Finite Control Volume Analysis

Dr. Zaib Ali

 Outline
• Conservation of Mass
• Newton’s Second Law – The Linear Momentum Equations
• The Moment-of-Momentum Equations
• First Law of Thermodynamics – The Energy Equation

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 Learning Objectives
• Select an appropriate finite control volume to solve a fluid
mechanics problem.
• Apply conservation of mass and energy and newton’s
second law of motion to the contents of a finite control
volume to get important answers.
• Know how velocity changes and energy transfers in fluid
flows are related to forces and torques.

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 Conservation of Mass – The Continuity Equation
• We define a system as some invariant collection of fluid particles. So we can immediately
𝐷𝑀𝑠𝑦𝑠
write that the system mass, Msys does not change =0
𝐷𝑡
• Now write the Reynolds transport equation (B=M, b = 1)
 Conservation of Mass – The Continuity Equation

• Above can be illustrated as

time rate of change of time rate of change of net rate of flow of

the mass of the = mass of the contents of the + mass through the
coincident system coincident control volume control surface

In steady flow situations, there is no accumulation of mass inside control volume, so

• This is the equation of continuity.

• States that to conserve mass the time rate of change of the
mass of the contents of the control volume plus the net rate
of mass flow through the control surface must equal zero.
Conservation of Mass – The Continuity Equation
Average values of fluid density, and fluid velocity
component normal to the section area involved.

If the velocity is considered uniformly distributed (one-

dimensional flow) over the section area, A
 Conservation of Mass – The Continuity Equation (cont’d.)
• In steady flow situations, there is no accumulation of mass inside control volume, so

• If the steady flow is also incompressible, the net amount of volume flowrate, Q, through the control surface is
also zero:

• An unsteady, but cyclical flow can be considered steady on a time-average basis.

When the flow is uniformly distributed over the opening in the control surface

velocity is nonuniformly distributed over the opening in the control surface

• For steady flow involving only one stream of a specific fluid flowing through the control volume at sections

(For incompressible flow)

Conservation of Mass – The Continuity Equation (cont’d.)
For steady flow involving more than one stream of a specific fluid or more than one specific fluid flowing through
the control volume,
 Moving Control Volume
• The relative velocity between the control volume and the
fluid is important.
• We can relate velocities illustrated in figure as

– 𝑽𝑐𝑣 is the velocity of the control volume as seen from

a fixed coordinate system
– 𝑽 is the fluid velocity seen by a stationary observer
in a fixed coordinate system
– 𝑾 is the fluid velocity seen by an observer moving
with the control volume.
• The fluid velocity, V in Reynolds transport equation is For a system and a
replaced by W. moving, nondeforming
control volume that are
coincident at an instant
of time
 Example - Steady, Incompressible Flow
Seawater flows steadily through a simple conical-shaped nozzle at the end of a fire
hose as illustrated in Figure. If the nozzle exit velocity must be at least 20 m/s,
determine the minimum pumping capacity required in m3/s.
 Example - Steady, Incompressible Flow
• The pumping capacity sought is the volume flowrate
delivered by the fire pump to the hose and nozzle. Since we
desire knowledge about the pump discharge flowrate and we
have information about the nozzle exit flowrate, we link
these two flowrates with the control volume designated with
the dashed line in Fig.
• This control volume contains, at any instant, water that is
within the hose and nozzle from the pump discharge to the
nozzle exit plane.
Following Equation is applied to the contents of this control volume to give
Example - Steady, Incompressible Flow
Example - Steady, Incompressible Flow
 Example - Steady, Compressible Flow
Air flows steadily between two sections in a long, straight portion of 4-in. inside diameter as indicated in
Figure. The uniformly distributed temperature and pressure at each section are given. If the average air
velocity (Nonuniform velocity distribution) at section (2) is 1000ft/s, calculate the average air velocity at
section (1).
 Example - Steady, Compressible Flow
The average fluid velocity at any section is that velocity which
yields the section mass flowrate when multiplied by the section
average fluid density and section area. We relate the
flows at sections (1) and (2) with the control volume designated
with a dashed line in Fig.

