Wireless LANs

2014

Physical Layer

รศ. ดร. อนันต์ ผลเพิม่

Assoc. Prof. Anan Phonphoem, Ph.D.
[email protected]
http://www.cpe.ku.ac.th/~anan
Computer Engineering Department
Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
1
 Outline
• Modulation
Modulation Techniques
Techniques
• Basic knowledge
• Narrow Band
• Spread Spectrum
• Physical Layer Architecture
• Physical Layer Operation

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 Modulation Techniques
• Physical Layer
• Basic transformations
• Conversion process from data in NIC to radio
waves

3/73
 Digital to Analog Encoding

Data in NIC Airwaves

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 Basic concepts
• Carrier signal (carrier frequency)
• High frequency as a basis for information
• Sender and receiver agree on the frequency
• Digital data is modulated (shift keying) on
the carrier by modifying carrier characteristics
• 3 characteristics of carrier signal
• Amplitude
• Frequency
• Phase
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 Digital/Analog
Encoding

ASK FSK PSK

QAM
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

7/73
Bandwidth for ASK

8/73
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

9/73
Bandwidth for FSK

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Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

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PSK Bandwidth

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4-PSK

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4-PSK Constellation

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8-PSK Constellation

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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
(QAM)

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8-QAM Signal

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Bit Rate and Baud Rate

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Bit Rate and Baud Rate

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 Freq. Spectrum & Bandwidth
• Frequency Spectrum of a signal
• Collection of all the component frequencies of
the signal
• Bandwidth of a signal
• The width of the frequency spectrum

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Bandwidth

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 Modulation Technique
• Conversion process from data in NIC to
radio waves
• Narrow Band Modulation
• Spread Spectrum

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 Narrow Band Modulation
• Concentrate all Tx power within a narrow
band
• Frequency Spacing
• TV, AM/FM radio

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Narrow Band Example:
FM Radio

• Analog/Analog Encoding
• Concentrate all Tx power within a narrow band

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 Spread Spectrum Modulation
• A signal’s power over a wider band of
frequencies
• Less susceptible to noise
• Trade-off between BW and Signal-to-Noise
Ratio (process gain)

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 Spread Spectrum Modulation
Amplitude
Narrow Band Signal
Narrow Band Interference
Spread Spectrum Signal

Frequency

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 Spread Spectrum Modulation
• Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
• Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM)

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 FHSS
• A carrier signal
• hops from frequency to frequency as a
function of time
• Hopping code:
• frequency use and order to transmit
• Federal Communications Corporation
(FCC): Regulatory Agencies
• >75 frequencies / transmission
• Max dwell time is 400 msec
28/73
FHSS

https://www.okob.net/texts/mydocuments/80211physlayer/ 29
 FHSS
Time
Hopping Pattern: E A C D B

5 B

4 D

3 C

2 A

1 E
2.40 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45 Frequency
(GHz)

30/73
 FHSS & Noise
Time Hopping Pattern: E A C D B
5 B

4 Noise D

3 Noise C
Crash

2 A Noise Noise
Noise
1 Noise E
2.40 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45 Frequency
(GHz)

31/73
 FHSS
• Achieve up to 2 Mbps
• Faster data rate  high errors
• Reduce the interference effect
• Can operate radios with different hopping
pattern in the same frequency band
• Hopping code used is called Orthogonal

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 DSSS
• One of the most successful data
transmission technique
• Used in
• cellular networks (CDMA systems)
• Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
• WLAN

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 DSSS
• Combines a data signal with higher data
rate bit sequence
• Each bit  multiple bits
• Actually sends XOR of a sending bit and n-
random bits
• n-random bit  n-bit Chipping Code
• Processing Gain

34/73
 DSSS: 5-bit Chipping Code
1
Data Stream: 101
0

1
Random Seq:
0 01101 11000 10111

1
XOR (transmit):
0 10010 11000 01000

5-bit 5-bit 5-bit

35/73
 DSSS
• Spread the signal (n-time) across the
frequency band
• Reduce power concentration over a frequency
• Spreading ratio (Chipping code):
• # of chip bits / data bit

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 Chipping Sequence
• Pseudo random binary sequence (PRN or PN)
• PRN sequence properties:
• Balanced sequence (difference between number of
ones and zeros in the sequence is less or equal 1)
• Autocorrelation function of the sequence should be
close to 0 everywhere except at the shift 0.
•  White noise properties

https://www.okob.net/texts/mydocuments/80211physlayer/ 37
 DSSS
• Higher spreading ratio
• Better interference resistance
• Lower data throughput
• Lower spreading ratio
• Lower interference resistance
• Better data throughput
• FCC regulations:
• Spreading ratio  10
• IEEE 802.11  11
38/73
 FHSS & DSSS
Power Spectral Density
FHSS @ time T

Jamming Signal

DSSS

Frequency
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 FHSS & DSSS
• DSSS can achieve much higher than 2 Mbps
• DSSS is harder to implement
• More expensive than FHSS
• FHSS is higher interference resistance
• DSSS transmits farther than FHSS ?

