.

- Exercise 1

Complete the following table with the correct forms of Have and Go.

Pronou
To Have To Go
n
I
You
We
They
She
He
It

- Exercise 2

Fill the gaps with the correct form of Have or Go.

1.  Elephants………………………………. Four legs.

2. Children…………………………. To school during the week.
3. A millionaire……………………. A lot of money.
4. He…………………………. To English class three times a week.
5. Can I ……………….. another cup of coffee?
6. My husband………………. Very fast in his car.
7. Do you…………………… a pen I can borrow?
8. I can’t wait until I …………………… on holiday!
9. My brother …………………… two dogs and a cat!
10. Do you want to…………………… to the beach?

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- Exercise 3

Fill in the gaps with the correct form of Have and Go in the negative.

1. I………………………… any friends.

2. She………………………to her aerobics class on Tuesday.
3. Your son………………….. a new bike.
4. We…………………. Classes tomorrow!
5. The moon………………..any oxygen.

- Exercise 4

Make questions using the correct form of Have or Go.

1. Your friend/ motorbike

2. Dogs/ wings

3. Father/ Church

4. You/ movies

Shopping and Services Vocabulary

Types of Shops

1. bakery – a place where bread and cakes are baked, or a shop where they are sold.

2. barber – a shop where men can have their hair cut.

3. café – a small restaurant where you can buy drinks and simple meals.

4. market – a time when people buy and sell goods, food, … or the place, usually
outside or in a large building, where this happens.

5. bookshop – a shop that sells books.

6. candy shop – a happy place where innocent little children go to buy candy.

7. clothes shop – a shop selling clothes.

8. pawn shop – a pawnbroker’s shop.

9. boutique – a small shop that sells fashionable clothes or other objects.

10. computer shop – a store that sells computers to the small businessperson or
personal user.

11. butcher’s – a shop where you can buy meat.

12. DVD rental – a physical retail business that rents home videos such as
movies,etc…

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13. mall – a large area where there are a lot of shops, usually a covered area where
cars are not allowed.

14. delicatessen – a shop that sells high quality cheeses, salads, cooked meats, etc…

15. grocery – a retail store that primarily sells food.

16. greengrocer’s – a shop where fresh fruit and vegetables are sold.

18. music shop – a retail business that sells musical instruments and related
equipment and accessories.

19. fish & chips shop – a form of restaurant that specialises in selling fish and chips.
(normal in England).

20. newsagent’s – a business that sells newspapers, magazines, cigarettes, snacks and
often items of local interest.

21. jewellery store – a retail business establishment, that specializes in selling

jewellery and watches.

22. restaurant – a place where you can buy and eat a meal.

23. fishmonger’s – a shop that sells fish.

24. gift shop – a shop that sells small things that are suitable for giving as presents.

25. toy shop – a retail business specializing in selling toys.

26. supermarket – a very large shop that sells food, drinks, and things that people
need regularly in their homes.

27. pet shop – a retail business which sells different kinds of animals to the public.

28. shoe shop – a type of retailer that specializes in selling shoes.

29. chemist's/drugstore- farmacia.

30. dry cleaner's- tintorería.

31. travel agent's- agencia de viajes.

32. florist's- floristería.

33. fruit shop- frutería.

34. furniture store- mueblería.

35. gas station- gasolinería.

36. hairdresser's- peluquería.

37. hardware shop- ferretería.

38. herbalist's shop- herboristería.

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39. ice-cream parlour- heladería.

40. laundromat- lavandería automática.

41. optician's- optica.

42. sports store- tienda de deportes.

43. bank- banco.

44. café.

45. cinema- cine.

46. dentist- dentista.

47. hospital- hospital.

48. hotel- hotel.

49. museum- museo.

50. post office- oficina de correo.

51. restaurant- restaurant.

52. sports centre/ GYM- gimnasio.

53. theatre/ teatro.

54. police station- estación de policía.

55. fire station- estación de bomberos.

56. train station- estación de tren.

57. airport- aeropuerto.

58. bus stop- parada de colectivo.

59. school- escuela.

60 stadium- estadio.

Giving Directions

When you’re in a country you don’t know, you can easily get lost at some point during
the trip, even if you have a map. So it’s really useful to know how to ask for and
understand directions in English so you can reach your destination. It’s also great to
be able to give directions yourself to tourists.

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Asking for directions

When you ask for directions, remember above all to be polite. So start by saying one
of the following phrases:

Hello. Can you help me, please?

Good morning. May I ask for some help?

Excuse me, could you help?

Once you have someone’s attention, you can ask for help to reach your destination.
You can do that by using one of these phrases:

Could you tell me how to get to the bank?

Do you know where the museum is?

We can’t find the subway station. Is it near here?

Where can we find a park near here?

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If you’re not sure you’re going in the right direction, you can make sure by
asking:

Are we on the right road to the city center?

Is this the right way to the mall?

What’s the best way to get to the airport?

Giving directions

In the same way that you need to ask directions when you travel abroad, foreigners
visiting your city might ask you directions, and what better way to practice English
than to help them?

Here are some common phrases you can use:

Go past the cinema. (Pass the cinema.)

Go along this road.

Go straight on/ahead. (Stay on this road – don’t turn.)

Go through the tunnel.

At the roundabout, take the first exit.

Turn left at the crossroads.

Take the second right.

It’s on your left.

You’ll see it in front of you.

It’s on the other side of the road.

You’re going the wrong way.

Phrasal Verbs for Giving Directions

cut / nip across = go across something (nip = do something fast)

“If you cut across the park, you’ll get there quicker.”

“Just nip across the park and you’ll be there in a minute.”

cut through = get through (traffic / the town, etc)

“You can cut through the traffic further down the road.”

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“We cut through the park to save time.”

cut / nip down = go down a smaller street to save time

“If you nip down that road there, you’ll see the station on your right.”

pop down = go down a road quickly

“Just pop down this road and you’ll find it on your right.”

come out at / on = arrive at

“This alleyway comes out at the High Street.”

end up in = where you finally arrive

“Don’t take that road, or you’ll end up in London!”

Practice!!

1) Look at the map and complete the sentences with the words below.

between corner left next to opposite

1 The police station is ……next to………………….. the bus station.

2 The library is ……between………………….. the café and the hotel.

3 The restaurant is ………opposite……………….. the fire station.

4 The gym is on the …………corner…………….., next to the bank.

5 Go down William Street. The department store is on your ………left……………….., near

the traffic lights.

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2) Complete the key phrases with the words below. Then match them with
the pictures.

along at end first past over straight under

1 Go ……………… on.

2 Go ……………… King’s Rd.

3 Take the ……………… left.

4 Go to the ……………… of the road.

5 Go ……………… the bank.

6 Turn right ……………… the crossroads.

7 Go ……………… the bridge.

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 8 Go ……………… the bridge.

Answer

straight, g 2 along, e 3 first, c 4 end, a 5 past, b 6 at, f 7 under, d 8 over, h

3) Prepare a dialogue giving directions from ‘You are here’ to these places.
Make notes.

1 The police station: ………………………………………………

2 The restaurant: ………………………………………………

3 The library: ………………………………………………

Clothing Terms and Examples

 anorak - If you're hiking in cold weather, you'll need an anorak.

 belt - I've lost weight, so I need a new belt to hold up my trousers.
 blouse - That's such a pretty blouse. I love the checked pattern.
 cardigan - Put on a cardigan and turn down the heat to save money at home.
 dress - Anna wore an elegant red dress to the reception.
 gloves - I prefer to wear gloves to mittens because my fingers need to be
free.
 jacket - Let me put on a jacket and let's go for a walk.
 jeans - I only wear jeans on the weekend as I have to wear a business suit
during the week.
 jumper - That's a cute jumper. Where did you buy it?
 overalls - Overalls have been out of fashion for a very long time.

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  overcoat - When dressing formal, it's best to wear an overcoat.
 pullover - I'm cold, so I need to put on a pullover.
 raincoat - Raincoats won't keep you warm, but they will keep you dry.
 scarf - A scarf is a beautiful accessory to add a touch of elegance.
 shirt - You should wear a dress shirt to work today.
 sweatshirt - I put on a sweatshirt and went to the gym to work out.
 T-shirt - He usually wears a t-shirt to work. He's a slob.
 tie - On the west coast people don't usually wear ties. However, ties are quite
common on the east coast.
 skirt - She wore a skirt and blouse to the job interview.
 mini-skirt - Mini-skirts were introduced in the 1960s and were considered
very provocative.
 shorts - It's summer. Why aren't you wearing shorts?
 socks - If you don't wear socks, your feet will stink!
 suit - Some professions require men to wear a suit to work.
 sweater - I pulled on the warm sweater and drank a cup of cocoa.
 trousers - Everyone puts on their trousers one leg at a time.

Sportswear

 jogging suit - Alice got into a jogging suit and ran three miles.
 tracksuit - In some countries, people like to wear tracksuits when lounging
around the house.
 bikini - Sports Illustrated features a bikini issue every year. Some think
beautiful women in tiny bikinis don't have much to do with sports!
 swimming costume / swimming-suit - Get your swimming-suit on and let's go
to the beach.
 swimming trunks m - In the USA, most men wear swimming trunks rather than
speedos.

Footwear

 boots - If you're going for a hike, you'll need to wear boots.

 sandals - During the summer, I usually wear sandals on the weekends.
 slippers - I sometimes like to get in my pajamas, put on my slippers and spend
a quiet evening at home.
 shoes - The heels on my shoes have worn out. I need a new pair.
 sneakers - We're just getting some groceries, put on your sneakers and let's
go.

