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Group Dynamic
By Group 1 Muqadas Bibi
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12/19/2022 Nimra Atta 353
Alisha Abid 35
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Javeria Abbasi
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Amna Masood

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 Group Dynamic

Although humans could survive on their own, very few choose to. Most of us will spend our
entire lives within a group as most of our activities – working, school, worshiping, and playing –
take place within groups. There are many definitions of a group

Group:
A group requires communication and mutual dependence, while others will require the inclusion
of a shared goal or purpose. A group must include two or more individuals, but a group's size

can vary greatly.

Definition of Group Dynamics:

Group dynamics is the study of the actions, changes, and processes within and between

groups.

Group dynamics explores how people work together, what factors facilitate cohesion and
cooperation, leadership efficacy, and how groups interact with outside groups. Group dynamics
describe the interactions, attitudes, and behaviors between a set of people who are working
together. The term was first used by social psychologist “Kurt Lewin” to describe how groups
act and react to changing circumstances.

Theories in Group Dynamics:

There are three theories which explains why groups develops.

1. A classical theory.
2. Social exchange theory.
3. Social Identity theory.
1. Classical Theory:
A classic theory, developed by George Homans, suggests that groups develop based on
activities, interactions, and sentiments. Basically, the theory means that when individuals share
common activities, they will have more interaction and will develop attitudes (positive or
negative) toward each other. The major element in this theory is the interaction of the individuals
involved.
It is a very comprehensive theory and based on activities, interactions and Homan’s theory is
based on sentiments. These three elements are directly related to each other. The members’
activities interactions and of a group share activities and interact with one another not just
because of physical proximity but also to accomplish group goals.

2. Social Exchange theory:

Social exchange theory offers an alternative explanation for group development. According to
this theory, individuals form relationships based on the implicit expectation of mutually
beneficial exchanges based on trust and felt obligation. Thus, a perception that exchange
relationships will be positive is essential if individuals are to be attracted to and affiliate with a
group.
Social Exchange Theory Examples

1. Friendship

2. Dating

3. Career

4. Workplace

5. Relationships

6. Business
3. Social Identity Theory:
Social identity theory offers another explanation for group formation. Simply put, this theory
suggests that individuals get a sense of identity and self-esteem based upon their membership in
salient groups. The nature of the group may be demographically based, culturally based, or
organizationally based. Individuals are motivated to belong to and contribute to identity groups
because of the sense of belongingness and self-worth membership in the group imparts.

Examples of social identity include: race, ethnicity, gender, sex, socioeconomic status, sexual
orientation, age, religion/religious beliefs, national origin, and emotional, developmental
disabilities and abilities.

Types and Nature of Groups:

Types:
There are two major types of group dynamics.
1. Formal Group dynamic
2.Informal group dynamic.

1. Formal Group Dynamic:

Formal group dynamics are in groups created by some organization or entity to achieve a
specific goal. Its formation is deliberate, and the size of the group is often large. Formal group
dynamics are more professional, and the hierarchical structure within the group is imperative.
Formal group dynamics can occur in many different settings, from corporations and universities
to churches, military units, and even sports teams. Real-world examples include:

 Corporate departments
 School committees
 Special task forces
 Church elders

Types of formal groups:

1. Command group
2. Task group
3. Project group
4. Committees

The military unit is an example of formal group dynamics. For example : Punjab Regiment,
Sindh regiment etc.

2. Informal Group Dynamic:

Informal group dynamics are present in groups created more naturally and usually arise due to
some organizational need or window of opportunity. This type of group dynamic usually takes
place in smaller groups. Members join the group voluntarily, and an approval process is not
usually required. Informal group dynamics do not have a well-defined structure but can still
impact formal group dynamics.

Informal group dynamics can arise to fill a need within the formal group dynamic. This could
include interest groups, friendship groups, or reference groups. Real-world examples include:

 Gatherings to watch football games

  Bible studies
 Country clubs
 Dungeons & Dragons gaming groups

Types of informal groups:

1. Friendship group
2. Interest group
3. Reference group

Nature:

NATURE OF GROUP DYNAMIC

Every group has similar characteristic they are:

(a) two or more persons (if it is one person, it is not a group)

(b) Formal social structure (the rules of the game are defined)

(c) Common fate (they will swim together)

(d) Common goals (the destiny is the same and emotionally connected)

(e) Face-to-face interaction (they will talk with each other)

(f) Interdependence (each one is complimentary to the other)

(g) Self-definition as group members (what one is who belongs to the group)

(h) Recognition by others (yes, you belong to the group).

Five Stages of the Group Dynamics Development

1. Forming – the selection process for members of the group. Individuals ask one another
questions and decide who would be most beneficial to the group. At this point, the
objective is often unclear, but hopefully, with the help of leadership, the group can begin
to form these objectives.
 2. Storming – the point at which group members discuss their ideas and begin to form a
plan to complete tasks. Members also start to find their place and discover what role they
wish to play within the group that best suits their identity and skills.

3. Norming – the point at which members have agreed on the best way to achieve their
common goal and have identified the needs of each member. Leadership also establishes
a plan for the group to stay on track.

4. Performing – the point at which a group is working at its highest level of synergy and
cooperation. The goals and individual roles are established, and strong leadership has
enabled members to become self-reliant.