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 OFDM
• Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
• Use many sub-carriers (in parallel)
• Sub-carrier overlap
• Sinc (sinx/x) Shape
• Max amplitudes match the nulls of other sub-
carriers
• Each sub-carrier modulates at low rate
(sum is high)
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sinc(x) Function

42
 OFDM
• FDM principle
• more bandwidth efficiency
• Saving bandwidth by decreasing guard band
• Decrease the Interference among channels
(cross talk)

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 Regular FDM
Amplitude

Frequency
44/73
 OFDM
Max amplitudes
Amplitude

match the nulls

of other sub-carriers

Frequency
45/73
 Principles of orthogonal carriers

• Definition
• The cross correlation integral between two
orthogonal sine waves, over the symbol
duration Ts, is zero:

∫ A1sin(2πf1t + φ1) · A2sin(2πf2t + φ2) = 0

Ts

www.dziwior.org/WirelessLAN/OFDM_Principles.html 46
 Principles of orthogonal carriers
• The amplitude (An) and phase (φn) of each carrier can have
any value, but must remain constant during the duration of the
symbol (Ts). These characteristics are used to encode the data.
• It turns out that f1 − f2 = n · (1 / Ts), where n is an integer.
The important fact about this orthogonal relationship is that a
demodulator "looking at" f1 over the period Ts will be
completely unaffected by f2 – without requiring an RF filter.
• You can have a set of orthogonal sine waves, such that fn = f0
+ n · (1 / Ts), i.e. a set of carriers at regularly spaced
frequency intervals, 1 / Ts apart. A demodulator "looking at"
one carrier will be unaffected by the other carriers – provided
it integrates over the period Ts.

www.dziwior.org/WirelessLAN/OFDM_Principles.html 47
 Outline
• Modulation Techniques
• Basic knowledge
• Narrow Band
• Spread Spectrum
• Physical Layer Architecture
• Physical Layer Operation

48/73
Physical Layer Architecture

MAC Layer

PHY SAP

PLCP Sublayer

Physical
PMD SAPLayer

PMD Sublayer

49
 PLCP Sublayer
• Physical Layer Convergence Procedure
• Communicate to MAC via primitives
through Physical Layer Service Access
Point (SAP)
• Prepare PLCP protocol data unit (PPDU)
(append fields to MPDU)
• PPDU provides for asynchronous transfer
of MPDU between stations
50
 PMD Sublayer
• Physical Medium Dependent
• Provide actual transmission and reception
of Physical Layer entities via wireless
medium
• Interface directly to the medium
• Provides modulation and demodulation of
the transmission frame

51
 Outline
• Modulation Techniques
• Basic knowledge
• Narrow Band
• Spread Spectrum
• Physical Layer Architecture
• Physical Layer Operation

52/73
 Physical Layer Operations
• 3 State machines
• Carrier Senses: determine the state of the
medium
• Transmit: send the data frame
• Receive: receive the data frame

53
Physical Layer state

ตรวจสอบสื่อ

ส่งข้ อมูล รับข้ อมูล

54
 Physical Layer Service Primitives
MAC  PLCP PLCP  MAC Description
PHY-CCA.indication (busy/idle : send every
channel changes state)
PHY-TXSTART.request PHY-TXSTART.confirm Start TX

PHY-DATA.request PHY-DATA.confirm Transfer Data

PHY-TXEND.request PHY-TXEND.confirm End TX

PHY-CCARESET.request PHY-CCARESET.confirm Reset Clear Channel

Assessment state
machine
PHY-DATA.indication Transfer Data

PHY-RXSTART.indication Received a valid start

PHY-RXEND.indication frame/PLCP header 55
 Carrier Sense Function
MAC PLCP PMD
• Station is not in Tx
or Rx mode
• Clear channel
assessment

• Medium Idle

• Clear channel
assessment

• Medium Busy
• Check preamble
monitor header
• Try to synchronize
 Transmit Function
MAC PLCP PMD
•Switch to TX mode
•Sending
preamble &
header to antenna
@ 1 Mbps
•Transmit data @
specified rate