Hats and Caps

 beret - Men in France seem to love wearing berets.

 cap - Americans wear a lot of baseball caps.
 hat - Men used to wear hats in the 1950s. Everything has changed since then!
 helmet - Soldiers could be recognized during the war by the type of helmet
they wore.

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Natural Materials

 cotton - Cotton breathes and is an excellent all-around fabric.

 denim - Denim is the cloth used to make jeans.
 leather - Leather jackets are considered quite stylish by some.
 linen - Linen sheets are very comfortable during hot summer nights.
 rubber - The souls of boots are often made out of rubber, or rubber-like
materials.
 silk - Silk sheets are considered a luxury in most parts of the world.
 suede - "Don't you step on my blue suede shoes" is a line from a famous Elvis
Presley song.
 wool - I prefer to wear a traditional wool coat to keep warm in winter.

Artificial Materials

 plastic - There are many plastic components in today'sporting shoes.

 nylon - Nylon is used to make rain jackets.
 polyester - Polyester is often mixed with cotton to make a shirt "iron-free".

Patterns

 checked - The checked shirt is quite popular in Portland.

 flowered - She likes to wear flowered dresses.
 patterned - I generally stay away from patterned shirts.
 plain - I prefer a plain blue shirt.
 polka-dots or spots - Spotted blouses are fashionable this season.
 pinstriped - A dark blue pinstriped suit can be very elegant.
 tartan - The Scottish are known for their tartan clothes.

Food Vocabulary

 Desayuno – Breakfast
 Desayunar – To have breakfast
 Pausa para tomar un café – Coffee break
 Almorzar – To have lunch
 Almuerzo – Lunch
 Cenar – To have dinner
 Tentempié (a cualquier hora) – Snack
 Merienda – (Afternoon) tea (UK) / Snack / Afternoon Snack (US)

Formas de cocinar

 Crudo – Raw
 Asar – To roast
 Asar a la parrilla – To grill

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  Calentar – To heat
 Hornear – To bake
 Condimentar – To season
 Descongelar – To defrost
 Freír – To fry
 Cocinar / Cocer – To cook
 Cortar – To cut / to chop
 Pelar – To peel
 Hervir – To boil

Frutas y verduras o «fruits and vegetables»

 Albaricoque – Apricot
 Arándano – Blueberry
 Frambuesa – Raspberry
 Granada – Pomegranate
 Mango – Mango
 Mora – Blackberry
 Manzana – Apple
 Palta – Avocado
 Banana – banana
 Cereza – Cherry
 Uvas – Grapes
 Aceituna – Green olive
 Limón – Lemon
 Lima – Lime
 Naranja – Oranje
 Durazno – Peach
 Piña – Pineapple
 Ciruela – Plum
 Frutilla – Strawberry
 Sandía – Watermelon.
 Tomate - Tomato
 Zanahoria- Carrot
 Apio – Celery
 Batata / Moniato – Sweet potato
 Espárrago – Asparagus
 Espinaca – Spinach
 Remolacha – Beet/Beetroot
 Morrón - bell pepper
 Brócoli – Broccoli
 Coles de bruselas - Brussels sprouts
 Repollo – cabbage

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  Coliflor – cauliflower
 Pepino – cucumber
 Berenjena – eggplant
 Ajo – garlic
 Lechuga – lettuce
 Hongos – mushrooms
 Cebolla – onion
 Guisante – peas
 Papa – potato
 Calabaza –pumpkin
 Zucchini - zucchini

Legumbres y frutos secos o «legumes and dried fruits/nuts»

 Almendra tostada – Toasted almond

 Alubia / Habichuela – Kidney bean
 Nuez de Brasil – Brazil nut
 Pipa – Sunflower seed
 Nueces – Walnuts
 Almendras – almonds
 Garbanzos – chickpeas
 Castañas de cajú - cashew nuts
 Avellana – chestnut
 Maní – peanuts
 Pistacho - pistachios

Carne y derivados o «meat and byproducts»

 Carne blanca – White meat

 Carne de venado – Venison
 Carne magra – Lean meat
 Carne roja – Red meat
 Carne sin hueso – Boned meat
 Chorizo – Chorizo / Spicy pork sausage
 Chuleta – Chop / Steak
 Chuletón – T-bone steak
 Codorniz – Quail
 Hígado – Liver
 Jamón serrano – Parma ham
 Mortadela – Mortadella
 Paté – Pâté
 Pato – Duck
 Salchicha – Sausage

Lácteos o «dairy products»

 Leche condensada – Condensed milk

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  Leche en polvo – Powdered milk
 Queso de cabra – Goat cheese
 Queso de oveja – Sheep’s cheese
 Queso parmesano – Parmesan cheese
 Requesón – Cottage cheese
 Queso bola – Edam
 Manteca - Butter

Cereales o «cereals»

 Canelones – Cannelloni
 Centeno – Rye
 Espaguetis – Spaghetti
 Fideo – Noodle
 Harina de arroz – Ground rice
 Harina de avena – Oatmeal
 Harina de maíz – Corn flour
 Harina de trigo – Wheat meal
 Harina integral – Wholemeal flour
 Pan blanco – White bread
 Pan de molde – Thin-crusted bread
 Pan moreno – Brown bread
 Pan rallado – Breadcrumbs
 Avena – Oats
 Pan casero – Homemade bread

Aceites o «oil types»

 De coco – Coconut oil

 De maíz – Corn oil
 De oliva refinado – Refined olive oil
 De oliva virgen – Virgin olive oil
 De soja – Soya oil
 Para cocinar – Cooking oil
 Vegetal – Vegetable oil

Tipos de pescado o «types of fish»

 Almeja – Clam
 Anchoa – Anchovy
 Bacalao – Cod
 Caballa – Mackerel

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  Calamar – Squid
 Marisco – Seafood
 Mejillón – Mussel
 Merluza – Hake
 Ostras – Oysters
 Salmón – Salmon

Comida rápida o «fast food»

 Hamburger- hamburguesa
 Pizza- pizza
 Hotdog - perrito caliente
 Burrito- burrito
 Bacon- beicon/ tocino
 Noodles- fideos chinos
 Pancakes- tortitas
 Onion rings- aros de cebolla
 Kebab- kebab
 Fish and chips- pescado con patatas fritas
 French fries- patatas fritas
 Fried chicken- pollo frito

Shopping Vocabulary Examples

Window shopping -> Looking at items on sale, not buying

There’re only the minutes left; don’t dawdle over your window shopping.

On sale -> For sale at a reduced price

There are some nice apples on sale in that shop.

In cash/ by card -> Use cash or credit card to purchase something

I would appreciate it if you paid in cash.

Outlet mall -> Both have many stores in one location.

The outlet mall is a lot cheaper than stores downtown.

Spend money on something -> Use the money to buy something or pay something

He is a tightwad because he doesn’t like to spend money on anything.

Take something back -> Return an unwanted item to a shop

I, in my turn, became embarrassed and huffy and told her to take the money back.

A receipt -> Paper proof of a purchase

Can I have a receipt, please?

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A wallet -> A Money/ cardholder

The lady put her wallet in her purse.

Grocery shopping -> Shopping for food items

We need to go grocery shopping – do you have the checkbook?

Get a refund -> Get money back after returning an item

Is it too small? Take it back and get a refund.

Price tag -> A label showing the price of an article

The price tag on the 34-room white Regency mansion is ￡17.5 million.

Shop around -> Compare prices in different shops before buying

You should shop around a bit before making a decision.

Try something on -> Try clothes in a shop before buying them

Try on clothing and shoes to make sure they fit.

A fitting room -> A place in the shop where people try on clothes

You can try on the dress in the fitting room.

A bargain -> Excellent value for an item or purchase

The car was a bargain at that price.

What a bargain? -> Buy something for much less than normal

A good deal -> If something is a good deal, paid a low price

It cost a good deal, I can tell you.

For sale -> Available to buy

Excuse me, are these for sale?

Shop online -> Shop on the Internet

Go shopping -> Go to shops to buy things

I couldn’t go shopping yesterday so I’ll have to go today.

Do shopping -> Weekly/ monthly shopping

Bargain hunting -> Searching for bargains

We went bargain hunting at the antique market.

A shopaholic -> Someone who loves shopping

She’s really a shopaholic.

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Retail therapy -> The act of shopping in order to feel better

I was ready for a little retail therapy.

Waste money on something -> Unnecessarily spend money on something

Why waste money on clothes you don’t need?

Splash out on something -> Spend a lot of money on something

If he wanted to splash out on a new car it would take him a couple of days to get his
hands on the cash.

English Conversations: Shopping

Useful phrases a shop assistant says

 “Can I help you?”

 “Are you looking for anything in particular?”
 “Do you need any help at all?”
 “We don’t have any of these left in stock.” ( = There is no more of something.)

Useful phrases a customer says

 “I’m looking for …”

 “I’d like to buy…”

Indicating a piece of clothing

 “Do you have this in …”

– medium / large / small / extra large / XL

– blue / black / beige (other colours etc)

Talking about the price

Clothes shops have “sales” when some or all the clothes are discounted.

 “Is this in the sales?”

 “Is this on sale?”
 “There’s a discount of 20% on this.”
 “These jeans are discounted by 20%.”
 “It’s a bargain.” (= the low price is a surprise)
 “It’s cheap.” (= doesn’t cost much money)
 “It’s expensive.” (= costs a lot of money.)

