(5)MAGNETISM AND MATTER

Magnet
 A material having properties of magnetism is called magnet.

Poles The place in magnet where its attracting power is maximum is called Poles.
Neutral region Place of Minimum attracting power is called neutral region.
Magnetic Axis The line joining the two poles of a magnet is called magnetic axis.
Magnetic Meridian Vertical plane passing through the axis of a magnet is called magnetic meridian

Magnetic length OR Effective length is (2l)

The distance between two poles along the axis of a magnet is called effective or magnetic length.

Type of Magnets
(i)Natural Magnet
(ii) Artifical Magnets
Eg Bar-Magnet, U-Shape Magnet, Magnetic-Needle

Properties of magnet
(1)Attractive Property
(2)Directive Property When magnet suspended freely aligns itself along geographical N-S line

Effective length is lesser than the actual length

In a magnet the two poles are formed to be equal in strength &opposite in nature
Monopoles do not exist, Pole exist in pairs

Repulsion is a sure test of polarity

POLE-STRENGTH(m)
It is a scalar with dimension [AL], SI unit Am
Pole-strength of magnet depends on the nature
of magnet & area of cross-section
 Cross-section changed Cross-section Unchanged

COLOMB’S LAW IN MAGNETISM:-

(m1 m2 ) m1 & 𝑚2 are pole strength

F
r2 r is a distance between them
 µ˳ Absolute permeability
µ˳ (𝐦𝟏 𝐦𝟐 )
𝐅=
𝟒 𝐫𝟐

Unit of pole strength

m1 = m2 =m r = 1m F = 10-7N
−7
10−7 m m
10 =
12
m =1
2

m=1Am
Strength of a magnetic pole is said to be one ampere metre, if it repels an equal & similar pole with
a force of 10-7N when placed in vacuum at a distance of one metre

MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE

Lines of force is an imaginary curve the tangent to which at a point gives the direction of the field
at that point
(i)Outside a magnet lines of force are from north to south pole while inside from south to north
(ii)Magnetic lines of force are closed curve.
(iii)Magnetic lines of force can never intersect each other
(iv) Magnetic lines of force have tendency to contract longitudinally (producing attraction between
opposite poles) & repel each other laterally
MAGNETIC FIELD UNIT

(i)Tesla(T)
F = Bilsin
F F=1N
B=
ilsin I=1A
Tesla(T) = 1NA-1m-1
L=1m

(iii) 1Gauss(G) = 10-4 tesla(T)

MAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT(M)

M = Strength of Pole X Magnetic length
M = m2l
SI Unit Am2
Direction S-pole to N-pole

MAGNETIC FIELD ON AXIAL OF BAR MAGNET

µ˳ 𝟐𝐌𝐫
𝐁𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐚𝐥 =
𝟒 𝐫 𝟐 − 𝐥𝟐 𝟐
𝐌 = 𝐦𝟐𝐥

When bar magnet is very small length (l<<r)

µ˳ 𝟐𝐌
𝐁𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐚𝐥 =
𝟒 𝐫 𝟑

M=Pole Strength
2l=Magnetic length
M=Magnetic dipole

MAGNETIC FIELD ON EQUATORIAL LINE OF BAR MAGNET

µ˳ 𝐌
𝐁𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢 = −
𝟒 𝐫 𝟐 − 𝐥𝟐 𝟑/𝟐
M = m2l

When bar magnet is very small length (l<<r)

µ˳ 𝐌
𝐁𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐚𝐥 = −
𝟒 𝐫 𝟑

M=Pole Strength
2l=Magnetic length
M=Magnetic dipole
TORQUE ON BAR MAGNET
=rXF
 = 2(l X mB)
 = 2lmBsin
=𝐌𝐗𝐁

WORK DONE
dW = d
dW = MBSin d
2 2
dW = MB Sin d
1 1
𝐖 = 𝐌𝐁(𝐂𝐨𝐬𝟏 − 𝐂𝐨𝐬𝟐 )

POTENTIAL ENERGY
Work done in rotating the dipole from a perpendicular direction to given direction
U = MB(Cos90˚ − Cos)
U = −MBCos
𝐔 = −𝐌. 𝐁

