CIV 2115 - Lecture 3 - Equilibrium & Support Reactions

UNIVERSITY OF GUYANA
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CIV 2115: Structures I

Lecture 3:
Equilibrium & Support Reactions
1
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Equilibrium of Structures
3.0 External and Internal Forces
4.0 Types of Supports for Plane Structures
5.0 Static Determinacy, Indeterminacy & Stability
6.0 Support Reactions
References
2
1.0 INTRODUCTION
➢ A structure is considered to be in equilibrium if, initially at rest, it
remains at rest when subjected to a system of forces and couples.
➢ If a structure is in equilibrium, then all its members and parts are also
in equilibrium.
3
2.0 EQUILIBRIUM OF STRUCTURES
➢ In order for a structure to be in equilibrium, all the forces and couples
(including support reactions) acting on it must balance each other, and
there must neither be a resultant force nor a resultant couple acting
on the structure.
➢ For a space (three-dimensional) structure subjected to three-
dimensional systems of forces and couples, the equations of equilibrium
is given by: σ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎 σ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎 σ 𝑭𝒛 = 𝟎
σ 𝑴𝒙 = 𝟎 σ 𝑴𝒚 = 𝟎 σ 𝑴𝒛 = 𝟎
4
➢ The first three equations ensure that there is no resultant force acting
on the structure, and the last three equations express the fact that
there is no resultant couple acting on the structure.
➢ For a plane structure lying in the 𝒙𝒚 plane and subjected to a coplanar
system of forces and couples, the necessary and sufficient conditions
for equilibrium can be expressed as:
σ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎 σ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎 σ 𝑴𝒛 = 𝟎
5
➢ The first two of the three equilibrium equations express, respectively,
that the algebraic sums of the 𝒙 components and 𝒚 components of all
the forces are zero, thereby indicating that the resultant force acting
on the structure is zero.
➢ The third equation indicates that the algebraic sum of the moments of
all the forces about any point in the plane of the structure and the
moments of any couples acting on the structure is zero, thereby
indicating that the resultant couple acting on the structure is zero.
6
➢ All the equilibrium equations must be satisfied simultaneously for
the structure to be in equilibrium.
7
Concurrent Force Systems
➢ When a structure is in equilibrium under the action of a concurrent
force system, that is, the lines of action of all the forces intersect at a
single point, the moment equilibrium equations are automatically
satisfied, and only the force equilibrium equations need to be
considered.
8
Concurrent Force Systems
➢ Therefore, for a space structure subjected to a concurrent three-
dimensional force system, the equations of equilibrium are:
σ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎 σ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎 σ 𝑭𝒛 = 𝟎
➢ Similarly, for a plane structure subjected to a concurrent coplanar force