The time rate of change of the mass of the contents of this control volume
is zero because the flow is steady. The control surface integral involves
mass flowrates at sections (1) and (2) so that from
Example - Steady, Compressible Flow
Example - Unsteady Flow
Example - Unsteady Flow
Example - Unsteady Flow
Example - Unsteady Flow
 Example – Compressible Flow, Moving CV
An airplane moves forward at speed of 971 km/hr as shown in Figure. The frontal intake area
of the jet engine is 0.80m2 and the entering air density is 0.736 kg/m3. A stationary observer
determines that relative to the earth, the jet engine exhaust gases move away from the engine
with a speed of 1050 km/hr. The engine exhaust area is 0.558 m2, and the exhaust gas density is
0.515 kg/m3. Estimate the mass flowrate of fuel into the engine in kg/hr.
 Example – Compressible Flow, Moving CV
The control volume, which moves with the airplane, surrounds
the engine and its contents and includes all fluids involved at an
instant.
Example – Compressible Flow, Moving CV
 Example
Water enters a rotating lawn sprinkler through its base at the steady rate of 1000 ml/s as
sketched in Fig. The exit area of each of the two nozzles is 30 mm2.

Determine the average speed of the water leaving

the nozzle, relative to the nozzle, if
(a) the rotary sprinkler head is stationary,
(b) the sprinkler head rotates at 600 rpm, and
(c) the sprinkler head accelerates from 0 to 600
rpm.
Example
Example
 Deforming Control Volume
A deforming control volume involves changing volume size and control surface movement.

The time rate of change term is usually nonzero and must be carefully evaluated because the extent of
the control volume varies with time.

The mass flowrate term must be determined with the relative velocity, W, the velocity referenced to the
control surface.

Since the control volume is deforming, the control surface velocity is not necessarily uniform and
identical to the control volume velocity
 Example - Deforming CV
A syringe is used to inoculate a cow. The plunger has a face area of 500 mm2
The liquid in the syringe is to be injected steadily at a rate of 300 cm3/mi. The leakage
rate past the plunger is 0.10 times the volume flowrate out of the needle. With what
speed should the plunger be advanced?
Example - Deforming CV
Example - Deforming CV
Example - Deforming CV
 The Momentum Equation
• Newton's 2nd Law Motion states:
– The time rate of change of the momentum of a system is the
sum of all external forces acting on a system.
• Assuming an inertial reference frame, above statement can be
written as

• When control volume and system volumes are coincident

• The Force on system is equal to force on contents of coincident
control volume
෍ 𝐹𝑠𝑦𝑠 = ෍ 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑣

with b set equal to the velocity (i.e., momentum per unit mass),
and Bsys being the system momentum
 The Momentum Equations (cont’d.)
• The linear momentum equation can now be written as

• For a control volume that is fixed (and thus inertial) and nondeforming

• Physical interpretation:
– The sum of all forces applied on the control volume is equal to the sum of the rate of change of
momentum inside the control volume and the net flux of momentum through the control surface.
• Sign conventions
 Example
As shown in Fig. water flows through a nozzle attached to the end of a laboratory sink faucet with a flowrate of 0.6
liters/s. The nozzle inlet and exit diameters are 16 and 5 mm, respectively, and the nozzle axis is vertical. The mass of
the nozzle is 0.1 kg. The pressure at section (1) is 464 kPa.
Determine the anchoring force required to hold the nozzle in place.
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
 Example
Water flows through a horizontal, 180o pipe bend as illustrated in Fig. The flow cross-sectional area is
constant at a value of 0.1 ft2 through the bend. The magnitude of the flow velocity everywhere in the bend
is axial and 50 ft/s. The absolute pressures at the entrance and exit of the bend are 30 psia and 24 psia,
respectively.

