A Review of Hybrid Floating Solar Plant Designs
A Review of Hybrid Floating Solar Plant Designs
A Review of Hybrid Floating Solar Plant Designs
https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.49571
International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue III Mar 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com
Abstract: The demand for power will have doubled by the year 2050. Solar energy currently meets a small percentage of the
world's demand, despite its enormous potential as an eco-friendly method for producing electricity. Utilizing land resources
sustainably is one of the challenges. As an alternative, floating PV (FPV) plants on bodies of water, such as a dam, reservoir,
canal, etc., are gaining popularity worldwide. This project aims to design a hybrid floating solar system that can produce
renewable energy in light of the above. Among the hybrid technologies addressed are FPV & hydro systems, FPV & pumped
hydro, FPV & wave energy converter, FPV & solar tree, FPV & tracking, FPV & conventional power, and FPV & hydrogen.
The review also summarises the main benefits and drawbacks of hybrid floating solar PV (FPV) systems. The hybrid FPV
technologies with hydro and solar energy input were some of the most promising ones for producing power efficiently. The
important ideas in this paper advance understanding and could serve as a catalyst for the creation of environmentally friendly,
sustainable hybrid floating installations.
Keywords: Hybrid, solar, FPV, renewable energy, operational context.
I. INTRODUCTION
The need for energy, agricultural land, and housing has risen dramatically as a result of the world's expanding population. It will
soon be necessary to switch to renewable energy sources because non-renewable resources like petroleum and coal are exhausting.
Most places on earth have at least one commercially viable renewable energy source (wind, sun, hydroelectric, geothermal), and
some have many sources. The most plentiful and inexhaustible energy source on Earth is generally acknowledged to be solar energy
[1]. In order to install solar energy on a wide scale, a lot of land must be used [2]. The overall impact of traditional PV deployments
is greater because of project-related operations such deforestation, bird fatalities, degradation, discharge, and micro - climate change
[3]. An average field PV power plant uses 0.6–0.8 MWp/ha of land [4]. Nevertheless, solar plants are challenging to build,
particularly in thickly urbanized nations [5], due to the restricted land availability and associated expenses. It is not a fully
sustainable use of land resources to build solar power facilities on farmland and wastelands. Due to their negative temperature
coefficient, PV panels perform better at converting sunlight into electricity as the temperature drops [6]. To take use of the solar
module's negative thermal coefficient, floating solar PV (FPV), a unique application, mounts solar arrays above water bodies [7].
Due to the many advantages of FPV, water may start to have a more prominent role in solar installation [8].
Opportunities for boosting solar producing capacity are made possible by FPV and aviation systems, particularly in landlocked
nations with competing land uses [9]. It might end up being more affordable than investing in pricey land for the installation of PV.
In addition to other countries, FPV installations have been made in the USA, China, Japan, India, Korea, Singapore,
Brazil, Norway and the United Kingdom. In regions with inadequate grid infrastructure, such as Sub-Saharan Africa and some
developing regions of Asia, floating solar might be especially advantageous [10]. The need to cool solar PV plants is one of the
biggest obstacles, though, as panel heat lowers electrical performance [11]. The floating photovoltaic (FPV) system functions under
the premise of operating the plant with water serving as a cooling medium while producing electricity from vast water surfaces [12].
Installing solar panels on water is about 15% more expensive than installing them on land [15]. The FPV sector will likely
experience rapid deployment as a result of falling floating building costs and increased growth in developing nations [16]. The
literature [17] also provided a number of insights into the commercial design of FPVs. The natural water-cooling effect, which can
partially boost module efficacy and extend module lives [18], makes up for the higher costs of floating solar. When compared to
conventional PV systems that were tested in two different temperature zones, the energy gain from cooling Floating PV systems was
found to be between 3% and 6% [19].The best places for FPV installation are those that have an abundance of water bodies,
including as canals, lakes, dams, reservoirs, and lagoons, as well as an appropriate climate [20,21]. Nevertheless, sea salt buildup on
PV systems decreases power output and efficiency [22]. The food, water, and energy nexus problem is examined in relation to the
usage of a floating solar system in aquaculture [23]. There are several FPV system design options that can increase efficacy and
cost-effectiveness [24]. A technologically possible and economically viable photovoltaic floating cover system with a method to
completely cover the reservoir to avoid evaporation losses is offered as an alternative solution for the agriculture industry [25].