=0˚ Stable Equilibrium =180˚ Unstable Equilibrium =90˚

=0 =0 =MB (Max)
U = −MBCos0 = −MB (Min) U = −MBCos180 = MB (Max) U=0

ANGULAR SHM
=MXB
 = MBSin

d2
I 2 = −MB sin 
dt

d2
I 2 = −MB
dt

d2 −MB
=
dt 2 I
MB d2
w2 = = w2 
I dt 2

MB 2
w= w=
I T
 2
T=
𝐈 w
𝐓 = 𝟐
𝐌𝐁

GAUSS LAW IN MAGNETISM

Surface integral of magnetic field B over closed surface S is always zero.
𝐁. 𝐝𝐬 = 𝟎
Consequences of gauss law
(i)If number of magnetic field lines are leaving a closed surface an equal number of field lines must
also entering the surface
(ii)Isolated magnetic poles do not exist.

EARTH MAGNETISM
The Magnetic field arise due to electric current produced by motion of metallic fluids(Mostly of
molten iron nickel) in the outer core of earth This is known as the Dynomo effect

Geographic axis
The axis of rotation of earth

Geographic poles(Ng & Sg)

Geographical equator
The grate circle on the earth surface perpendicular to the earth geographic axis

Geographical meridian
A Vertical plane passing through the geographical axis is called geographic meridian

Magnetic axis
The axis of huge magnet assumed to be inside the earth is called magnet axis

Earth Magnetic Pole

North Magnetic Pole(Sg)
South Magnetic Pole(Ng)

Magnetic equator
Grate circle on earth surface perpendicular to the magnetic axis
Magnetic meridian
A vertical plane passing through the magnetic axis of the earth

MAGNETIC ELEMENT OF EARTH

Physical quantities which determine the intensity of earth magnetic field
Three magnetic element of earth are.

(i)Magnetic declination()
Declination at a place is the angle between the geographic meridian & the magnetic meridian

(ii)Magnetic inclination or dip()

Dip at a place is defined as the angle made by
the direction of the earth’s total magnetic field
with the horizontal direction.

A Magnet suspended freely at equator will

orient itself parallel to the surface of earth while
one suspended at pole will stand vertically

(iii)Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field

BH = BCos 
BV = BSin
BV BSin
=
BH BCos

𝐁𝐕
= 𝐓𝐚𝐧
𝐁𝐇

Q The Vertical Component of earth magnetic field at a place is 𝟑 times the horizontal component
what is the value of angle of dip at this place
Ans Bv= 3BH
BV
= Tan
BH
3BH
Tan = = 3 = 60˚
BH

MAGNETIC PERMEABILITY
It is the ability of Material to permit the magnetic lines of force through it
µ=permeability of material
µ˳=permeability of free space
µr=relative permeability of material
µ €
µ𝐫 = €r =
µ˳ €˳
 𝐁 Fo E o
µ𝐫 = €r = =
𝐁˳ F E
SI unit B=µ˳ni

B T
µ˳ = = −1 = TmA−1
ni m A

Magnetic field or Flux Density or Magnetic Induction

MAGNETISING FORCE OR MAGNETISING FIELD OR MAGNETIC INTENSITY(H)

Consider a toroidal solenoid with n turns per unit length carrying a current i
B = µ˳ni
ni= Magnetic intensity
B = µ˳H 𝛔
𝐄= ˳
€

INTENSITY OF MAGNETISION(I)
It is define as the magnetic moment per unit volume of the material.
Magnetic moment M
I= =
Volume V

m2l m 𝐪𝐢 𝐥 𝐪𝐢
I= = 𝐏= = =𝛔
A2l A 𝐀𝐥 𝐀

MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY (ζm)

It is a property which determines how easily a specimen can be magnetised
𝐈
𝛇𝐦 =
𝐇
Susceptibility of a magnetic material is defined as the ratio of intensity of magnetisation (I) induced
in the material to the magnetising force(H) applied

Relation between Magnetic Permeability and Susceptibility

When a magnetic material is placed in a magnetic field of magnetic intensity H the material gets
magnetised
𝐁 = 𝐁𝐨 + 𝐁𝐌 BM= Field by material
B = µ˳H + µ˳I
Bo= Applied field
B = µ˳(H + I)
Bo=µ˳H
B = µ˳(H + ζm H)
B = µ˳H(1 + ζm ) BM=µ˳I
µH = µ˳H(1 + ζm )
I=ζmH
µ = µ˳(1 + ζm )
µ B=µH
= (1 + ζm )
µ˳
µ𝐫 = 𝟏 + 𝛇𝐦
 Diamagnetic Substance Paramagnetic Substance Ferromagnetic Substance