Calculate the horizontal (x and y) components of the anchoring force required to hold the bend in place.
Example
Example
Example
 Example
A static thrust stand as sketched in Figure is to be designed for testing a jet engine. The
following conditions are known for a typical test: Intake air velocity = 200 m/s; exhaust
gas velocity= 500 m/s; intake cross-section area = 1m2; intake static pressure = - 22.5
kPa = 78.5 kPa (abs); intake static temperature = 268 K; exhaust static pressure = 0
kPa=101 kPa (abs). Estimate the normal thrust for which to design.
 Example
The cylindrical control volume outlined with a dashed line in Fig. is
selected. The external forces acting in the axial direction are also shown.
Application of the momentum equation to the contents of this control
volume yields
Example
Example
 Simplification of a Problem
• If we need to work out net transfer of momentum into and out
of the control volume. The surface integral can be simplified if
– Velocity across individual streams is uniform
– Fluid density across individual streams is uniform
– Choose CV surface to be perpendicular to fluid directions
• Then convective term is in the case of one stream in and out

ෝ )𝑑𝐴 = 𝑚(𝑽
ර 𝜌𝑽(𝑽. 𝒏 ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑽𝑖𝑛 )
𝑐𝑠
• In the case of many streams in and many streams out.

ෝ )𝑑𝐴 = ෍
ර 𝜌𝑽(𝑽. 𝒏 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑽𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖 −෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑽𝑖𝑛 𝑖
𝑐𝑠 𝑖 𝑖
 Some Comments
• The ∬ are simple for a uniform velocity profile. Just multiply 𝜌𝑣 2 by the area. Remember it is the
projection of the area perpendicular to fluid flow.
• The linear momentum is directional and directions can be different for fluid entering or leaving control
volume.
𝜕
• The 𝜕𝑡 ∭ term will be zero for steady flow and a non-deforming control volume.
• When 𝑽. 𝒏 ෝ < 0 then mass is entering the control volume. When 𝑽. 𝒏 ෝ > 0 then mass is leaving the control
volume. The correct algebraic sign (+ or -) to assign to momentum flow (𝑽𝜌𝑽. 𝒏 ෝ 𝑑𝐴) will depend on the
ෝ
sense of the velocity (+ in positive coordinate direction, - in negative coordinate direction) and the 𝑽. 𝒏
product (+ for flow out of the control volume, - for flow into the control volume).
• If control surface is perpendicular to the direction of fluid entering or leaving control surface then the
surface force exerted by fluid will be a pressure force.
 Some Comments (cont’d.)
• The external forces acting on a control volume are positive or negative depending on coordinate axes.
• Only external forces acting on the contents of the control volume are included in the linear momentum
equation. If the control volume only contains the fluid, then the reaction forces between the fluid and its
container need to be included in the linear momentum equation. If the fluid and its container are inside control
surface, then reaction forces between fluid and container do not appear in linear momentum equation (they are
internal forces). The force holding the container (the anchoring force) is external and does appear in linear
momentum equation.
• The force required to anchor an object will exist in response to surface pressure and/or shear forces and/or
momentum transfer on the control surface.
• Whether atmospheric pressure should be considered depends on the choice of the control volume. As a first
rule, choosing control volume as water plus container means only gauge pressure needs to considered. This
issue is also influenced by the nature of the questions that are being asked.
 Linear Momentum for Moving Volume
• For a moving, non deforming control volume.

