Thermodynamic Cycles Chapter 5
Thermodynamic Cycles Chapter 5
Thermodynamic Cycles Chapter 5
NUCL 2010
Instructor: Dr. M.H. Kaye
[email protected]
Chapter 5 – Mass and Energy (January 22, 2024)
Conservation of Mass
• At the macro level, and for this course, the conservation of mass
principle applies.
• Note that conservation of mass is not a law; at the atomic level only
energy is conserved.
Closed System versus Controlled Volume
• For a closed system, it is required that the mass of the system remain
constant during the process;
• For a control volume, mass can cross the boundaries, so it is necessary to
keep track of the amount of mass entering and leaving the control
volume;
Closed System versus Controlled Volume
Use mass flow rate, 𝑚𝑚,̇ to represent amount of
mass flowing through a cross section per unit
time.
Thus, the differential flow rate of fluid flowing in 𝑣𝑣𝑛𝑛
and out of a control volume is given by, 𝜕𝜕𝑚𝑚.̇
And 𝜕𝜕𝑚𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝜌𝑣𝑣𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 where ρ represents the fluid
density flowing through a cross section of pipe
𝑑𝑑𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 , at a velocity, 𝑣𝑣𝑛𝑛 , normal to the cross section.
𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 + 𝑊𝑊𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 + � 𝑚𝑚𝜃𝜃 − 𝑄𝑄𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + 𝑊𝑊𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + � 𝑚𝑚𝜃𝜃 = 𝑚𝑚2 𝑒𝑒2 − 𝑚𝑚1 𝑒𝑒1 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢
Unsteady-Flow – Valves Closed
When all inlets and exits are closed, the
energy equation of a uniform-flow system
reduces to that of a closed system.
Uniform-Flow System – Level of Complexity
• The level of complexity can be increased;
• The uniform-flow system may involve
electrical, shaft, and boundary work
simultaneously!
Usually, k.e. and p.e. changes are negligible.
Energy balance simplifies to:
𝑄𝑄 − 𝑊𝑊 = � 𝑚𝑚𝑚 − � 𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝑚𝑚2 𝑢𝑢2 − 𝑚𝑚1 𝑢𝑢1 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑜𝑜𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛
𝑄𝑄 = 𝑄𝑄𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛,𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖= 𝑄𝑄𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑄𝑄𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜the net heat input
𝑊𝑊 = 𝑊𝑊𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛,𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝑊𝑊𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 − 𝑊𝑊𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 the net work output
January 24
• On to Chapter 6…
• Please read ahead.
Questions
• Ask now.
• Or, e-mail me at: [email protected]