12 05 Magnetism and Matter
12 05 Magnetism and Matter
12 05 Magnetism and Matter
Magnet
A material having properties of magnetism is called magnet.
Poles The place in magnet where its attracting power is maximum is called Poles.
Neutral region Place of Minimum attracting power is called neutral region.
Magnetic Axis The line joining the two poles of a magnet is called magnetic axis.
Magnetic Meridian Vertical plane passing through the axis of a magnet is called magnetic meridian
Type of Magnets
(i)Natural Magnet
(ii) Artifical Magnets
Eg Bar-Magnet, U-Shape Magnet, Magnetic-Needle
Properties of magnet
(1)Attractive Property
(2)Directive Property When magnet suspended freely aligns itself along geographical N-S line
POLE-STRENGTH(m)
It is a scalar with dimension [AL], SI unit Am
Pole-strength of magnet depends on the nature
of magnet & area of cross-section
Cross-section changed Cross-section Unchanged
m=1Am
Strength of a magnetic pole is said to be one ampere metre, if it repels an equal & similar pole with
a force of 10-7N when placed in vacuum at a distance of one metre
(i)Tesla(T)
F = Bilsin
F F=1N
B=
ilsin I=1A
Tesla(T) = 1NA-1m-1
L=1m
M=Pole Strength
2l=Magnetic length
M=Magnetic dipole
µ˳ 𝐌
𝐁𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐚𝐥 = −
𝟒 𝐫 𝟑
M=Pole Strength
2l=Magnetic length
M=Magnetic dipole
TORQUE ON BAR MAGNET
=rXF
= 2(l X mB)
= 2lmBsin
=𝐌𝐗𝐁
WORK DONE
dW = d
dW = MBSin d
2 2
dW = MB Sin d
1 1
𝐖 = 𝐌𝐁(𝐂𝐨𝐬𝟏 − 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝟐 )
POTENTIAL ENERGY
Work done in rotating the dipole from a perpendicular direction to given direction
U = MB(Cos90˚ − Cos)
U = −MBCos
𝐔 = −𝐌. 𝐁
ANGULAR SHM
=MXB
= MBSin
d2
I 2 = −MB sin
dt
d2
I 2 = −MB
dt
d2 −MB
=
dt 2 I
MB d2
w2 = = w2
I dt 2
MB 2
w= w=
I T
2
T=
𝐈 w
𝐓 = 𝟐
𝐌𝐁
EARTH MAGNETISM
The Magnetic field arise due to electric current produced by motion of metallic fluids(Mostly of
molten iron nickel) in the outer core of earth This is known as the Dynomo effect
Geographic axis
The axis of rotation of earth
Geographical equator
The grate circle on the earth surface perpendicular to the earth geographic axis
Geographical meridian
A Vertical plane passing through the geographical axis is called geographic meridian
Magnetic axis
The axis of huge magnet assumed to be inside the earth is called magnet axis
Magnetic equator
Grate circle on earth surface perpendicular to the magnetic axis
Magnetic meridian
A vertical plane passing through the magnetic axis of the earth
(i)Magnetic declination()
Declination at a place is the angle between the geographic meridian & the magnetic meridian
𝐁𝐕
= 𝐓𝐚𝐧
𝐁𝐇
Q The Vertical Component of earth magnetic field at a place is 𝟑 times the horizontal component
what is the value of angle of dip at this place
Ans Bv= 3BH
BV
= Tan
BH
3BH
Tan = = 3 = 60˚
BH
MAGNETIC PERMEABILITY
It is the ability of Material to permit the magnetic lines of force through it
µ=permeability of material
µ˳=permeability of free space
µr=relative permeability of material
µ €
µ𝐫 = €r =
µ˳ €˳
𝐁 Fo E o
µ𝐫 = €r = =
𝐁˳ F E
SI unit B=µ˳ni
B T
µ˳ = = −1 = TmA−1
ni m A
INTENSITY OF MAGNETISION(I)
It is define as the magnetic moment per unit volume of the material.
Magnetic moment M
I= =
Volume V
m2l m 𝐪𝐢 𝐥 𝐪𝐢
I= = 𝐏= = =𝛔
A2l A 𝐀𝐥 𝐀
As the magnetizing force is increased in the negative direction, the material will again
become magnetically saturated but in the opposite direction (point "d"). Reducing H to zero brings
the curve to point "e." It will have a level of residual magnetism equal to that achieved in the other
direction. Increasing H back in the positive direction will return B to zero. Notice that the curve did
not return to the origin of the graph because some force is required to remove the residual
magnetism. The curve will take a different path from point "f" back to the saturation point where it
with complete the loop.
Coercivity (oc)
Coercivity is the intensity of the applied magnetic field required to reduce the magnetization of a
given material to zero, we have to apply a magnetic intensity=oc in the opposite direction(oc)