Trying something on

When you go clothes shopping, you probably want to try something on before you buy
it so you know it’s the right size or that it looks good on you!

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  “I’d like to try this on please. Where are the changing rooms?”
 “Can I try this on?”

Example shopping conversation

Can I try this on?

Sure. The changing rooms are over there…

… (later)

Any good?

No, not really. (It’s the wrong size / It doesn’t really suit me.)

Or, “Yes, I’ll take it.”

…(Paying)

“Where I can pay?”

“The cash tills are over there.”

Other shopping vocabulary

 to suit = to be in your style, or to compliment your body shape or skin / hair

colour

“That dress really suits you!”

 to fit = to be the right size

“These jeans don’t fit very well.”

Clothes can be…

 … too big (size “Large” when you are size “Small”)

 … too small (small size when you are large size)
 … too tight (waist measurement 34 when you are waist 38)
 … too loose (waist measurement 38 when you are waist 34)
 … too long (jeans leg measurement 34 when your leg measurement is 32)
 … too short (jeans leg measurement 32 when your leg measurement is 34)

 to go well with / to match = to look good with your other clothes

 “This jumper goes well with my trousers.”

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  “This colour jumper matches your new trousers.”

Restaurant Dialogue for Ordering Food

Example

Waiter: Hello, Can I help you?.

Kim: Yes, I'd like to have some lunch.

Waiter: Would you like a starter?

Kim: Yes, I'd like a bowl of chicken soup, please.

Waiter: And what would you like for your main course?

Kim: I'd like a grilled cheese sandwich.

Waiter: Would you like anything to drink?

Kim: Yes, I'd like a glass of Coke, please.

Waiter: Would Pepsi be OK? We don't have Coke.

Kim: That would be fine.

Waiter: (After Kim has her lunch.) Can I bring you anything else?

Kim: No thank you. Just the bill.

Waiter: Certainly.

Kim: I don't have my glasses. How much is the lunch?

Waiter: That's $6.75.

Kim: Here you are. Thank you very much.

Waiter: You're welcome. Have a good day.

Kim: Thank you. Same to you.

Practice!!

1) Make a dialogue like the example using the following menu.

Joe's Restaurant

Starters

Chicken Soup $2.50

Salad $3.25

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Sandwiches

Ham and cheese $3.50

Tuna $3.00

Vegetarian $4.00

Grilled Cheese $2.50

Slice of Pizza $2.50

Cheeseburger $4.50

Hamburger $5.00

Spaghetti $5.50

Drinks

Coffee $1.25

Tea $1.25

Soft Drinks

Coke, Sprite, Root Beer, Ice Tea $1.75

Conversation between 2 sisters about going to the market

Laura: Mom had asked me to go grocery shopping before she left for work this
morning, but I need to finish my school project. Can you go for me, Martha?

Martha: I guess I can. I am done with my homework. What did mom want you to buy?

Laura: Well, she wanted me to buy enough groceries for the whole week. Besides meat,
some fish and vegetables, we can buy whatever else we want for snacks and breakfast.

Martha: What do you want for breakfast?

Laura: I guess some cereal as usual.

Martha: I do not want cereal every day. I will buy some pancakes and syrup then.

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Laura: Get the new Fine Food pancakes in the frozen food section please. I want to
see how it tastes.

Martha: Do we still have enough coffee and cream for mom and dad?

Laura: Yes, we do. Talking about coffee and cream, you better buy some milk also. We
almost ran out of it.

Martha: Next, what do you want for snacks?

Laura: Some chips would be fine with me. You probably want your chocolate cookies.

Martha: I better write down all these things; otherwise, I will forget them by the
time I get to the market. I would hate to make two trips to take care of things.

Laura: Right! As far as meat, mom wants some pork and some chicken.

Martha: Just any kind of pork?

Laura: I forgot to ask mom about that. Anyways, you can ask the butcher for his
opinion. He knows what is best.

Martha: How about fish?

Laura: Mom wants some salmon and some catfish. Make sure that they are fresh.

Martha: How much salmon and catfish should I buy?

Laura: Oh, buy four pieces of salmon filet and four pieces of catfish filet. Mom does
not like to get the whole fish.

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Martha: Are these fish filets sold by weight or by the piece?

Laura: I am not very sure. Just buy four decent sized pieces. Not too big and not too
small.

Martha: Do I need to buy some spices so mom can marinate the fish?

Laura: Yes, get some ground pepper and some garlic.

Martha: Now, how about vegetables? Mom probably wants carrots, potatoes, cabbages
and some lettuce.

Laura: That would be fine. We need some fruits also. What do you want?

Martha: Dad always packs an apple for lunch everyday. I want the same thing.

Laura: We have already run out of eggs. So, get a carton of eggs also.

Martha: How about some soft drinks?

Laura: No, buy some bottled water instead. It is healthier for us. We need to cut
down on our intake of sugar, as too much sugar is not good for our bodies.

Martha: I need to put bread on the list before I forget. Should I get one loaf or two?

Laura: One loaf will be enough. Put down a bag of rice also.

Martha: Do we need anything for dessert?

Laura: Get a box of ice cream.

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Martha: Ice cream? Isn’t ice cream packed with sugar?

Laura: Yes, but since I already drink water instead of soft drinks, one or perhaps two
scoops of ice cream after dinner is not too bad. Besides, mom loves ice cream,
especially cherry vanilla.

Martha: OK, I will put down one box of ice cream if you say so. Do you want me to buy
some pastries for you?

Laura: I know the pastries at the market are delicious; however, no is my answer. Do
not tempt me, Martha.

Martha: Just asking, Laura.

Laura: You have quite a few items to take care of. You need to get going.

Martha: Yes, the list is quite long. By the time I get to the cashier to pay, I will
probably have a full shopping cart. OK, I am all set to go. I will be back soon.

Laura: Drive carefully please!

Martha: I will.

EXPRESSIONS

 Go grocery shopping
 Leave for work
 I guess I can
 I am done with my homework
 Enough for the whole week
 Frozen food
 I want to see how it tastes
 Run out of something
 By the time

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  Take care of something gì
 Right!
 Marinate
 Cut down on our intake of sugar
 Loaf of bread
 Besides
 Don’t tempt me!
 You need to get going
 Shopping cart
 I am all set to go
 I will be back

Simple Present

1. For facts

 Whales live in the ocean.

 Aconcagua is the highest mountain in Latin America.
 The flight from Chile to Australia is thirteen hours.

2. For repeated or regular actions

 Flights to Buenos Aires leave every hour.

 I eat breakfast at the table.
 We work every day of the week.

3. For habits

 I brush my teeth three times a day.

 He only drinks milk.
 We celebrate Christmas on the twenty-fifth of December.

4. For things that are generally true in the present time period:

 Boca Juniors is the best team in Argentina at the moment.

 She is my girlfriend.
 We study English.

Read

Renata: Good morning everyone, I’m Renata and I’m from Brazil. Where do you come
from?

Gina: Hello. I’m Gina and I live in Colombia. I usually come here to Texas every
summer.

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Nick: Hey, I’m Nick and I’m American. Welcome to the summer camp. I’m the General
Counselor. Let me tell you that we generally start the day with a music activity.

Renata: I like that because I sing and play the drums.

Nick: Do you have a band?

Renata: Yes, I have a music band in São Paulo. I suppose that children here also play
instruments.

Nick: Yeah, some of them do. Do you play any instrument, Gina?

Gina: No, I only dance.

Nick: Perfect, so we can play music and dance with the campers. Let’s move on to the
afternoons, we usually practice some sports like tennis, soccer and baseball.

Renata: Great. In my country, we love soccer.

Gina: In Colombia, we seldom play baseball but we like soccer too.

Nick: Awesome! Children usually choose soccer. Nowadays, soccer is quite popular here
in the States. And in the evenings, campers build a campfire and tell scary stories
with the Outdoor Activities Staff. Do you like those stories?

Gina: Yes, I do.

Renata: No, I don’t. I hate darkness and ghost stories.

Nick: Don’t worry. In that case, we also have a karaoke contest.

Renata: Sure, I will go for that.

Nick: Ok, I promise you will have a lot of fun this summer.

Vocabulario

 Summer camp: Campamento de verano

 Counselor: Supervisor
 Drums: Batería
 Actually: En realidad
 Outdoor: Al aire libre
 Awesome: Increíble
 Campfire: Fogata
 Agree: De acuerdo
 Scary: Escalofriante
 Ghost: Fantasma
 Darkness: Oscuridad

PRACTICE!!

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Where does Gina live?

 Brazil
 The USA
 Colombia

Where does the conversation take place?

 At a sports club
 At a summer camp in the USA
 At a karaoke bar

Why doesn’t Renata like the plan?

 Because she hates campfires

 Because she doesn’t like the dark places and scary tales.
 Because she prefers to sleep

Why does the General Counselor says: “Don’t worry”?

 To express confusion
 To express anger
 To express understanding

What can we infer about the summer camp?

 There are many children with their school teachers.

 There are only two children, one instructor and one counselor.
 There are more than two children, some counselors and other staff.

Some of the activities to do during the day are:

 Storytelling, sports, music

 Conferences, cooking, karaoke
 Sports, English lessons, dancing.

Present Continuous

We use the present progressive tense:

1. When somebody is doing something at this moment.

 Sarah is changing her clothes right now.