…
…

…
•Switch to RX mode
 Receive Function
MAC PLCP PMD
• Clear channel
assessment found
media busy
• Check preamble
monitor header
• Check Power level
> 85 dBm
• Check CRC
• Set octet counter
…

…
…

• Final Octet
 Multiple Antenna Diversities
• Receive function will operate with
• Single Antenna
• Multiple Antennas
• Signal Degradation Factors
• Distance
• Atmosphere
• Barrier
• Multiple-path propagation
• Decrease the signal strength
• Use multiple antennas (diversity) to improve the
received signal
59
Multiple Antennas

Wireless Wireless
Transmitter Receiver SISO

Wireless :
:
Wireless SIMO
Transmitter Receiver

Wireless : Wireless
Transmitter : Receiver MISO

Wireless : Wireless
:
: MIMO
Transmitter : Receiver
60
Multiple Antennas

http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/img2/nea_0211comnet-1fig1.gif
61
 IEEE 802.11 PHY Layer
• FHSS Physical Layer
• DSSS Physical Layer
• Infrared (IR) Physical Layer

62
 FHSS Physical Layer
• Low cost
• Low power consumption
• Most tolerant to noise
• Low potential data rate
• Medium range (< DSSS)

63
 FHSS Architecture
• FHSS PLCP Sublayer
• FHSS PMD Sublayer
• Primitives

64
 FHSS PLCP frame
PLCP Preamble PLCP Header

80 bits 16 bits 12 bits 4 bits 16 bits 0-4095 Octets

Header
Start Frame
SYNC PLW PSF Error Whitened PSDU
Delimiter
Check
PSDU=PLCP Service Data Unit

Payload (MPDU)
Reduce DC bias, scramble
16-bit CRC
PLCP Signaling Field: data rate (1- 4.5 Mbps)

PSDU Length word

0000110010111101: define the beginning of a frame
0 & 1 alternating : synchronization purpose
65
FHSS HW

พีแอลซีพี
ฝั่งส่ง

การเปลี่ยน การกรองแบบ มอดดูเลชัน่

Data Whitener
สัญญลักษณ์ Guassian แบบ GFSK

Data
พีแอลซีพี ฝั่งรับ
Dewhitener
พีแอลซีพี
การกูค้ ืน
ช่วงการกระโดด

ปรับปรุงจาก 802.11 Wireless Networks, Gast, O’reilly

66
 FHSS PMD
• Perform actual Tx/Rx of PPDU by hopping
between channel (hopping sequence)
• Provides FHSS modulation/demodulation

67
 FHSS PMD Service Primitives
PLCP  PMD PMD  PLCP Description
PMD_DATA.request PMD_DATA.indicate Transfer Data

PMD_TXRX.request Set Tx/Rx mode

PMD_PA_RAMP.request Set Ramp up/down Tx

power
PMD_ANTSEL.request Select antenna (1..N)

PMD_PWRMGMT.request Put radio in sleep mode

PMD_TXPWRLVL.request Select power level

PMD_FREQ.request Tx Freq (channel ID)
PMD_RSSI.indication Signal Strength (0-15)

68
 DSSS Physical Layer
• High cost
• High power consumption
• High potential data rate
• More range

69
 DSSS Architecture
• DSSS PLCP Sublayer
• DSSS PMD Sublayer
• Primitives

70
 DSSS PLCP frame
PLCP Preamble PLCP Header

128 bits 16 bits 8 bits 8 bits 16 bits 8 bits

Frame
Start Frame
SYNC Signal Service Length Check MPDU
Delimiter
Sequence

16-bit CRC

#microsec. To transmit the MPDU

Reserved

Modulation type: data rate

1111001110100000: define the beginning of a frame
0 & 1 alternating : synchronization purpose
71
 DSSS
• Preamble and PLCP header are transmitted at
1Mbps
• Regardless of data transmission speed
• Payload prepared by the MAC layer is sent at the
rate specified in the services field
• The transmitter uses DBPSK (1Mbps) and DQPSK
(2Mbps) modulation

72
DSSS HW
ลาดับชิปปิ ง้
ฝั่งส่ง
ตัวกรอง มอดดูเลชัน่ แบบ
พีแอลซีพี ตัวกระจาย
Transmit Mark DBPSK/DQPSK

ดีมอดดูเลชัน่ แบบ
พีแอลซีพี Descrambler ฝั่งรับ
DBPSK/DQPSK
Correlator
การกูค้ ืน
ช่วงเวลา

ปรับปรุงจาก 802.11 Wireless Networks, Gast, O’reilly

73
 Complementary Code Keying
(CCK)
• 1998
• Proposed by Lucent Technologies and
Harris Semiconductor (later owned by
Intersil)
• Achieve 5.5Mbps and 11Mbps Tx rates

https://www.okob.net/texts/mydocuments/80211physlayer/
74
 CCK
• IEEE adopted the CCK and released the 802.11b
in 1999
• new option to transmit PLCP header with a short (56
bits) preamble
• only the Synchronization and Start Frame Delimiter
fields are transmitted at 1Mbps
• The rest of the PLCP header is transmitted at 2Mbps
(using DSSS DQPSK)
• data payload at either the same 2Mbps, or using CCK
at 5.5Mbps or 11Mbps.

