THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SECOND AND FOREIGN LANGUAGE

 SECOND LANGUAGE

A second language (L2) is a language that is not a mother tongue, but a language that a person has after
he has mastered the first language. This second language is used fully in everyday life, only at certain
times. A second language is usually acquired in the social environment in which it is spoken, such as
used for public communication, in commerce, higher education, and in the administration of the
country. Second language also refers to non-native languages that are officially recognized and accepted
in multilingual countries as a means of public communication. In other words, a second language is a
language you learn in addition to your mother tongue. Or it can also be said that if someone learns a
language from within his own country, it is a second language.

Contoh

Indonesians living on the island of Java, their second language is Indonesian. They get Indonesian from
the school environment or television. They can speak Indonesian fluently but more often communicate
using their first language, namely Javanese.

 FOREIGN LANGUAGE

A foreign language is a language that is not widely used by people from a community, society or nation.
In other words, it refers to any language other than the Language spoken by the people in a certain
place such as a language that is not widely spoken in the country where you live. Or it can be said if a
person learned a language from outside his or his own country it was called a foreign language.

Usually foreign languages are studied because they add insight to the outside world. Foreign languages
are even included in the school curriculum as a compulsory subject. Given this, of course, we already
know that foreign languages which are compulsory subjects have a great influence on the development
of students, even the development of a country. With the existence of foreign languages, it is hoped
that everyone will be able to communicate with other people who come from other countries and use
the same language, so that international communication occurs.

Example

French is a foreign language for people who live in Indonesia because the language is not widely used in
Indonesia.

UNIVERSAL PROPERTIES OF LANGUAGE

 Modularity

 Compositionality and recursion

 Discreteness

 Productivity

 Arbitrariness

 Reliance on context
 Variability

MODULARITY

Most linguists believe that language is a modular system. That is, people produce and interpret language
using a set of component subsystems (or modules) in a coordinated way. Each module is responsible for
a part of the total job; it takes the output of other modules as its input and distributes its own output to
those of other modules.

For example, Phonetics is about production and interpretation of speech sounds. Phonology studies the
organization of raw Phonetics in language in general and in individual languages in particular.

In other larger linguistic units such as Semantics, a new module as discourse which is the organization of
language above and beyond sentence has been added as a subsystem.

Language units are not continuous; there is a boundary between one element and the next elemen. The
property of language when each sound is treated as discrete is described as discreteness. For example
the English word tin would consist of three units t/i/n. Speech units can be ordered and reordered,
combined and split apart.

The sounds we use in language have different meanings. For example the difference between “i” “í” is
not that big, but when we use these sounds in a language, we cannot use “i” instead of “í” because then
there is a difference in meaning. Likewise with pairs such as p, b, t, d and so on.

All languages divide that continuous space of sound into discrete, incremental territories. Sounds that
are discrete in one language may not be discrete in another. In English, for example, wedistinguish
“short a” from “short e,” so that pat and pet are different words

Example:

slide from a high "long e” sound (as in feed)

way down to a low “short a” sound (as in bat)

slide back to a “long o” sound(as in poke)

The morphological and phonological rules of the language and can be understood in its context,
although not found in the dictionary. Language can systematically combine minimal units of meaning,
called "morphemes". imagine every speaker in the world just invents one new word, and you'll have
some idea of how productive a language can be. mostly spontaneously not used often enough to make
dictionaries. Some coins do become part of the lexicon because they meet a new need.

Productivity is one way in which languages change to meet the changing communicative needs of their
speakers to create new words. Languages do not limit the use of this recursive process, all languages
have unlimited productive potential.
• In all human languages, an infinite number of new meanings can be constructed by combining existing
forms according to certain linguistic rules. For example, new words can be created by making new
combinations of existing morphemes, such as teflon which was originally formed by the combination
te(tra) - fl(our) – on

the relationship between form (sound/word/letter/character) that we use does not have a
natural/meaningful relationship with its meaning, therefore this relationship (between form and
meaning) is said to be arbitrary.

The form of human language has no intrinsic relationship between word form (how it sounds) and its
meaning, therefore this relationship (between form and meaning) is said to be arbitrary.

[20:35, 10/10/2022] Taniafebiana: The form of human language has no intrinsic relationship between
word form (how it sounds) and its meaning, therefore this relationship (between form and meaning) is
said to be arbitrary.

[20:51, 10/10/2022] Taniafebiana: Arbitrariness means there is no connections or relationship between

For example when we pronounce the word house, it has nothing to do with the shape of house.

But When a cat arches its back, it means the cat wants to jump.

sometimes to know where to start when studying, whatever the subject, it is important to include:

1. Use the Power Study Hour, which outlines one of the best ways to study. The full study session is an
hour, but it is broken down like this:
 1-2 minutes: Set goals (as specific as possible)
 30-50 minutes: Study with focus
 10-15 minutes: Rest (walking, drinking water, quick snacks)
 5 minutes: Review the material you just studied

2. Use the "Make Study Time Efficient" handout below to help diagnose your learning barriers.

3. Get enough sleep! It is important to have an average of 8 hours of sleep a night to help you become a
successful student.

Using deep and active strategies while studying has been shown to improve retention and memory.

When learning new material, use these strategies/questions to process deeper information:
 Elaboration: How do concepts relate to each other? Make meaningful connections between
concepts and other information you know.
 Distinctiveness: How is the concept different? How are they similar?
 Personal Connection: How can I relate this concept to my own experience? What personal examples
illustrate this concept?
 Appropriate application of the material: What should I do with the material I am studying? Do I need
to apply it? Memorize it? Compare? For myself?

Interlanguage is the type of language or linguistic system used by second- and foreign-language learners
who are in the process of learning a target language. Interlanguage pragmatics is the study of the ways
non-native speakers acquire, comprehend, and use linguistic patterns or speech acts in a second
language.

Interlanguage theory is generally credited to Larry Selinker, an American professor of applied linguistics
whose article "Interlanguage" appeared in the January 1972 issue of the journal International Review of
Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching.

Interlanguage (IL) is a linguistic system used by second language learners. Learners create this language
when they attempt to communicate in the target language. Interlanguage is affected by the learner's
native language as they use their native language knowledge to understand and organize the second
language or to compensate for existing competency gaps.

Nonetheless, interlanguage is entirely different from both the learner's first language (L1) and the
targeted second language (L2). Interlanguage has its own rule system but it contains ungrammatical
sentences and elements. Given that IL consists of elements of L1 and L2 as well as the speaker's
perceptions, it is always unique from speaker to speaker. Learners create rules, and they are changed
through input such as teachers, peers, etc. and by the learner.

Intra-language simply refers to issues such as culture dialects and learning regarding one particular
language.

When you communicate whiten the same class of language.

etc there many types of English language like UK English, american English. there is slight difference
between these language that may vary region to region. when you answer a question in same class of
language its called intralanguage .