 Her boyfriend is waiting for her.
 We are learning the progressive tense in English.

2. When something is happening at this moment. When the action has started but
hasn't finished.

 It is snowing at the moment.

 The economy is growing at an exponential rate.

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  The children are sleeping so please be quiet.

3. To talk about something that is happening around the time of speaking but not
necessarily at that exact moment.

 Alfredo is studying a lot for his exam.

 I'm reading a great book. (Not necessary right at this moment)
 We are planning a trip to Jamaica.

- Exercise 1

Read and circle true or false for these sentences.

I like sport. I do judo on Fridays and I play volleyball every weekend.

Right now I’m not doing sport, I’m watching a match on TV! My brother

doesn’t like sport. Every weekend he stays at home and plays

computer games. Right now he’s sleeping!

a. She likes sport. true false

b. She plays volleyball on Mondays. true false

c. She’s watching a match on TV now. true false

d. Her brother likes sport. true false

e. He’s playing computer games now. true false

- Exercise 2

Read the sentence. Circle the correct answer.

a. I my grandmother every Saturday. do call / call / am calling

b. She a lot in the evenings. is read / is reading / reads

c. They to the teacher right now! don’t listen / aren’t listening / not listen

d. He the dog at the moment. is walking / walks / walk

e. We up early at the weekend. don’t get / don’t gets / aren’t getting

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f. What every weekend? you do / do you do / are you doing

g. What right now? you doing / do you do / are you doing

- Exercise 3

Write the verbs in the present simple or present continuous.

a. I go to school every day. go

b. I to the park now. go

c. My sister computer games every day. play

d. My sister outside now. play

e. We our favourite cartoon at the moment. watch

f. We TV on Sundays. not watch

g. My dad lunch at the moment. not make

h. My dad dinner every evening. make

- Exercise 4

Write

What do you do every week? What are you doing now? write about it like in exercise
1!

- Exercise 5

Read the sentences and underline the correct one.

a.

I doing this grammar test right now!

I do this grammar test right now!

I’m doing this grammar test right now!

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_______

b.

I’m not usually reading adventure stories.

I don’t usually read adventure stories.

I’m not usually read adventure stories.

_______

c.

My parents get up very early every day.

My parents are getting up very early every day.

My parents gets up very early every day.

_______

d.

My best friend play at my house after school on Fridays.

My best friend plays at my house after school on Fridays.

My best friend is playing at my house after school on Fridays.

_______

e.

My brother doesn’t watching TV right now because he has to do his homework.

My brother doesn’t watch TV right now because he has to do his homework.

My brother isn’t watching TV right now because he has to do his homework.

- Exercise 6

Find the mistake, underline it and write the correct sentence.

a. We’re make a cake for mum’s birthday now.

____________________________________ _______

b. Every Sunday I’m calling my grandmother.

_____________________________________ _______

c. At the moment my sister doesn’t studying English.

_______________________________ _______

d. My parents take the dog for a walk right now.

___________________________________ _______

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e. My brother is never eating peanuts because he’s allergic.
__________________________ _______

READ!

─ Hi, Carlos. Where are you going?

─ Hi Yoli, I'm going (I am going) to school.

─ On saturday? What are you studying?

─ I'm studying the Italian language.

─ Really? Why? will Youl travel to Italy?

─ Yes Yoli, my family will travel to Rome in summer. We'll (We will) going to visit my
grandparents.

─ Thats so nice. Your family is from Italy?

─ Yes, They come America around 30 years ago.

─ And where your grandparents are living?

─ They are living in Spinaceto, near Rome.

─ Thats lovely. Will you take me some photos?

─ Of course, I'll take you a lot of pictures, also I'll send it to you by email.

─ OK, Carlos, thanks. Now run, you're going late.

─ Bye, Yoli. See you later.

─ Bye.

Present Perfect

The Present Perfect Tense is formed using the following structure:

Affirmative: Subject + Have / Has + Past Participle

Negative: Subject + Haven't / Hasn't + Past Participle

Question: Have / Has + Subject + Past Participle

Affirmative Sentences

Past
Subject Have Rest of the Sentence
Participle

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 I have Studied for the exam.
You have Bought a new computer.
He has Eaten my chocolate.
She has Written an e-mail.
It has Been cold this month.
We have Won the championship.
You have Tried to learn a lot.
They have Forgotten my birthday.

Contractions
The contracted form of the perfect tense is quite common:

Contractio
Have Examples
n

I have I've I've spent all my money.

You have You've You've worn that dress before.
He has He's He's slept all morning.
She has She's She's lost her purse.
It has It's It's fallen off the wall.
We have We've We've chosen you for the job.
You have You've You've begun to annoy me.
They have They've They've drunk too much.
We use contractions a lot when we are speaking.

Negative Sentences
The contraction of the perfect tense in negative form is:
Have not = Haven't
Has not = Hasn't

Past
Subject Have Rest of the Sentence
Participle

I haven't Studied for the exam.

You haven't Bought a new computer.
He hasn't Eaten my chocolate.
She hasn't Written an e-mail.
It hasn't Been cold this month.
We haven't Won the championship.

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 You haven't Tried to learn a lot.
They haven't forgotten my birthday.

Questions

Hav Past
Subject Rest of the Sentence
e Participle

Have I Been chosen for the team?

Have you Bought a new car?
Has he Eaten my sandwich?
Has she Written the letter?
Has it Started on time?
Have we Won a trophy?
Have you Kept my secret?
Have they Driven there?

When do we use the Present Perfect Tense?

1. Unspecified point in the past

 I have been to Spain three times.

(At some unspecified time in the past, I went to Spain).

Compare with the simple past:

 I went to Spain three times in 2005.

(specified time in the past - the year 2005)

2. An action that occurred in the past, but has a result in the present (now)

 We can't find our luggage. Have you seen it?

(The luggage was lost in the past, do you know where it is now?)

3. Talking about general experiences (ever, never)

It usually refers to an event happening at some moment in your life.

 Has she ever tried Chilean wine before? (in her life)

 I've never eaten monkey brains before. (in my life)

4. Events that recently occurred (just)

 Do you want to go to a restaurant with me?

No, thanks. I've just eaten lunch. (I recently ate lunch.)

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5. Events that have not occurred up to now (yet)

 Are Carlos and Rodrigo here? No, they haven't arrived yet. (they're still not
here now)

6. Events that occurred before you expected (already)

 I've already graduated from University. (I expected to graduate at a later

date.)

7. Events that began in the past and haven't changed (for, since)

 Mike has worked at Woodward for 3 years.

(Mike started working at Woodward 3 years ago and he still works there now.)
 Julie has worked at Woodward since September last year.
(Julie began working at Woodward in September of last year, and that hasn't
changed - she still works here now.)

Short example!

Harold: Have you tried fried fish?

Katia: No, I haven´t. And you?

Harold: I have eaten it a couple times. It´s tasty.

Katia: Nice! Thanks for the suggestion.

Past participles

Past participles are used for all perfect tense forms of a verb and in the passive
voice in English.

For regular verbs, we normally add ED to form its past participle. Unfortunately
for irregular verbs there are no rules and it is just a matter of practice.

1. Present perfect

 She hasn't finished her assignment yet.

 I still haven't found my keys.

2. Past perfect

 Chris was ill because he had eaten too much chocolate.

 She missed the bus because she hadn't set her alarm.

3. Future perfect

 Jamie will have been in Australia for one year in April.

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  He will have gone by the time you arrive.

4. Conditional perfect

 If his passport had not been stolen, Adam would have gone to Brazil.
 I wouldn't have known if you hadn't told me.

5. Passive Voice

 The west coast of The USA was struck by torrential rain last night.
 The painting was stolen in the middle of the night.

Participles as adjectives
Past Participles can also be used like an adjective in front of a noun:

 The stolen baby was found by the police unharmed.

 Dean's broken arm was set in plaster by the doctor at the hospital.
 Please bring all of the required documents for your interview tomorrow.

- Exercise 1

Read and circle true or false for these sentences.

We’re very lucky. We’ve had lots of exciting experiences. I’ve been to

London and I’ve seen Buckingham Palace. I haven’t met the Queen though!

My sister has visited Mexico but she’s never eaten tacos. My parents are

the luckiest. They’ve travelled around the world

a. He’s been to London. true false

b. He’s met the Queen. true false

c. His sister has visited Mexico. true false

d. His sister has eaten tacos. true false

e. His parents have travelled around the country. true false

- Exercise 2

Read the sentence. Circle the correct answer.

a. I’ve to South Africa. go / been / went

b. She’s never pizza with chocolate! eaten / eat / ate

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c. He never made a snowman. was / have / has

d. Have you ever off your bike? fallen / fell / fall

e. I ridden a camel. ’s / ’ve / ’m

f. We’ve the Pyramids. see / saw / seen

g. They been skiing. haven’t / hasn’t / weren’t

h. How many countries has she ? visit / visited / visiting

- Exercise 3

Find the mistake in each sentence and correct it.

a. I’ve meet my favourite actor! I’ve met my favourite actor!

b. He’s try snowboarding and skiing.

c. She haven’t read any Shakespeare plays.

d. I’ve never broke my leg.

e. Has you ever given your teacher a present?

f. We’ve ran two marathons.

g. They’s built their own house.

h. Has he ever have Thai green curry?

- Exercise 4

What experiences have you and your family had? write about it like in exercise 1

- Exercise 5

Read the sentences and underline the correct one.

a.