5. Adjourning – coming together to celebrate one another's efforts. Each member

commends one another on completing the project, recognizing that they could not have
achieved their goal on their own.

Effect of Presence of other

According to many social psychologists, the presence of others increases the motivation and
action level of the individual.

Social loafing Theory :

Social loafing refers to the concept that people are prone to exert less effort when working
collectively as part of a group compared to performing a task alone.

• Why people less work in social group?

It’s what happens when someone puts in less effort when they’re judged as part of a group. This
level of effort is lower compared to when the same person is working alone or judged
individually. When working alone, many people tend to put in more effort.

Experiment of social loafing:

Ringelmann’s Rope-Pulling Experiments, Social loafing isn't just an office phenomenon. The
term was born in 1913 during an experiment by French agricultural engineer Max Ringelmann.
He asked participants to pull on a rope individually and in groups, and he discovered that people
exert way less effort per person when working in a group.

Social facilitation:
Social facilitation is a social psychological theory that deals with the ways in which people
perform tasks differently when they’re in front of other people than when they’re alone. But
there’s a more specific relationship going on here. When people perform simple or very familiar
tasks, they tend to do it better in front of others than when alone. But when people perform more
complex or less familiar tasks, they tend to perform worse in front of others than when alone.

Example 1:
A boy was studying the performance of bike racers and noticed that Cyclists who trained
alongside other cyclists performed better than when they simply tried to beat their personal best
time.

Example 2:

Let’s say you’re reciting a poem you’ve known for a really long time. Chances are, reciting it in
front of your friends will improve your performance. But, if you’re trying to explain a
complicated mathematical theory you’ve just learned for the first time, trying to do it in front of
people will likely make it more difficult.

WHAT IS COOPERATION AND CONFLICT?

Cooperation refers to two or more people Working together to achieve a common goal while
conflict is a deliberate action where one person or group attempts to thwart the actions of
another. There are many ways that cooperative learning can promote a deeper understanding of
course material. However, working with others involves certain challenges and responsibilities
that need to be addressed in order to maintain the cohesion and effectiveness of your study
group. Consider the following as you begin to establish parameters for your group.
Different people bring different abilities and personalities to the group, which can foster or
inhibit success. The group needs to agree on what is acceptable or appropriate in terms of
interactions and participation.

It is important to stay focused. Sessions should not be allowed to degenerate into a forum for
gossip or complaints.
Group members need to:
1. Feel comfortable, safe, and valued.
2. be polite and patient
3. avoid aggressive, critical responses that might inhibit participation
4. Do not interrupt.
5. Be respectful of others’ opinions.

Although there may be a dominant personality within the group, one person should not be
allowed to monopolize the sessions. All members should be encouraged to participate. Conflicts
need to be recognized and resolved quickly. Decide early on how to handle disagreements and
decision-making. A study group is cooperative, not competitive. Make sure to use individual
members’ interests and abilities. It is important to periodically assess how the group is working.

The role of leadership in groups:

Leader Ship:
A leader is someone who directs and motivates a group of people or an individual to accomplish
a certain goal. The abilities required to be an effective leader must be developed via learning and
practice. For Examples : Formal setting (such as within a large corporation) - The leader of the
group is usually someone who has been appointed to a high position of authority. There are
different types of leadership, such as:

● Transactional: Establishes predetermined rewards for achieving objectives

● Transformational: Emphasizes establishing and accomplishing organizational
goals
● Autocratic: Prioritizes setting objectives based on effectiveness
● Democratic: Works to hear team members’ opinions and incorporate them

Leadership in group
Group leadership is the process of providing focus and direction to a specific group of people.
Leadership of this type often involves facilitating and guiding the actions of group participants as
well as accepting responsibility for the outcome of the group’s efforts.

Importance of Leadership in group dynamic:

A leader manages interpersonal conflict appropriately, and recognizes how relationships within
groups change and accordingly adapts personal leadership style. Group
Dynamics refers to the attitudes and behaviors of a group. No two groups are alike, so it is up to
the leader to adapt their personal leadership style to reflect the changes and relationships within
each group. Effective and positive group dynamics are vital for any organization, and leaders
who understand group behavior and structure can use this knowledge to create, guide, and
manage cohesive and productive groups.
Interdependence:
Interdependence is defined as the extent to which team members work collectively, affect and
are affected by others.

Example: A couple in an interdependent relationship takes equal responsibility and makes an

individual effort to strengthen the relationship. They make time for personal interests and support
each other in their dreams

Main Components of interdependence:

Task interdependence refers to the extent to which a team member believes that he/she depends
on others to accomplish his/her tasks.
Goal interdependence refers to the extent to which a team member believes that his/her goals can
be reached only when the goals of others are also met .
Outcome interdependence refers to the extent to which a team member believes that his/her
expected outcomes depend on the performance of others.

Social cohesion:
Group cohesion is the unity, connection, or bond within a group resulting from interpersonal
bonds or other forces like a shared commitment to achieving the group’s goals.

1. A common goal

2. Role clarification

3. Clear priorities

4. Build trust

5. Open communication

6. Responsibility

7. Conflict

__________________________________________________________________________
The End