system, the equilibrium equations can be expressed as:
σ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎 σ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎
9
Two-Force and Three-Force Structures
➢ Throughout this course, we will encounter several structures and
structural members that will be in equilibrium under the action of only
two, or three, forces.
➢ The analysis of such structures and of structures composed of such
members can be considerably expedited by recalling from statics the
characteristics of such systems.
10
Two-Force and Three-Force Structures
➢ If a structure is in equilibrium under the action of only two forces,
the forces must be equal, opposite, and collinear.
➢ If a structure is in equilibrium under the action of only three forces,
the forces must be either concurrent or parallel.
11
3.0 EXTERNAL & INTERNAL FORCES
➢ The forces and couples to which a structure may be subjected can be
classified into two types:
1. External Forces
2. Internal Forces
12
External Forces
➢ External forces are the actions of other bodies on the structure
under consideration.
➢ For the purposes of analysis, it is usually convenient to further classify
these forces as applied forces and reaction forces.
➢ Applied forces, usually referred to as loads (e.g., live loads and wind
loads), have a tendency to move the structure and are usually known in
the analysis.
13
External Forces
➢ Reaction forces, or reactions, are the forces exerted by supports on the
structure and have a tendency to prevent its motion and keep it in
equilibrium.
➢ The reactions are usually among the unknowns to be determined by the
analysis.
➢ The state of equilibrium or motion of the structure as a whole is
governed solely by the external forces acting on it.
14
Internal Forces
➢ Internal forces are the forces and couples exerted on a member or
portion of the structure by the rest of the structure.
➢ These forces develop within the structure and hold the various
portions of it together.
➢ The internal forces always occur in equal but opposite pairs, because
each member or portion exerts back on the rest of the structure the
same forces acting upon it but in opposite directions, according to
Newton’s third law.
15
Internal Forces
➢ Because the internal forces cancel each other, they do not appear in the
equations of equilibrium of the entire structure.
➢ The internal forces are also among the unknowns in the analysis and are
determined by applying the equations of equilibrium to the individual
members or portions of the structure.
16
➢ Supports are used to attach structures to the ground or other
bodies, thereby restricting their movements under the action of
applied loads.
➢ The loads tend to move the structures; but supports prevent the
movements by exerting opposing forces, or reactions, to neutralize the
effects of loads, thereby keeping the structures in equilibrium.
➢ The type of reaction a support exerts on a structure depends on
the type of supporting device used and the type of movement it
prevents.
17
➢ A support that prevents translation of the structure in a particular
direction exerts a reaction force on the structure in that direction.
➢ Similarly, a support that prevents rotation of the structure about a
particular axis exerts a reaction couple on the structure about that
axis.
➢ These supports are grouped into three categories, depending on the
number of reactions (1, 2, or 3) they exert on the structures.
➢ The types of supports commonly used for plane structures are shown
in the following slides.
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19
20
Internal Stability
➢ A structure is considered to be internally stable, or rigid, if it
maintains its shape and remains a rigid body when detached from
the supports.
➢ Conversely, a structure is termed internally unstable (or nonrigid) if it
cannot maintain its shape and may undergo large displacements under
small disturbances when not supported externally.
➢ Some examples of internally stable structures are shown on the
following slide.
21
Internal Stability
22
Internal Stability
➢ All physical bodies deform when subjected to loads; the deformations
in most engineering structures under service conditions are so small
that their effect on the equilibrium state of the structure can be
neglected.
➢ A rigid structure offers significant resistance to its change of shape,
whereas a nonrigid structure offers negligible resistance to its change
of shape when detached from the supports and would often collapse
under its own weight when not supported externally.
23
Static Determinacy & Indeterminacy
➢ An internally stable structure is considered to be statically
determinate externally if all its support reactions can be
determined by solving the equations of equilibrium.
➢ Since a plane internally stable structure can be treated as a plane rigid
body, in order for it to be in equilibrium under a general system of
coplanar loads, it must be supported by at least three reactions that
satisfy the three equations of equilibrium.
24
➢ Thus, a plane structure that is statically determinate externally must be
supported by exactly three reactions.
➢ It should be noted that each of these structures is supported by three
reactions that can be determined by solving the three equilibrium
equations.
➢ If a structure is supported by more than three reactions, then all the
reactions cannot be determined from the three equations of
equilibrium.
25
➢ Such structures are termed statically indeterminate externally.
➢ The reactions in excess of those necessary for equilibrium are called
external redundants, and the number of external redundants is
referred to as the degree of external indeterminacy.
➢ In particular, if a structure is statically indeterminate, the additional
equations needed to solve for the unknown reactions are obtained by
relating the applied loads and reactions to the displacement or