I have went to three countries in my life.

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I have been to three countries in my life.

I went to three countries in my life.

_______

b.

My parents have travel around the world.

My parents have travelled around the world.

My parents travel around the world.

_______

c.

My best friend never ate pizza with chocolate.

My best friend never eaten pizza with chocolate.

My best friend has never eaten pizza with chocolate.

_______

d.

I have never met the Queen!

I never meet the Queen!

I never have met the Queen!

_______

e.

Have you ever fell off your bicycle?

Did you ever fall off your bicycle?

Have you ever fallen off your bicycle?

- Exercise 6

Find the mistake, underline it and write the correct sentence.

a. I have rode a horse and a camel.

__________________________________________ _______

b. I have never make a snowman.

____________________________________________ _______

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c. My parents never have tried sushi.
_________________________________________ _______

d. My sister has go to a concert.

_____________________________________________ _______

e. Has your brother ever see a ghost?

_________________________________________ _______

Present Perfect Continuous

The present perfect continuous is formed using has/have + been + present

participle. Questions are indicated by inverting the subject and has/have. Negatives
are made with not.

 Statement: You have been waiting here for two hours.

 Question: Have you been waiting here for two hours?
 Negative: You have not been waiting here for two hours.

USE 1 Duration from the Past Until Now

We use the present perfect continuous to show that something started in the past
and has continued up until now. For five minutes, for two weeks, and since Tuesday are
all durations which can be used with the present perfect continuous.

Examples:

 They have been talking for the last hour.

 She has been working at that company for three years.
 What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes?
 James has been teaching at the university since June.
 We have been waiting here for over two hours!
 Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three days?

USE 2 Recently, Lately

You can also use the present perfect continuous WITHOUT a duration such as for
two weeks. Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of lately. We
often use the words lately or recently to emphasize this meaning.

Examples:

 Recently, I have been feeling really tired.

 She has been watching too much television lately.
 Have you been exercising lately?
 Mary has been feeling a little depressed.
 Lisa has not been practicing her English.

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  What have you been doing?

IMPORTANT

Remember that the present perfect continuous has the meaning of lately or recently.
If you use the present perfect continuous in a question such as "Have you been feeling
alright?", it can suggest that the person looks sick or unhealthy. A question such as
"Have you been smoking?" can suggest that you smell the smoke on the person. Using
this tense in a question suggests you can see, smell, hear or feel the results of the
action. It is possible to insult someone by using this tense incorrectly.

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that non-continuous verbs cannot be used in any

continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for mixed verbs cannot be
used in continuous tenses. Instead of using present perfect continuous with these
verbs, you must use present perfect.

Examples:

 Sam has been having his car for two years. Not Correct

 Sam has had his car for two years. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such
as always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

 You have only been waiting here for one hour.

 Have you only been waiting here for one hour?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

 Recently, John has been doing the work. Active

 Recently, the work has been being done by John. Passive

- Exercise 1

Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses,

Robin: I think the waiter (forget)   us. We (wait)   here for

over half an hour and nobody (take)   our order yet.

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Michele: I think you're right. He (walk)   by us at least twenty times. He

probably thinks we (order, already)  .

Robin: Look at that couple over there, they (be, only)   here for five or

ten minutes and they already have their food.

Michele: He must realize we (order, not)   yet! We (sit)   

here for over half an hour staring at him.

Robin: I don't know if he (notice, even)   us. He (run)   

from table to table taking orders and serving food.

Michele: That's true, and he (look, not)   in our direction once.

- Exercise 2

Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses,

1. Judy: How long (be)   in Canada?

Claude: I (study)   here for more than three years.

2. I (have)   the same car for more than ten years. I'm thinking about

buying a new one.

3. I (love)   chocolate since I was a child. You might even call me a

"chocoholic."

4. Matt and Sarah (have)   some difficulties in their relationship lately,

so they (go)   to a marriage counselor. I hope they work everything out.

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5. John (work)   for the government since he graduated from Harvard

University. Until recently, he (enjoy)   his work, but now he is talking

about retiring.

6. Lately, I (think)   about changing my career because I

(become)   dissatisfied with the conditions at my company.

7. I (see)   Judy for more than five years and during that time I

(see)   many changes in her personality.

Past Simple

The Past Simple Tense (also known as Simple Past Tense) is often just called
the Past Tense.

If you already know how to use the Present Tense, then the Past Tense will be easy.

In general, the Past Tense is used to talk about something that started and finished
at a definite time in the past.

How to form the Past Tense in English

The main rule is that for every verb in English, there is only one form of it in the past
tense.
(The exception is the Past tense of To Be, which has two forms: was and were)

This is totally different from other languages such as Spanish, French, Italian etc.
where you change the verb ending for every subject.

For example: The past tense of the verb want is wanted.

Wanted is used as the past tense for all subjects/pronouns.

 I wanted
 You wanted
 He wanted
 She wanted
 It wanted
 We wanted
 They wanted

So you just have to learn one word to be able to use it in the past tense. In this case
we just needed to learn the one word wanted  which can be used for all subjects (or
people).

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Regular Verbs
To change a regular verb into its past tense form, we normally add –ED to the end of
the verb.

 play – played
 cook – cooked
 rain – rained
 wait – waited

There are some exceptions with a slight change in spelling which you can see here:
Spelling of words ending in ED.

Examples

 Last night I played my guitar loudly and the neighbors complained.

 She kissed me on the cheek.
 It rained yesterday.
 Angela watched TV all night.
 John wanted to go to the museum.

Note: There are three different ways of pronouncing the –ed at the end of a verb in
the past tense.
We recommend reading our guide about the pronunciation of –ED at the end of words.

Negative sentences
We use didn't (did not) to make a negative sentence in the past tense.
This is for regular AND irregular verbs in English.
(Exception is To Be and Modal Verbs such as Can)

Compare the following:

Present: They don’t live in Canada.

Past: They didn't live in Canada.

The main verb (live in the example above) is in its base form (of the infinitive). The
auxiliary DIDN'T shows that the sentence is negative AND in the past tense.

NOTICE: The only difference between a negative sentence in the present tense and a
negative sentence in the past tense is the change in the auxiliary verb.

Both don't and doesn't in the present tense become didn't in the past tense.

Compare the negative sentences in the examples below:

Present: You don't need a mechanic.

Past: You didn't need a mechanic.

Present: You don't walk to work.

Past: You didn't walk to work.

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Present: He doesn't speak Japanese.
Past: He didn't speak Japanese.

Examples of negative sentences in the Past Tense

 I didn't want to go to the dentist.

 She didn't have time.
 You didn't close the door.
 He didn't come to my party.
 They didn't study so they didn't pass the test.
 We didn't sleep well last night.

Questions in the Past Tense

We use did to make a question in the past tense.
This is for regular AND irregular verbs in English.
(Exception is To Be and Modal Verbs such as Can)

Compare the following:

Present: Do they live in France?

Past: Did they live in France?

The main verb (live in the example above) is in its base form (of the infinitive). The
auxiliary DID shows that the question is in the past tense.

NOTICE: The only difference between a question in the present tense and a question
in the past tense is the change in the auxiliary verb.
Both Do and Does in present tense questions become Didn't in past tense questions.

Compare the questions in the examples below:

Present: Do you need a doctor?

Past: Did you need a doctor?

Present: Do you ride your bike to work?

Past: Did you ride your bike to work?

Present: Does he live in Italy?

Past: Did he live in Italy?

We can also use a question word (Who, What, Why etc.) before DID to ask for more
information.

 Did you study? – Yes, I did.

 When did you study? – I studied last night.
 Where did you study? – I studied at the library.

Examples of Questions in the Past Tense

 Did you go to work yesterday?

 Did they arrive on time?

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  Did she like the surprise?
 Where did she go?
 What did you do yesterday?
 What did you say? - I didn't say anything.
 Why did we have to come?

Irregular Verbs in the Past Tense

Irregular verbs are ONLY irregular in affirmative/positive sentences.
(An exception to this is with the verb TO BE in the Past Tense).

For example: The past tense of GO is WENT.

It does not end in –ED so it is considered irregular.

The word went is used for all subjects – I, you, we, they, he, she, it.

 I went to the beach

 He went to the park.
 She went to the zoo.
 They went to the library.

BUT, as we mentioned before, it is only in its irregular form (went) in sentences that
are affirmative/positive.

Compare the following using GO in the past tense.

 They went to the beach

 They didn't go to the beach --- Didn't shows that we are talking in the past
tense.
 Did they go to the beach? --- Did shows that we are talking in the past tense.

Another example with an irregular verb.

The past of EAT is ATE.

 You ate my cake.
 You didn't eat my cake.
 Did you eat my cake?

- Exercise 1

Read and circle true or false for these sentences.