For a constant control volume velocity, and steady flow in the control volume reference frame

and

(for steady flow)

 Example
A vane on wheels moves with constant velocity Vo when a stream of water having a
nozzle exit velocity of V1 is turned 450 by the vane. The speed of the water jet leaving
the nozzle is 100 ft/s, and the vane is moving to the right with a constant speed of 20
ft/s. Determine the magnitude and direction of the force, F, exerted by the stream of
water on the vane surface.
 Example
To determine the magnitude and direction of the force, F, exerted by the water on
the vane, we apply Momentum Eq. to the contents of the moving control volume
shown in Fig. The forces acting on the contents of this control volume are
indicated in lower Fig. Note that since the ambient pressure is atmospheric,
all pressure forces cancel each other out. Momentum Eq is applied to the contents
of the moving control volume in component directions. For the x direction
(positive to the right), we get
 Example

We assume for simplicity that the water flow is frictionless and that the change
in water elevation across the vane is negligible. Thus, from the Bernoulli
equation we conclude that the speed of the water relative to the moving
control volume, W, is constant or
Example
Example
 Moment of Momentum Equation
• Linear momentum equation

• Moment-of-momentum equation

𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓
net rate of flow 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒
of the moment−of
𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 − 𝑜𝑓 − 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 + = 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
momentum through
𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
the control surface
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
 Example
Water enters a rotating lawn sprinkler through its base at the steady rate of 1000 ml/s as sketched in Fig. The exit
area of each of the two nozzles is 30 mm2 and the flow leaving each nozzle is in the tangential direction. The radius
from the axis of rotation to the centerline of each nozzle is 200 mm.
(a) Determine the resisting torque required to hold the sprinkler head stationary.
(b) Determine the resisting torque associated with the sprinkler rotating with a constant speed of 500 rev/min.
(c) Determine the speed of the sprinkler if no resisting torque is applied
 Example
To solve parts (a), (b), and (c) of this example we can use the
same fixed and nondeforming, disk-shaped control volume
illustrated in Fig. 1.
As indicated in Fig. 2, the only axial torque considered is the
one resisting motion, Tshaft.
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
 Some Comments
It is clear from the preceding examples that a flowing fluid can be forced to

1. change direction
2. speed up or slow down
3. have a velocity profile change
4. do only some or all of the above
5. do none of the above

A net force on the fluid is required for achieving any or all of the first four above. The
forces on a flowing fluid balance out with no net force for the fifth.
 Some Comments
Typical forces considered in this course include

(a) pressure
(b) friction
(c) weight

and involve some type of constraint such as a vane, channel, or conduit to guide the flowing fluid.

A flowing fluid can cause a vane, channel or conduit to move. When this happens, power is produced.

The selection of a control volume is an important matter. For determining anchoring forces,
consider including fluid and its constraint in the control volume. For determining force between a fluid
and its constraint, consider including only the fluid in the control volume.
 The Energy Equation

The total stored energy per unit mass for each particle in the system

internal energy per unit mass

kinetic energy per unit mass

potential energy per unit mass

The Energy Equation
For the control volume that is
coincident with the system at an
instant of time
with b set equal to the e
 The Energy Equation

For uniformly distributed properties

One-dimensional energy equation for steady-in-the-mean flow:

The Energy Equation
 Comparison of the Energy Equation with the Bernoulli
Equation

steady, incompressible flow and zero shaft power

Bernoulli equation

steady, incompressible and inviscid flow

 Mechanical Energy Equation
• One-dimensional, incompressible, steady-in-the-mean flow with friction and shaft work.
• For example, constant density flows through pumps, blowers, fans, and turbines.

Dividing by mass flowrate and using the work per unit mass
 Example
Steam enters a turbine with a velocity of 30m/s and enthalpy, h1, of 3348 kJ/kg. The steam leaves the turbine as
a mixture of vapor and liquid having a velocity of 60 m/s and an enthalpy of 2550 kJ/kg. If the flow through the
turbine is adiabatic and changes in elevation are negligible, determine the work output involved per unit mass of
steam through-flow.
 Example
We use a control volume that includes the steam in the turbine
from the entrance to the exit as shown in Fig. Applying
following Eq. to the steam in this control volume we get
Example
Equations for CV Analysis

RTT

Conservation of mass

Linear Momentum Eqn.

Conservation of energy