Network Models

System models are reasonable (coherent) models used to clarify the information
correspondence inside a PC organize.
The two main networking models are:
• ISO OSI Model
• TCP/IP Model
1.4.1 ISO OSI Model
There are incalculable number of individuals around the world who use PC arrange.
Frameworks must be created which can make things simpler for the clients to speak with one
another from any edge of the earth.
ISO stands for International organization of Standardization. This is called a model
for Open System Interconnection (OSI) and is commonly known as OSI model.
The ISO-OSI model is a seven layer architecture. It defines seven layers or levels in a
complete communication system. They are:
1. Application Layer
2. Presentation Layer
3. Session Layer
4. Transport Layer
5. Network Layer
6. Datalink Layer
7. Physical Layer
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Application Layer
Application layer is the highest layer. Moving of records upsetting the outcomes to the client is
additionally done in this layer. Mail administrations, registry administrations, arrange asset and
so on are administrations given by application layer. This layer predominantly holds application
projects to follow up on the got and to be sent information.
The Presentation Layer
Presentation layer takes care that the information is sent so that the collector will comprehend
the data (information) and will have the option to utilize the information.
While getting the information, introduction layer changes the information to be prepared for
the application layer.
Languages(syntax) can be diverse of the two imparting frameworks. Under this condition
introduction layer assumes a job of interpreter.
It perfroms Data pressure, Data encryption, Data transformation and so on.
The Session Layer
Session layer oversees and synchronize the discussion between two distinct applications.
Move of information from source to goal session layer surges of information are stamped and
are resynchronized appropriately, with the goal that the parts of the bargains are not cut rashly
and information misfortune is maintained a strategic distance from.
The Transport Layer
Transport layer chooses if information transmission ought to be on parallel way or single way.
Capacities, for example, Multiplexing, Segmenting or Splitting on the information are finished
by this layer It gets messages from the Session layer above it, convert the message into littler
units and gives it to the Network layer.
Transport layer can be exceptionally unpredictable, contingent on the system prerequisites.
Transport layer breaks the message (information) into little units with the goal that they are
taken care of all the more productively by the system layer.
The Network Layer
courses the sign through various channels from one hub to other. It goes about as a system
controller. It deals with the Subnet traffic. It chooses by which course information should take.
It isolates the active messages into parcels and collects the approaching bundles into messages
for more significant levels.
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Datalink Layer
Datalink layer synchronizes the data which is to be transmitted over the physical layer.
The primary capacity of this layer is to ensure information move is sans mistake starting with
one hub then onto the next, over the physical layer.
Transmitting and accepting information outlines successively is overseen by this layer.
This layer sends and expects affirmations for outlines got and sent separately. Resending of
nonaffirmation got outlines is additionally taken care of by this layer.
This layer sets up a consistent layer between two hubs and furthermore deals with the Frame
traffic authority over the system. It flags the transmitting hub to stop, when the edge cushions
are full.
The Physical Layer
Physical layer is the most minimal layer of the OSI Model. It initiates, keeps up and deactivates
the physical association.
It is liable for transmission and gathering of the unstructured crude information over system.
Voltages and information rates required for transmission is characterized in the physical layer.
It changes over the computerized/simple bits into electrical sign or optical signs.
Information encoding is likewise done in this layer.
Figure 7 - OSI Model
(studytonight, n.d.)
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1.4.2 TCP/IP MODEL
The TCP/IP model, was designed and developed by Department of Defense (DoD) in 1960s and
is based on standard protocols. It stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
The TCP/IP model is a concise version of the OSI model. It contains four layers:
1. Process/Application Layer
2. Host-to-Host/Transport Layer
3. Internet Layer
4. Network Access/Link Layer
Process/Application Layer
This layer plays out the elements of top three layers of the OSI model: Application, Presentation
and Session Layer. It is answerable for hub to-hub correspondence and controls UI particulars.
A portion of the conventions present in this layer are: HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, TFTP, Telnet, SSH,
SMTP, SNMP, NTP, DNS, DHCP, NFS, X Window, LPD.
Host-to-Host/Transport Layer
This layer is closely resembling the vehicle layer of the OSI model. It is answerable for start to
finish correspondence and mistake free conveyance of information. It shields the upper-layer
applications from the complexities of information. The two primary conventions present in this
layer are, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP).
Internet Layer
This layer parallels the functions of OSI’s Network layer. It defines the protocols which are
responsible for
logical transmission of data over the entire network. The main protocols residing at this layer
are, IP(Internet Protocol), ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol), and ARP(Adress
Resolution Protocol)
Network Access/Link Layer
This layer relates to the mix of Data Link Layer and Physical Layer of the OSI model. It pays
special mind to equipment tending to and the conventions present in this layer takes into
consideration the physical transmission of information.
We just discussed ARP being a convention of Internet layer, yet there is a contention about
pronouncing it as a convention of Internet Layer or Network get to layer. It is depicted as living
in layer 3, being embodied by layer 2 conventions.
(geeksforgeeks, n.d.)
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Figure 8 - TCP/IP Model
1.4.3 Similarities and Differences between ISO OSI Model and TCP/IP Model
Similarities between ISO OSI Model
• Both models share comparable engineering and it very well may be characterized by the way
that
them two are developed with layers.
• Both models share a comparative 'application layer'. Be that as it may, this layer contains
various
administrations, which relies on each model.
• Both the models have 'Transport' and 'System' layers.
• Both are reference models.
Table 2 - Differences between TCP/IP Model
TCP/IP (Transmission
OSI (Open System Interconnection)
ControlProtocol/Internet Protocol)
Has 7 layers Has four layers
OSI model has a separate Presentation and Doesn't have a different Presentation layer
a Session layer or a Session layer
Network layer is both Connection The Network layer in the TCP/IP model
Oriented and less provides a connectionless service
Follows vertical approach Follows horizontal approach
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1.4.4Layer Functions Related to the Real- World Scenarios
Skype, as a network-connected application, uses:
Layer 7 (Application) - If you send your friend a picture of your cat, Skype would be using the
File Transfer Protocol (FTP).
Layer 6 (Presentation) - receives application data from Layer 7, translates it into binary, and
compresses it.
Layer 5 (Session) - Applications like Skype consist of text files and image files. When you
download these files, this layer determines which data packets belong to which files, as well as
where these packets go. Also this layer establishes, maintains and ends communication
between devices.
Figure 9 - Real World Examples of Layers (1)
Layer 4 (Transport) -receives data from Layer 5 and segments it. The port number ensures that
the segment reaches the correct application. The sequence number ensures that the segments
arrive in the correct order. This layer also controls the amount of data transmitted.
Layer 3 (Network) -transmits data segments between networks in the form of packets. When
you message your friend, this layer assigns source and destination IP addresses to the data
segments. Your IP
address is the source, and your friend’s is the destination. Layer 3 also determines the best
paths for data
delivery.
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Figure 10 - Real World Examples of Layers (2)
Layer 2 (Data Link) -allows the upper network layers to access media, and controls how data is
placed and received from media.
Layer 1 (Physical) -This layer converts the binary from the upper layers into signals and
transmits them over local media. These can be electrical, light, or radio signals; it depends on
the type of media used.
When your friend receives the signals, they’re DE capsulated, or translated back into binary and
then into
application data so your friend can