Yesterday I went to the playground. I had lots of fun. I played on

the swings and the slide but I didn’t go in the sandpit. I saw my

best friend there. We talked a lot and she invited me to her

birthday party. Afterwards I didn’t want to go home

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a. She went to the playground yesterday. true false

b. It was boring. true false

c. She played on the swings. true false

d. She saw her teacher there. true false

e. She wanted to go home. true false

- Exercise 2

Read the sentence. Circle the correct answer.

a. I to the park yesterday. go / went / wented

b. She computer games last night. played / play / player

c. He to go to school yesterday. didn’t went / didn’t want / didn’t wanted

d. I a lot of cake at the party! eat / eated / ate

e. They out at the weekend. didn’t went / didn’t go / not go

f. You to my party on Saturday! not came / didn’t came / didn’t come

g. My dad all the milk this morning! drank / drinked / drink

h. We our grandparents on Sunday. visit / visiting / visited

- Exercise 3

Write the verbs in the past simple.

a. Yesterday I wrote a comment on LearnEnglish Kids! write

b. My sister to school this morning. walk

c. Last weekend my brother a birthday party. have

d. You me last night! not call

e. We our homework! not do

f. I my favourite TV programme yesterday. watch

g. My friend me a new pencil case for my birthday. give

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h. They really the film which they saw yesterday. like

- Exercise 4

When did you last go to the playground? write about it

like in exercise 1

- Exercise 5

Read the sentences and underline the correct one.

a.

I wented to the park yesterday.

I went to the park yesterday.

I goed to the park yesterday.

_______

b.

Last night I did play with my little sister.

Last night I didn’t played with my little sister.

Last night I played with my little sister.

_______

c.

We didn’t ate all the cake yesterday.

We didn’t eat all the cake yesterday.

We not eat all the cake yesterday.

_______

d.

My parents watched me play in a tennis match at the weekend.

My parents did watch me play in a tennis match at the weekend.

My parents didn’t watched me play in a tennis match at the weekend.

_______

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e.

Last Christmas I writed a long letter to Santa!

Last Christmas I did write a long letter to Santa!

Last Christmas I wrote a long letter to Santa!

- Exercise 6

Find the mistake, underline it and write the correct sentence.

a. We visit our grandparents last month.

________________________________________ _______

b. Last weekend I not did any sport.

___________________________________________ _______

c. I didn’t wanted to get up this morning!

________________________________________ _______

d. My dad drinked all the milk yesterday!

________________________________________ _______

e. Yesterday my parents didn’t went out.

________________________________________ _______

Past Continuous

The past continuous (also called past progressive) is a verb tense which is used to
show that an ongoing past action was happening at a specific moment of interruption,
or that two ongoing actions were happening at the same time. Read on for detailed
descriptions, examples, and past continuous exercises.

Past Continuous Forms

The past continuous is formed using was/were + present participle. Questions are

indicated by inverting the subject and was/were. Negatives are made with not.

 Statement: You were studying when she called.

 Question: Were you studying when she called?
 Negative: You were not studying when she called.

USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past

Use the past continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted.
The interruption is usually a shorter action in the simple past. Remember this can be a
real interruption or just an interruption in time.

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Examples:

 I was watching TV when she called.

 When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.
 While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.
 What were you doing when the earthquake started?
 I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm.
 You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off.
 While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.
 Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane.
 While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off.
 A: What were you doing when you broke your leg?
B: I was snowboarding.

USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption

In USE 1, described above, the past continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in

the simple past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.

Examples:

 Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.

 At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.
 Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.

IMPORTANT

In the simple past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In
the past continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action.

Examples:

 Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner.

I started eating at 6 PM.
 Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
I started earlier;  and at 6 PM, I was in the process of eating dinner.

USE 3 Parallel Actions

When you use the past continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses
the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.

Examples:

 I was studying while he was making dinner.

 While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.
 Were you listening while he was talking?

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  I wasn't paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several
mistakes.
 What were you doing while you were waiting?
 Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't working either.
 They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.

USE 4 Atmosphere

In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a

particular time in the past.

Example:

 When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were

talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were
waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his
hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad service.

USE 5 Repetition and Irritation with Always

The past continuous with words such as always or constantly expresses the idea that
something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very
similar to the expression used to but with negative emotion. Remember to put the
words always or constantly between be and verb+ing.

Examples:

 She was always coming to class late.

 He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.
 I didn't like them because they were always complaining.

Past Continuous Tips

While vs. When

Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete
sentences. Some clauses begin with the word when such as "when she called" or "when
it bit me." Other clauses begin with while such as "while she was sleeping" and "while
he was surfing." When you talk about things in the past, when is most often followed
by the verb tense simple past, whereas while is usually followed by past
continuous. While expresses the idea of "during that time." Study the examples below.
They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different parts of the sentence.

Examples:

 I was studying when she called.

 While I was studying, she called.

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REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that Non-continuous verbs cannot be used in any

continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for mixed verbs cannot be
used in continuous tenses. Instead of using past continuous with these verbs, you must
use simple past.

Examples:

 Jane was being at my house when you arrived. Not Correct

 Jane was at my house when you arrived. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such
as always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

 You were just studying when she called.

 Were you just studying when she called?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

 The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the
store. Active
 The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the
store. Passive

- Exercise 1

Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses,

1. A: What (you, do)   when the accident occurred?

B: I (try)   to change a light bulb that had burnt out.

2. After I (find)   the wallet full of money, I (go,

immediately)   to the police and (turn)   it in.

3. The doctor (say)   that Tom (be)   too sick to go to work

and that he (need)   to stay at home for a couple of days.

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4. Sebastian (arrive)   at Susan's house a little before 9:00 PM, but she

(be, not)   there. She (study, at the library)   for

her final examination in French.

5. Sandy is in the living room watching television. At this time yesterday, she (watch,

also)   television. That's all she ever does!

6. A: I (call)   you last night after dinner, but you (be, not)   

there. Where were you?

B: I (work)   out at the fitness center.

7. When I (walk)   into the busy office, the secretary (talk)   

on the phone with a customer, several clerks (work, busily)   at their

desks, and two managers (discuss, quietly)   methods to improve

customer service.

8. I (watch)   a mystery movie on TV when the electricity went out. Now I

am never going to find out how the movie ends.

9. Sharon (be)   in the room when John told me what happened, but she

didn't hear anything because she (listen, not)  .

10. It's strange that you (call)   because I (think, just)   

about you.

11. The Titanic (cross)   the Atlantic when it (strike)   an

iceberg.

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12. When I entered the bazaar, a couple of merchants (bargain,

busily)   and (try)   to sell their goods to naive tourists

who (hunt)   for souvenirs. Some young boys (lead)   their

donkeys through the narrow streets on their way home. A couple of men

(argue)   over the price of a leather belt. I (walk)   over to a

man who (sell)   fruit and (buy)   a banana.

13. The firemen (rescue)   the old woman who (be)   trapped

on the third floor of the burning building.

14. She was so annoying! She (leave, always)   her dirty dishes in the

sink. I think she (expect, actually)   me to do them for her.

15. Samantha (live)   in Berlin for more than two years. In fact, she

(live)   there when the Berlin Wall came down.

- Exercise 2

Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses,

Last night, while I was doing my homework, Angela (call)  . She said she

(call)   me on her cell phone from her biology classroom at UCLA. I asked

her if she (wait)   for class, but she said that the professor was at the

front of the hall lecturing while she (talk)   to me. I couldn't believe she

(make)   a phone call during the lecture. I asked what was going on.

She said her biology professor was so boring that several of the students (sleep,

actually)   in class. Some of the students (talk)   about

their plans for the weekend and the student next to her (draw)   a

picture of a horse. When Angela (tell)   me she was not satisfied with the

class, I (mention)   that my biology professor was quite good and

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(suggest)   that she switch to my class.

While we were talking, I (hear)   her professor yell, "Miss, are you making

a phone call?" Suddenly, the line went dead. I (hang)   up the phone and

went to the kitchen to make dinner. As I (cut)   vegetables for a salad,

the phone rang once again. It (be)   Angela, but this time she wasn't

sitting in class.

Verb Tense Practice Test

Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses,
then click the "Check" button to check your answers.

1. You look really great! (you, work)   out at the fitness center

recently?

2. A: What (you, do)   when the accident occurred?

B: I (try)   to change a light bulb that had burnt out.

3. I (have)   the same car for more than ten years. I'm thinking about

buying a new one.

4. If it (snow)   this weekend, we (go)   skiing near Lake

Tahoe.

5. A: What do you call people who work in libraries?

B: They (call)   librarians.

6. I came to England six months ago. I started my economics course three months ago.

When I return to Australia, I (study)   for nine months and I

(be)   in England for exactly one year.

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7. Sam (arrive)   in San Diego a week ago.

8. Samantha (live)   in Berlin for more than two years. In fact, she

(live)   there when the Berlin wall came down.

9. If Vera (keep)   drinking, she (lose, eventually)   her

job.

10. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the Yucatan;

however, their culture (disappear, virtually)   by the time

Europeans first (arrive)   in the New World.

11. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep)  .

12. It (rain)   all week. I hope it stops by Saturday because I want to go

to the beach.

13. Listen Donna, I don't care if you (miss)   the bus this morning. You

(be)   late to work too many times. You are fired!

14. I am sick of rain and bad weather! Hopefully, when we (wake)   up

tomorrow morning, the sun (shine)  .

15. I have not traveled much yet; however, I (visit)   the Grand Canyon

and San Francisco by the time I leave the United States.

16. I (see)   many pictures of the pyramids before I went to Egypt.

Pictures of the monuments are very misleading. The pyramids are actually quite small.

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17. In the last hundred years, traveling (become)   much easier and very

comfortable. In the 19th century, it (take)   two or three months to

cross North America by covered wagon. The trip (be)   very rough and

often dangerous. Things (change)   a great deal in the last hundred and

fifty years. Now you can fly from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours.

18. Joseph's English (improve, really)  , isn't it? He

(watch)   American television programs and (study)   his

grammar every day since he first arrived in San Diego. Soon he will be totally fluent.