75
 CCK
• based on polyphase complementary codes
• not binary  complex codes
• real component placed in the vertical plane
• complex component in the horizontal plane

76
 CCK
• The modulator uses
• 6 bits of each byte to pick one of 64 unique orthogonal
eight chips long polyphase complementary codes
• two bits of the byte are used to rotate the whole code
word (0, 90, 180 or 270 degrees)
• real and complex parts of the resulted code go to
the I(in-phase) and Q(quadrature) channels of
the IQ modulator

77
More on Preamble Frame

http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/searchMobileComputing/downloads/CWAP_ch8.pdf
78
Signal Field (802.11b)

Data Rate Signal Field Value

(Mbps)
1 00001010

2 00010100
5.5 00110111
11 01101110

79
 DSSS PMD
• Perform actual Tx/Rx of PPDU
• Provides DSSS modulation/demodulation

80
 DSSS PMD Service Primitives
PLCP  PMD PMD  PLCP Description
PMD_DATA.request PMD_DATA.indicate Transfer Data

PMD_TXSTART.request Start Tx
PMD_TXEND.request End Tx
PMD_TXPWRLVL.request Select power level
PMD_ANTSEL.request PMD_ANTSEL.indicate Select antenna (1..N)

PMD_RATE.request PMD_RATE.indicate Select data rate

PMD_ED.request PMD_ED.indicate Energy > Threshold

PMD_RSSI.indication Signal Strength (0-15)

PMD_SQ.indicate Signal Quality (PN code)
PMD_CS.indicate Valid 802.11 DS
PMD_CAA.indicate Detect RF as CCA algo.81
 IR Physical Layer
• Lowest cost
• Highest tolerant to RF noise
• Lowest range
• Need ceiling
• More secure
• No frequency regulating
• No product ?
• IrDA: Infrared Data Association Standard
82
 IR Architecture
• IR PLCP Sublayer
• IR PMD Sublayer

83
 IR PLCP frame
PLCP Preamble PLCP Header

57-73 slots 4 slots 3 slots 32 slots 16 slots 16 slots 0-2500 octets

Frame
Start Frame Data DC Level
SYNC Length Check MPDU
Delimiter Rate Adjust.
Sequence

16-bit CRC

#microsec. To transmit the MPDU

Specified for 1 and 2 Mbps

Data rate
1001: define the beginning of a frame
Pulse alternating : synchronization purpose
84
 IR PMD
• Mostly use diffused infrared
• Perform actual Tx/Rx of PPDU, translate
binary to infrared light
• Provides IR modulation/demodulation

85
 IR PMD
• Noise affects amplitude (not phase)
 Pulse position reduces interference
• Pulse position modulation :PPM
• Vary position of pulse
• For 1 Mbps  16 PPM
• For 2 Mbps  4 PPM

86
 Pulse Position Modulation

Data bits 16-PPM signal Data bits 4-PPM signal

0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 00 0001

0001 0000 0000 0000 0010 01 0010

… … 10 0100

1000 1000 0000 0000 0000 11 1000

87
 OFDM PLCP Frame

พรี แอมเบิ ้ล พีแอลซีพี เฮดเดอร์

12 สัญญลักษณ์ 4 บิต 1 บิต 12 บิต 1 บิต 6 บิต 16 บิต ขนาดเปลีย่ นแปลงได ้

SYNC Rate Resv. Length พาริต ี้ Tail Service MAC Data

88
 DSSS-OFDM PPDU

http://wireless.agilent.com/wireless/helpfiles/n7617b/dsss-ofdm_ppdu_format_short.jpg
89
Transmission Rate
บิตข้ อมูล ความเร็วที่ได้ (Mbps) ช่ วงความเร็ว
1101 6 1
1111 9 (BPSK)
0101 12 2
0111 18 (QPSK)
1001 24 3
1011 36 (16-QAM)
0001 48 4
0011 54 (64-QAM)
90
IEEE 802.11g OFDM

https://www.okob.net/texts/mydocuments/80211physlayer/ 91