Mi21mtech11003 - BM5023 - 2021 - Lab 2
Mi21mtech11003 - BM5023 - 2021 - Lab 2
Mi21mtech11003 - BM5023 - 2021 - Lab 2
SCHMITT TRIGGER
V1 15
OP1 uA741
4
2
- VF1
+
VG1 6
3 +
+
7
V2 15
R1 1k R2 29k
20.00
OUTPUT
10.00
INPUT
Voltage (V)
0.00
-10.00
-20.00
b. The circuit I have designed here is the Inverting Schmitt Trigger. In this circuit there are two reference
voltages: UTP and LTP. As the time varying input voltage increases and becomes more than UTP then the output
voltage becomes equal to -Vsaturation. When the time varying input voltage decreases below LTP then the
output voltage becomes equal to +Vsaturation. There will be no change in output voltage in any other condition.
If the input voltage falls below UTP the output does not change. Similarly, if the input voltage rises above LTP
the output does not change. This eventually leads to the formation of square waves at the output.
c. Schmitt Trigger is generally used to remove noise from digital signals. So, it is extensively used in
Electrocardiogram (ECG) and Electroencephalogram (EEG).
2.
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
Vcc 15
U1 LM555
VF1
RESET VCC OUT
CONT
T HRES Ra 577.2
C 100n
GND
T RIG DISC
C1 10n
VF2
Rb 432.9
2 0 .0 0
1 5 .0 0
Output
1 0 .0 0
C H A R G IN G TIM E
D IS C H A R G IN G TIM E
5 .0 0
0 .0 0
0 .0 0 2 5 0 .0 0 u 5 0 0 .0 0 u 7 5 0 .0 0 u 1 .0 0 m
Tim e (s )
a. The modes in which an IC-555 operates are: Astable, Monostable and Bistable.
b. Multivibrator is an electronic device which is used to implement two state devices like oscillators, timers and
flipflop. In astable multivibrator the circuit keeps oscillating from one state to another. Both the states are
unstable. The amount of time the circuit remains in a state depends on the values of passive components like
resistors and capacitors. Initially the capacitor C is discharged, and it slowly starts charging through resistances
Ra and Rb. The capacitor keeps charging until a certain voltage level is reached and after that the capacitor
starts discharging through resistance Rb as the resistance Rb during this time gets connected to ground. This
cycle of charging and discharging keeps going on and this is how an astable multivibrator works.
c. Astable multivibrator is used for frequency modulation and such devices are an integral part of modulation
and demodulation circuits which are extensively used wireless implanted devices.
3.
Rf 20k
V 2 15
OP1 uA 741
R1 10k
4
2
- Vo
6
3 +
+
7
R 159.15k C 1n V 1 15
R2 159.15k
C 1n
0.00
-10.00m
-20.00m
-30.00m
Voltage (V)
-40.00m
-50.00m
-60.00m
-70.00m