19. When I (arrive)   home last night, I discovered that Jane

(prepare)   a beautiful candlelight dinner.

20. If you (need)   to contact me sometime next week, I

(stay)   at the Sheraton in San Francisco.

Exercise 2

Complete questions 1-10 below with the appropriate tenses, answer questions 11-15,
then click the "Check" button to check your answers.

1. When Carol (call)   last night, I (watch)   my favorite

show on television.

2. I (work)   for this company for more than thirty years, and I intend

to stay here until I retire!

3. Sharon (love)   to travel. She (go)   abroad almost every

summer. Next year, she plans to go to Peru.

4. Thomas is an author. He (write)   mystery novels and travel memoirs.

He (write)   since he was twenty-eight. Altogether, he

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(write)   seven novels, three collections of short stories and a book of

poetry.

5. We were late because we had some car problems. By the time we

(get)   to the train station, Susan (wait)   for us for more

than two hours.

6. Sam (try)   to change a light bulb when he (slip)   and

(fall)  .

7. Everyday I (wake)   up at 6 o'clock, (eat)   breakfast at 7

o'clock and (leave)   for work at 8 o'clock. However, this morning I

(get)   up at 6:30, (skip)   breakfast and

(leave)   for work late because I (forget)   to set my alarm.

8. Right now, Jim (read)   the newspaper and Kathy (make)   

dinner. Last night at this time, they (do)   the same thing. She

(cook)   and he (read)   the newspaper. Tomorrow at this

time, they (do, also)   the same thing. She (prepare)   

dinner and he (read)  . They are very predictable people!

9. By this time next summer, you (complete)   your studies and

(find)   a job. I, on the other hand, (accomplish,

not)   anything. I (study, still)   and you

(work)   in some new high paying job.

10. The students (be, usually)   taught by Mrs. Monty. However, this week

they (teach)   taught by Mr. Tanzer.

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************

11.

Jane talks on the phone.

Bob has been talking on the phone for an hour.

Mary is talking on the phone.

Who is not necessarily on the phone now? 

12.

I'm going to make dinner for Frank.

I'm making dinner for Judy.

I'll make dinner for Mary.

I make dinner for Ted.

I will be making dinner for Tony.

Who are you offering to make dinner for? 

13.

Jane left when Tim arrived.

Bob left when Tim had arrived.

When Tim arrived, Mary was leaving.

John had left when Tim arrived.

After Tim arrived, Frank left.

Who did not run into Tim? 

14.

Jane is talking in class.

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Bob always talks in class.

Mary is always talking in class.

Whose action bothers you? 

15.

Jane never left Jamestown.

Bob has never left Jamestown.

Who is still alive? 

Past Participle

Verb Simple Past

1 to be  were  been 

2 to have  had  had 

3 to do  did  done 

4 to say  said  said 

5 to go  went  gone 

6 to get  got  got  / gotten  

7 to make  made  made 

8 to know  knew  known 

9 to think  thought  thought 

10 to take  took  taken 

11 to see  saw  seen 

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 Past Participle

Verb Simple Past

12 to come  came  come 

13 to want  wanted  wanted 

14 to look  looked  looked 

15 to use  used  used 

16 to find  found  found 

17 to give  gave  given 

18 to tell  told  told 

19 to work  worked  worked 

20 to call  called  called 

21 to try  tried  tried 

22 to ask  asked  asked 

23 to need  needed  needed 

24 to feel  felt  felt 

25 to become  became  become 

26 to leave  left  left 

27 to put  put  put 

28 to mean  meant  meant 

29 to keep  kept  kept 

30 to let  let  let 

31 to begin  began  begun 

32 to seem  seemed  seemed 

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 Past Participle

Verb Simple Past

33 to help  helped  helped 

34 to talk  talked  talked 

35 to turn  turned  turned 

36 to start  started  started 

37 to show  showed  shown 

38 to hear  heard  heard 

39 to play  played  played 

40 to run  ran  run 

41 to move  moved  moved 

42 to like  liked  liked 

43 to live  lived  lived 

44 to believe  believed  believed 

45 to hold  held  held 

46 to bring  brought  brought 

47 to happen  happened  happened 

48 to write  wrote  written 

49 to provide  provided  provided 

50 to sit  sat  sat 

51 to stand  stood  stood 

52 to lose  lost  lost 

53 to pay  paid  paid 

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 Past Participle

Verb Simple Past

54 to meet  met  met 

55 to include  included  included 

56 to continue  continued  continued 

57 to set  set  set 

58 to learn  learnt  / learned   learnt  / learned  

59 to change  changed  changed 

60 to lead  led  led 

61 to understand  understood  understood 

62 to watch  watched  watched 

63 to follow  followed  followed 

64 to stop  stopped  stopped 

65 to create  created  created 

66 to speak  spoke  spoken 

67 to read  read  read 

68 to allow  allowed  allowed 

69 to add  added  added 

70 to spend  spent  spent 

71 to grow  grew  grown 

72 to open  opened  opened 

73 to walk  walked  walked 

74 to win  won  won 

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 Past Participle

Verb Simple Past

75 to offer  offered  offered 

76 to remember  remembered  remembered 

77 to love  loved  loved 

78 to consider  considered  considered 

79 to appear  appeared  appeared 

80 to buy  bought  bought 

81 to wait  waited  waited 

82 to serve  served  served 

83 to die  died  died 

84 to send  sent  sent 

85 to expect  expected  expected 

86 to build  built  built 

87 to stay  stayed  stayed 

88 to fall  fell  fallen 

89 to cut  cut  cut 

90 to reach  reached  reached 

91 to kill  killed  killed 

92 to remain  remained  remained 

93 to suggest  suggested  suggested 

94 to raise  raised  raised 

95 to pass  passed  passed 

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 Past Participle

Verb Simple Past

96 to sell  sold  sold 

97 to require  required  required 

98 to report  reported  reported 

99 to decide  decided  decided 

100 to pull  pulled  pulled 

Future Will

We normally use WILL to speak about the future. It is always combined with another
verb.

Since WILL is classified as a modal verb (like can, would, could, should) it has the
same characteristics:

1. It does not change in the third person (i.e. he, she, it)
2. It is always combined with another verb in the base form (i.e. without 'to')
3. We don't use it with 'Do' in questions or negatives.

Examples of Will:

 I will go to the cinema tonight.

 He will play tennis tomorrow.
 She will be happy with her exam results.
 They will take the bus to the South next week.

When to use WILL

We use WILL in the following circumstances:

1. For things that we decide to do now. (Rapid Decisions)

This is when you make a decision at that moment, in a spontaneous way.

 I'll call a taxi for you.

 I think we'll go right now. (I just decided this right now)
 Which one? Um, I will have the chicken sandwich please.

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2. When we think or believe something about the future. (Prediction)

This can be based on personal judgement or opinion.

 The President will not be re-elected at the next election.

 I think it will rain later so take an umbrella with you.
 I think you will find the movie interesting.

Notice how you often use "I think..." before the subject + will.

3. To make an offer, a promise or a threat.

 You look tired. I'll finish the dishes for you.

 I will do my best to help you.
 If you say anything I will kill you!
 I will have it ready by tomorrow.
 I'll drive you to work if you want.
 Don't worry, I won't tell anyone. (won't = will not)
4 For a habit that is a predictable behaviour

 My daughter will fall asleep as soon as she is put into bed.

 He will give up if he starts losing. He always does that.

5. You use WON'T when someone refuses to do something.

 I told him to clean his room but he won't do it.

 She won't listen to anything I say.

Negative Sentences with WILL

In the negative, we add NOT to the end of WILL and not to the main verb. (= will not)

Examples:

 I will not be in the office tomorrow. (correct)

I  will be not  in the office tomorrow. (Incorrect)
 They will not stay here. (correct)
They  will stay not  here. (Incorrect)

Contractions
It is possible to use contractions in both positive and negative sentences.

With positive contractions WILL becomes 'LL and is joined to the subject:

Positive
Contraction

I will I'll

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 You will you'll
He will he'll
She will she'll
It will it'll
We will we'll
You will you'll
They will they'll

With negative contractions, will not becomes won't:

Negative
Contraction

I will not I won't

You will not you won't
He will not he won't
She will not she won't
It will not it won't
We will not we won't
You will not you won't
They will Questions
they won't To form a question using WILL, we reverse the order of
not
the subject and WILL:

Affirmative He Will be here tomorrow.

Subjec Ver
  WILL
t b
 

Question Will he be here tomorrow?

Subjec Ver
  WILL
t b

Examples:

Will they win the cup?

- Yes, they will.
- No, they won't.

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Will you tell him the truth?
- Yes, I will.
- No, I won't.

Will she get angry?

- Yes, she will.
- No, she won't.

Going to

Positive & Negative Sentences

The positive and negative structures for Be Going To are as follows:

Positive Negative

I am going to I am not going to

You are going to You are not going to
He is going to He is not going to
She is going to She is not going to
It is going to It is not going to
We are going to We are not going to
You are going to You are not going to
They are not going
They are going to
to

The structure BE GOING TO is normally used to indicate the future in English. We
use this structure:

1. When we have already decided or we INTEND to do something in the future.

(Prior Plan)

The decision has been made before the moment of speaking.

 I'm going to go to India next year.

 We talked about it yesterday and I'm going to quit my job tomorrow.

2. When there are definite signs that something is going to happen. (Evidence)

Something is likely to happen based on the evidence or experience you have.