(i)Diamagnetic substance do (i)Paramagnetic substance (i) Ferromagnetic substance

not have net magnetic moment have net magnetic moment e.g. have net magnetic moment
e.g. Antimony, Copper, Gold, Aluminium, Chromium, The individual magnetic
Mercury, Water Hydrogen, Platinum moment interact with one
Air another in such way as to align
themselves in common
direction over microscopic
volume. This leads to formation
of Domains
E.g. Iron , Cobalt, Nickel

(ii)These substance repelled by (ii)These substance attracted by (ii)These substance strongly

a magnet a magnet attracted by a magnet
(iii)If a rod of diamagnetic (iii)Parallel to the magnetic (iii)Parallel to the magnetic
material is suspended freely field field
between two magnetic poles its
axis become perpendicular to
the magnetic field
(iv) Permeability is less than (µ > 1) (µ >>>1 )
one (µ <1)
(v)Susceptibility is small, (v)Susceptibility is small, (v)Susceptibility is large &
Negative and independent of Positive and inversely 𝟏
Positive 𝛇𝐦  𝐓 (𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐢 𝐥𝐚𝐰)
temperature proportional to absolute
At curie temp. ferromagnetic
temperature
𝟏 substance change into
𝛇𝐦  (𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐞 𝐥𝐚𝐰) paramagnetic substance
𝐓

CURIE’S LAW IN MAGNETISM

I H H= Magnetic Intensity
1 I= Intensity of magnetisation
I T =Temperature
T C=Curie’s constant.
CH
I=
T
I C
=
H T
𝐂
𝛇𝐦 =
𝐓

At curie temp. ferromagnetic substance change

into paramagnetic substance

THE HYSTERESIS LOOP AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES

A hysteresis loop shows the relationship between the induced magnetic flux density (B) and the
magnetizing force (H). It is often referred to as the B-H loop. An example hysteresis loop is shown
below.
 The loop is generated by measuring the magnetic flux of a ferromagnetic material while the
magnetizing force is changed. A ferromagnetic material that has never been previously magnetized
or has been thoroughly demagnetized will follow the dashed line as H is increased. As the line
demonstrates, the greater the amount of current applied (H+), the stronger the magnetic field in the
component (B+). At point "a" almost all of the magnetic domains are aligned and an additional
increase in the magnetizing force will produce very little increase in magnetic flux. The material has
reached the point of magnetic saturation. When H is reduced to zero, the curve will move from point
"a" to point "b." At this point, it can be seen that some magnetic flux remains in the material even
though the magnetizing force is zero. This is referred to as the point of retentivity on the graph
and indicates the remanence or level of residual magnetism in the material.As the magnetizing
force is reversed, the curve moves to point "c", where the flux has been reduced to zero. This is
called the point of coercivity on the curve. The force required to remove the residual magnetism
from the material is called the coercive force or coercivity of the material.

As the magnetizing force is increased in the negative direction, the material will again
become magnetically saturated but in the opposite direction (point "d"). Reducing H to zero brings
the curve to point "e." It will have a level of residual magnetism equal to that achieved in the other
direction. Increasing H back in the positive direction will return B to zero. Notice that the curve did
not return to the origin of the graph because some force is required to remove the residual
magnetism. The curve will take a different path from point "f" back to the saturation point where it
with complete the loop.

Retentivity or Remanence (ob)

The value of Magnetic field B in the material when H(Magnetic intensity)=0

Coercivity (oc)
Coercivity is the intensity of the applied magnetic field required to reduce the magnetization of a
given material to zero, we have to apply a magnetic intensity=oc in the opposite direction(oc)

Soft iron Steel

(i)Retentivity of soft iron greater (i)less
(ii)Coercivity of soft iron less (ii)Grater
(iii) BH loop area is smaller (iii)BH loop area is larger
(iv)Hysterisis loss in case of soft iron is smaller (iv)Hysterisis loss grater
 Electromagnet Permanent Magnet
(i)High Retentivity (i)High Retentivity
(ii)Low Coercivity (ii)High Coercivity
(iii) Smaller area of BH curve (iii) Large area of BH curve
(iv)Low Hysterisis loss (iv)Large Hysterisis loss
E.g. Soft iron E.g. Steel