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International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
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A unique system for using FPV modules to produce electricity and solar energy to heat water for water ponds has been examined
by the mining industry [26]. FPV technology is substantially more efficient than land-based technology since it offers a number of
co-benefits [27]. When compared to other conditions, FPV module temperatures are typically 5 to 10 degrees Celsius cooler, which
increases efficiency by 12% [28]. A creative solution that allowed the FPV's azimuth angle to be changed while keeping its tilt
constant increased power output by 28.68% compared to a conventional floating PV system [29].
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B. Classification of HFPV
Figure 2 illustrates the classification of the HFPV.
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International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
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Generation is increased and the generation curve is smoothed when hydropower plants are collocated with other power sources. As
time goes on, PV systems can make up for the loss in hydro energy, and a floating solar system along a reservoir's dam can alter
hydropower generation to compensate for unsteady generation [67]. HFPV has many uses. Wind turbines are connected to electrical
transmission lines around reservoirs [68]. Wind turbines can balance hydro and FPV energy generation. Figure 3 shows a floating
PV-hydro-wind system.
An example of a suitable location would be the Australia, Central America, the Persian Gulf, Northern Mexico, Sahara, etc. all of
which are typically arid regions with a lower but still present presence of hydropower facilities. The importance of hydropower in
the region [69]. The best places to use solar and hydropower are in Asia. Rivers in Vietnam, Malaysia, Japan, and Indonesia, canals
in Japan, tidal flows in Korea and China, aqueducts in China are only some of the places where this phenomenon has been observed.
Hydropower is best in rainy seasons, but solar systems work best in dry seasons. Thus, the two technologies can cooperate. Dry
seasons are milder. The rafts can support the system on dry banks until the water level rises. This is a smart way to utilise the open
surface space of reservoirs, the loss of which may have had serious financial consequences in the form of displaced homes and
commercial property.
Figure 3. A plan for a floating PV-hydropower hybrid system [68]. (reprinted with permission from Elsevier).
C. Floating Solar PV with Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (FPV & PHES)
PHES was invented in the twentieth century, with most projects completed between the 1960s and 1980s. A PHES system requires a
water source and two reservoirs of varying heights. PHES operations are highly flexible and feasible [69]. Solar power pumps
reservoir water to generate hydroelectric power when demand is low [69]. These dams could generate power at a lower capacity.
The reservoir's water will store energy efficiently. Solar energy could be stored in a hybrid system using pumped-storage
hydropower. The FPV system, the PHS subsystem's upper and lower reservoirs, both buses' power electronics converters, and the
load demand are all connected through the AC bus [70]. While the microgrid draws electricity directly from the FPV panels during
peak solar irradiance, the reservoir stores water for later use [71]. Like a battery, the reservoir stores the water that is conserved or
accumulated when PV panels are used.
Since there are no physical limits on the size of dams or water reservoirs, this kind of energy storage is very efficient. Based on the
reservoir's position and intended usage, a higher coverage ratio may result in more electricity and water conservation [72]. The
effectiveness of "PHES" is constrained by reservoir capacity, underscoring the need of batteries as well as other energy storage
systems. Not all population hubs are serviced in proportion to their supply (demand). In addition to being able to power irrigation
systems, solar panels on farms can be used to store energy [71].
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International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
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International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
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C. Industrial Participants
To supply a sizeable amount of the current world electricity needs, some technological developers are leveraging the momentum of
a floating solar plant by combining it with other offshore power systems [85]. Additionally, a number of firms are aiming to take
advantage of the increasing popularity of floating solar with HPP worldwide. HFPV may replace conventional floating solar PV in
the future if development teams are successful in creating cost-effective hybrid ideas.
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7) Decreased Emissions of co2. Compared to traditional FPV, hybrid floating solar farms have a larger potential to reduce carbon
emissions. With regard to Emissions of co2 per power generated, the HFPV system is advantageous, especially in tropical
areas.
8) Improvements to the current infrastructure. The outdated infrastructure of the plant has the potential to be modernised and
enhanced for performance [93]. Additionally, by sharing a grid connection, HFPV and HPP could save money on grid
integration.
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ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue III Mar 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com
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