 It's so cold! I think it is going to snow

3. When something is about to happen:

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  Get back! The bomb is going to explode.

Questions with BE GOING TO

Questions are formed by changing the order of the subject and the verb BE:

Affirmative You are going to win the race.

Subjec GOING
  BE
t TO
 

Question Are you going to win the race?

Subjec GOING
  BE
t TO
You are going to be sick if you eat that. (Positive sentence)
Are you going to be sick if you eat that? (Question)

We are going to take orange juice to the party. (Positive sentence)

Are we going to take orange juice to the party? (Question)

BE GOING TO in the Past Tense

When BE GOING TO is used in the past tense, it refers to something that was going
to happen but in the end it did not happen.

Examples:

 I was going to call you but I lost your phone number.

 It was going to rain but suddenly the sun appeared.
 We were going to buy a new TV but then we changed our minds.
 You were going to be my bridesmaid but then you slept with my fiancée.

Gonna
Sometimes when we speak quickly, GOING TO sounds like GONNA. While it is
grammatically incorrect, it is used a lot in very informal English. You will also
occasionally see the word Gonna written in song titles or in song lyrics.

I'm gonna go to the beach tomorrow.

= I'm going to go to the beach tomorrow.

He's gonna bring his girlfriend to the party.

= He's going to bring his girlfriend to the party.

Will vs. Going to

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A very confusing concept is when to use WILL and when to use BE GOING TO when
we refer the future.

Both refer to the future and there is a slight difference between the two though in
most cases they can be used interchangeably with no difference in meaning. Even if
you misuse them, a native speaker is going to understand you without any problems.

When to use GOING TO

The structure BE GOING TO is normally used to indicate the future but with some
type of connection to the present. We use it in the following situations:

1. When we have already decided or we INTEND to do something in the future.

(Prior Plan)

The decision has been made before the moment of speaking.

 They're going to retire to the beach - in fact they have already bought a little
beach house.
 I'm going to accept the job offer.

2. When there are definite signs that something is going to happen. (Evidence)

Something is likely to happen based on the evidence or experience you have.

 I think it is going to rain - I just felt a drop.

 I don't feel well. I think I'm going to throw up. (throw up = vomit)

3. When something is about to happen:

 Get back! The bomb is going to explode.

When to use WILL

In other cases, where there is no implicit or explicit connection to the present,
use WILL:

1. For things that we decide to do now. (Rapid Decisions)

This is when you make a decision at that moment, in a spontaneous way.

 I'll buy one for you too.

 I think I'll try one of those. (I just decided this right now)

2. When we think or believe something about the future. (Prediction)

 My team will not win the league this season.

 I think it will rain later so take an umbrella with you.

Note: You can use both Will and Going to for making future predictions.

3. To make an offer, a promise or a threat.

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  I'll give you a discount if you buy it right now.
 I promise I will behave next time.
 I'll take you to the movies if you'd like.

4. You use WON'T when someone refuses to do something.

 I told him to take out the trash but he won't do it.

 My kids won't listen to anything I say.
 My car won't start.

Future Predictions
As you can see, both Will and Going to can be used for making future predictions
without having a real difference in meaning.

 The weather report says it will rain tomorrow. (Correct)

 The weather report says it is going to rain tomorrow. (Correct)

Compare Will vs. Going To

If someone asks: "Are you busy this evening?"

If I respond: "Yes, I'm going to go to the movies." I use going to because it is a plan I

made earlier (before I was asked the question). - In this case we cannot use Will.

If I haven't made plans, then you can say either: "I will probably watch TV." OR
"I'm probably going to watch TV."

Both will and going to are possible in this situation because we are predicting what will
happen (since we haven't made any plans).

- Exercise 1

Read and circle true or false for these sentences.

I think the future will be very different. People won’t drive normal

cars, there will be flying cars. Children won’t go to school, they’ll

have a robot who teaches them at home. As for me, when I grow up

I’ll be an astronaut and I won’t get married, I’ll live with my friends!

a. He thinks the future will be different. true false

b. He thinks people will drive normal cars. true false

c. He thinks children will have a human teacher. true false

d. He thinks he will be an astronaut when he grows up. true false

e. He thinks he will live with his family. true false

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- Exercise 2

Read the sentence. Circle the correct answer.

a. I will around the world when I’m older. to travel / travel / travelling

b. My sister be a singer because she loves singing. is / wills / will

c. Will people able to talk to animals in the future? are / be / being

d. They won’t any pets. having / to have / have

e. There be enough clean water in the future. won’t / willn’t / isn’t

f. We will on the moon. live / to live / living

g. My father be happy when he sees this broken window! willn’t / won’t / isn’t

h. Where live when you grow up? you will / do you / will you

- Exercise 3

Read the sentences and underline the correct one.

a.

I’ll to be a vet when I grow up.

I’ll be a vet when I grow up.

I am a vet when I grow up.

_______

b.

I think my little sister willn’t be a singer because she loves singing!

I think my little sister will to be a singer because she loves singing!

I think my little sister will be a singer because she loves singing!

_______

c.

In the future there willn’t be enough clean water.

In the future there won’t be enough clean water.

In the future there won’t to be enough clean water.

_______

d.

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You’ll being able to access the internet from your head in the future!

You’ll be able to access the internet from your head in the future!

You’ll to be able to access the internet from your head in the future.

_______

e.

My brother will never have any pets – he’s allergic!

My brother won’t never have any pets – he’s allergic!

My brother will never to have any pets – he’s allergic!

_______

- Exercise 4

Find the mistake, underline it and write the correct sentence.

a. When I’m older I’ll to live in a big house.

_______________________________________ _______

b. I won’t to have more than two children.

________________________________________ _______

c. My sister will living in another country.

_________________________________________ _______

d. One day, people will to be able to talk to animals!

________________________________ _______

e. We willn’t need to sleep in the future.

__________________________________________ _______

- Exercise 5

Read and circle true or false for these sentences.

Next week it’s the holidays! We’ve got lots of plans. We’re going to

stay with our grandparents and they’re going to take us to the

seaside. I’m going to visit the funfair and my sister’s going to go

swimming. We’re not going to do any homework!

a. It’s the holidays next week. true false

b. They’re going to stay with their friends. true false

c. They’re going to go to the seaside. true false

d. He’s going to visit the museum. true false

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e. He’s going to do homework. true false

- Exercise 6

Read the sentence. Circle the correct answer.

a. I’m going to TV tonight. watching / watch / watches

b. He’s going to to the park on Sunday. go / going / goes

c. She’s going to a doctor when she grows up. being / be / is

d. They’re to do their homework after dinner. going / go to / going to

e. I’m not play computer games today. go / going to / going

f. She going to have pizza for dinner. doesn’t / not / isn’t

g. Are you going me tomorrow? to visit / visit / visiting

h. What are we do next week? to go / going / going to

- Exercise 7

Find the mistake in each sentence and correct it.

a. I’m go to visit a museum tomorrow with my school.

I’m going to visit a museum tomorrow with my school.

b. She are going to play football at the weekend.

c. He’s go to move house soon.

d. My parents aren’t going to buying me a new phone.

e. I’m going go to Hong Kong for the holidays.

f. We don’t going to go out today because it’s raining.

g. Is she going to having a party for her birthday?

h. Where you are going to go for the holidays?

- Exercise 8

What are you going to do next week? write about it like in

exercise 1!

- Exercise 9

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Read the sentences and underline the correct one.

a.

I’m going to stay with my friend at the weekend.

I’m go to stay with my friend at the weekend.

I’m to going to stay with my friend at the weekend.

_______

b.

I’m going buy a nice present for my friend’s birthday.

I’m going to buy a nice present for my friend’s birthday.

I going to buy a nice present for my friend’s birthday.

_______

c.

My sister is go be a police officer when she grows up.

My sister going to be a police officer when she grows up.

My sister is going to be a police officer when she grows up.

_______

d.

Are you going play tennis tomorrow?

Are you to go to play tennis tomorrow?

Are you going to play tennis tomorrow?

_______

e.

Where are you going to go for your next holiday?

Where you going go for your next holiday?

Where are you go to go for your next holiday?

_______

- Exercise 10

Find the mistake, underline it and write the correct sentence.

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a. I’m going watch TV tonight. ________________________________________
_______

b. My brother are going to read a book.

___________________________________ _______

c. I’m not go to play a game. _________________________________________

_______

d. They isn’t going to come to school. ___________________________________

_______

e. What are you going do next? _______________________________________

_______

 Present Simple: She has a red car. Ella tiene un coche rojo.

 Present Continuous: He is driving now. El está conduciendo ahora.

 Past Simple: He studied yesterday. El estudió ayer.
 Past Continuous: It was snowing. Estuvo nevando.
 Present Perfect: You have done the exercise. Tú has hecho el ejercicio.
 Present Perfect Continuous: He has been reading a book. Él ha estado leyendo
un libro.
 Past Perfect: He had done a good job. Ella había hecho un buen trabajo.
 Past Perfect Continuous: He had been working in the pub. Él ha estado
trabajando en el pub.
 Future Simple: He will go to Paris. El irá a París.
 Future Continuous: We will be eating there. Nosotros estaremos comiendo allí.
 Future Perfect: He will have finished. Él habrá terminado.
 Future Perfect Continuous: You will have been running. Habrás estado corriendo.
 Future with “be going to”: She is going to travel. Ella va a viajar.

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