slope at different points on the structure.
26
➢ These equations, which are referred to as compatibility equations,
must be equal in number to the degree of indeterminacy of the
structure.
➢ For indeterminate structures, the degree of external indeterminacy is
given by:
𝒊𝒆 = 𝒓 + 𝒇𝒊 − 𝟑𝒏𝒓
27
Where:
➢ 𝒓 is the total number of reactions,
➢ 𝒇𝒊 is the total number of internal forces that can be transmitted
through the internal hinges and the internal rollers of the structure.
Recall that an internal hinge can transmit two force components, and
an internal roller can transmit one force component.
➢ 𝒏𝒓 is the number of rigid members or portions contained in the
structure.
28
➢ If a structure is supported by fewer than three support reactions, the
reactions are not sufficient to prevent all possible movements of the
structure in its plane.
➢ Such a structure cannot remain in equilibrium under a general system
of loads and is, therefore, referred to as statically unstable externally.
29
➢ The conditions of static instability, determinacy, and indeterminacy of
plane structures can be summarized as follows:
𝒓 + 𝒇𝒊 < 𝟑𝒏𝒓 : the structure is statically unstable externally
𝒓 + 𝒇𝒊 = 𝟑𝒏𝒓 : the structure is statically determinate externally
𝒓 + 𝒇𝒊 > 𝟑𝒏𝒓 : the structure is statically indeterminate externally
30
➢ The conditions of static instability, determinacy, and indeterminacy of
plane internally stable structures can be summarized as follows:
r < 3 , the structure is statically unstable externally
r = 3 , the structure is statically determine externally
r > 3 , the structure is statically indeterminate externally
31
➢ Based on the aforementioned conditions, the first implies that a
structure is unstable.
➢ For the remaining two conditions, i.e r = 3 and r > 3. Although
necessary, are not sufficient for static determinacy and indeterminacy
respectively.
➢ In other words, a structure may be supported by a sufficient number of
reactions (r ≥ 3) but may still be unstable due to improper arrangement of
supports.
32
➢ These Structures are referred to as geometrically unstable
externally. One possible arrangement of this can be illustrated with
the following truss. The structure has sufficient number of reactions ( r
= 3 ), and all of the reactions are in the vertical directions and as such
translation in the horizontal direction cannot be prevented.
33
34
➢ Another reaction arrangement is shown with the following beam. The
beam is supported by three non-parallel reactions. However, since the
lines of action of all three reaction forces are concurrent at the same
point A, they cannot prevent rotation of the beam about A.
➢ In other words, the third equation of equilibrium is not satisfied
(σ 𝑴𝑨 = 𝟎).
35
36
Example 1:
Classify each of the structures shown as externally unstable, statically
determinate, or statically indeterminate. If the structure is statically
indeterminate externally, then determine the degree of external
indeterminacy.
37
Example 2:
Example 3:
38
Example 4:
Example 5:
Example 6:
39
Example 7:
Example 8:
40
Example 9:
41
Example 10:
42
6.0 SUPPORT REACTIONS
Example 1:
Determine the reactions at the supports for the beam shown.
43
Example 1:
Free Body Diagram (FBD):
44
Solution:
𝑹𝑨 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟐 𝒌 (↗)
𝑩𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟕𝟎 𝒌 (↑)
𝑩𝒙 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟑 𝒌 (⟶)
45
Example 2:
46
Solution:
𝑫𝒙 = 𝟎
𝑫𝒚 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵 (↑)
𝑴𝑫 = 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎 (↻)
47
Example 3:
Determine the reactions at the
supports for the frame shown.
48
Solution:
𝑨𝒙 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒌𝑵 (⟵)
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵(↑)
𝑴𝑨 = 𝟑𝟖𝟕 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎 (↺)
49
Example 4:
Determine the reactions at the
supports for the frame shown.
50
Example 4:
FBD:
51
Solution:
𝑨𝒙 = 𝟕. 𝟓 𝒌 ⟵
𝑩𝒚 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟓 𝒌 (↑)
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓 𝒌 (↑)
52
Example 5:
Determine the reactions at the supports for the frame shown.
53
Example 5:
FBD:
54
Solution:
𝑪𝒙 = 𝟐𝟓 𝒌 (←)
𝑪𝒚 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟕𝟐 𝒌 (↑)
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟐𝟖 𝒌 (↑)
55
Example 6:
56
Example 6:
FBD (Entire Structure):
57
Example 6:
FBD (Rigid Portions):
58
Solution:
𝑨𝒙 = 𝟎
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ↑
𝑪𝒚 = 𝟐𝟒𝟏 𝒌𝑵 (↑)
𝑫𝒚 = 𝟏𝟒𝟗 𝒌𝑵 (↑)
𝑭𝒚 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒌𝑵 (↑)
59
Example 7:
60
Example 7:
FBD (Entire Structure):
61
Example 7:
FBD (Rigid Portions):
62
Solution:
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒌 (↓)
𝑩𝒚 = 𝟒𝟎𝟖 𝒌 (↑)
𝑬𝒚 = 𝟖𝟒𝟎 𝒌 (↑)
𝑭𝒚 = 𝟏𝟓 𝒌 (↓)
63
Example 8:
Determine the reactions
at the supports for the
frame shown.
64
Example 8:
FBD:
65
Solution:
𝑨𝒙 = 𝟏𝟒 𝒌 (⟶)
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟓𝟏 𝒌 (↑)
𝑪𝒙 = 𝟑𝟗 𝒌 (←)
𝑪𝒚 = 𝟔𝟗 𝒌 (↑)
66
Example 9:
arch shown.
67
Example 9:
FBD:
68
Solution:
𝑨𝒚 = 𝟑𝟐𝟖. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵 (↑)
𝑪𝒚 = 𝟒𝟎𝟏. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵 (↑)
𝑨𝒙 = 𝟕𝟑 𝒌𝑵 (→)
𝑪𝒙 = 𝟐𝟏𝟗 𝒌𝑵 (←)
69
Home Work:
frame shown.
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REFERENCES
✓ Hibbeler, R., 2012. Structural Analysis. 8th ed. New Jersey: Pearson
Prentice Hall.
✓ Kassimali, A., 2011. Structural Analysis. 4th ed. Stamford: Cengage
Learning.
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THE END
QUESTIONS?
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UNIVERSITY OF GUYANA

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

CIV 2115: Structures I

➢ Similarly, for a plane structure subjected to a concurrent coplanar force

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