Cell Organelles

IQRA UNIVERSITY
Cell Organelles
Assignment #02
Submitted by
Muqadas Bibi
35328
Biology
Submitted to: Dr. Anila

Question#01:
Describe Endoplasmic reticulum, plastids, nucleus, mitochondria, golgi apparatus structure and
functions of above mentioned cell organelles?
Answer:
1.Endoplasmic Reticulum:
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a series of interconnected membranous tubules that collectively
modify proteins and synthesize lipids. However, these two functions are performed in separate areas of
the endoplasmic reticulum: the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum,
respectively.
The hollow portion of the ER tubules is called the lumen or cisternal space. The membrane of the ER,
which is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins, is continuous with the nuclear envelope.
Fig:1. https://www.britannica.com/
1.1.Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum:

Structure:
The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is so named because the ribosomes attached to its cytoplasmic
surface give it a studded appearance when viewed through an electron microscope.
Function:
The ribosomes synthesize proteins while attached to the ER, resulting in transfer of their newly
synthesized proteins into the lumen of the RER where they undergo modifications such as folding or
addition of sugars. The RER also makes phospholipids for cell membranes.
If the phospholipids or modified proteins are not destined to stay in the RER, they will be packaged
within vesicles and transported from the RER by budding from the membrane. Since the RER is
engaged in modifying proteins that will be secreted from the cell, it is abundant in cells that secrete
proteins, such as the liver.
1.2. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum:

Structure:
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is continuous with the RER but has few or no ribosomes on
its cytoplasmic surface.
Function:
The SER's functions include synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids (including phospholipids), and steroid
hormones; detoxification of medications and poisons; alcohol metabolism; and storage of calcium ions.
2. Plastids:
Plastid is a double membrane-bound organelle involved in the synthesis and storage of food, commonly
found within the cells of photosynthetic plants. Plastids were discovered and named by Ernst Haeckel,
but A. F. W. Schimper was the first to provide a clear definition.
They are necessary for essential life processes, like photosynthesis and food storage. A plastid
containing green pigment (chlorophyll) is called chloroplast whereas a plastid containing pigments apart
from green is called a chromoplast. A plastid that lacks pigments is called a leucoplast and is involved
mainly in food storage.
Fig.2. https://byjus.com/
Structure:
plastids may take up a variety of shapes ranging from discoid, spherical, dumbbell-shaped or lens-
shaped among a few others. All green plastids, for that matter every kind of plastids are surrounded by
two-unit membranes; i.e. outer and inner of 7 nm thick membranes, and they are separated by a
periplastid space of 8-10 nm thick. Nothing like mitochondria, the inner membrane of fully developed
plastids does not show any inward folding but it plays an active role during the development of
proplastids into mature plastids. Chloroplast is completely filled with a liquid called stroma, in which
highly organized membrane structures are found they are called grana. Apart from grana, the stromatic
fluid contains a host of enzymes, plastid DNA, RNAs, and 70s ribosomes.
Plastids may distinguish into several forms, depending upon which purpose they play in the cell. Identical
plastids (proplastids) may develop into any of the following variants:
1.Chloroplasts: green plastids for photosynthesis;

2.Chromoplasts: colored plastids for pigment is synthesis and storage
3. Gerontoplasts: regulate the dismantling of the photosynthetic apparatus during plant senescence
4. Leucoplasts: colorless plastids for monoterpene combination; leucoplasts sometimes differentiate
into more specialized plastids.
5. Amyloplasts: for starch storage and become aware of gravity (for geotropism).
6.Elaioplasts: for fat storing.
7. Proteinoplasts: for storing and altering protein.
8.Tannosomes: for synthesizing and creating tannins and polyphenols.
Fig.3. https://byjus.com/biology/plastids
3. Nucleus:
The nucleus is a spherical-shaped organelle that is present in every eukaryotic cell. The nucleus is the
control centre of eukaryotic cells. It is also responsible for the coordination of genes and gene
expression. The structure of the nucleus includes nuclear membrane, chromosomes, nucleoplasm, and
nucleolus. The nucleus is the most prominent organelle as compared to other cell organelles, which
account for about 10 percent of the volume of the cell. The nucleus is the most prominent organelle in a
cell. The nucleus (plural = nuclei) houses the cell's DNA in the form of chromatin and directs the
synthesis of ribosomes and proteins.
Structure:
The cell nucleus is a membrane-bound structure that contains a cell's hereditary information and controls
its growth and reproduction. It is the command center of a eukaryotic cell and is usually the most
notable cell organelle in both size and function.
Function:
The key function of the nucleus is to control cell growth and multiplication. This involves regulating
gene expression, initiating cellular reproduction, and storing genetic material necessary for all of these
tasks. In order for a nucleus to carry out important reproductive roles and other cell activities, it needs
proteins and ribosomes.
Fig. 4. https://www.vedantu.com/
4. Mitochondria:
Structure:
Mitochondria are oval-shaped, double-membrane organelles that have their own ribosomes and DNA.
Each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins. The inner layer has folds called
cristae, which increase the surface area of the inner membrane. The area surrounded by the folds is
called the mitochondrial matrix. The cristae and the matrix have different roles in cellular respiration.
Function:
Mitochondria (singular = mitochondrion) are often called the "powerhouses" or "energy factories" of a
cell because they are responsible for making adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell's main energy-
carrying molecule. The formation of ATP from the breakdown of glucose is known as cellular
respiration. In keeping with our theme of form following function, it is important to point out that
muscle cells have a very high concentration of mitochondria because muscle cells need a lot of energy to
contract.
Fig.5. https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/
5. Golgi apparatus:
The Golgi apparatus is an organelle in eukaryotic organisms that moves molecules from the endoplasmic
reticulum to their destination. The organelle also modifies products of the endoplasmic reticulum to their
final form. The Golgi apparatus is comprised of a series of flattened sacs that extend from the
endoplasmic reticulum.
Structure:
The image below shows the structure of the Golgi apparatus. The cis face of the organelle is closest to
the endoplasmic reticulum. The trans face is the side furthest from the nucleus, which secretes vesicles
to various parts of the cell. Further, there are a number of lumens and cisternae through which products
flow. These appear as a series of flattened sacs stack on each other, much like the endoplasmic
reticulum.
Function:
The Golgi apparatus has many discrete functions. But, all functions are associated with moving
molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to their final destination and modifying certain products
along the way. The multiple sacs of the Golgi serve as different chambers for chemical reactions. As the
products of the endoplasmic reticulum move through the Golgi apparatus, they are continuously
transferred into new environments, and the reactions that can take place are different.
In this way, a product can be given modifications, or multiple products can be combined to form large
macromolecules. The many sacs and folds of the Golgi apparatus allow for many reactions to take place
at the same time, increasing the speed at which an organism can produce products.
Fig.6. https://www.britannica.com/
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IQRA UNIVERSITY

Submitted to: Dr. Anila

1.1.Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum:

1.2. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum:

1.Chloroplasts: green plastids for photosynthesis;

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