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    Mi21mtech11003 - BM5023 - 2021 - Lab 2

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    Subhranil Roy
    a. The Wien bridge oscillator uses an op-amp in a feedback loop configuration to generate sinusoidal oscillations. It consists of two resistors and two capacitors in a Wien bridge topology connected to the op-amp. b. The oscillations are produced as the op-amp continuously compares and adjusts the voltage differences between the resistor-capacitor arms of the Wien bridge. This causes the output voltage to oscillate in a sinusoidal waveform. c. The frequency of oscillation is determined by the time constant of the resistor-capacitor components in the Wien bridge. It produces a pure sine wave at its output and is commonly used in audio applications requiring sinusoidal signals.

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    Mi21mtech11003 - BM5023 - 2021 - Lab 2

    Uploaded by

    Subhranil Roy
    24 views7 pages
    a. The Wien bridge oscillator uses an op-amp in a feedback loop configuration to generate sinusoidal oscillations. It consists of two resistors and two capacitors in a Wien bridge topology connected to the op-amp. b. The oscillations are produced as the op-amp continuously compares and adjusts the voltage differences between the resistor-capacitor arms of the Wien bridge. This causes the output voltage to oscillate in a sinusoidal waveform. c. The frequency of oscillation is determined by the time constant of the resistor-capacitor components in the Wien bridge. It produces a pure sine wave at its output and is commonly used in audio applications requiring sinusoidal signals.

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    MI21MTECH11003_BM5023_2021_LAB 2

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    a. The Wien bridge oscillator uses an op-amp in a feedback loop configuration to generate sinusoidal oscillations. It consists of two resistors and two capacitors in a Wien bridge topology connected to the op-amp. b. The oscillations are produced as the op-amp continuously compares and adjusts the voltage differences between the resistor-capacitor arms of the Wien bridge. This causes the output voltage to oscillate in a sinusoidal waveform. c. The frequency of oscillation is determined by the time constant of the resistor-capacitor components in the Wien bridge. It produces a pure sine wave at its output and is commonly used in audio applications requiring sinusoidal signals.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    24 views7 pages

    Mi21mtech11003 - BM5023 - 2021 - Lab 2

    Uploaded by

    Subhranil Roy
    a. The Wien bridge oscillator uses an op-amp in a feedback loop configuration to generate sinusoidal oscillations. It consists of two resistors and two capacitors in a Wien bridge topology connected to the op-amp. b. The oscillations are produced as the op-amp continuously compares and adjusts the voltage differences between the resistor-capacitor arms of the Wien bridge. This causes the output voltage to oscillate in a sinusoidal waveform. c. The frequency of oscillation is determined by the time constant of the resistor-capacitor components in the Wien bridge. It produces a pure sine wave at its output and is commonly used in audio applications requiring sinusoidal signals.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 7

    1.

    SCHMITT TRIGGER

    V1 15

    OP1 uA741

    4
    2
    - VF1
    +

    VG1 6
    3 +
    +

    7
    V2 15

    R1 1k R2 29k

    SCHMITT TRIGGER WAVEFORM

    20.00

    OUTPUT

    10.00

    INPUT
    Voltage (V)

    0.00

    -10.00

    -20.00

    0.00 2.50m 5.00m 7.50m 10.00m


    Time (s)
    a. Voltage Comparator has only one reference voltage whereas Schmitt trigger has two reference voltages
    namely upper threshold voltage and lower threshold voltage. In comparator the input voltage is applied to the
    non-inverting input whereas the fixed reference voltage is applied to the inverting input. In Schmitt trigger the
    time varying input voltage is applied to the inverting input and the feedback voltage is applied to the non-
    inverting input. Voltage comparator is an open loop system whereas Schmitt trigger is a closed loop system.
    Voltage comparator does not exhibit hysteresis whereas Schmitt trigger exhibits hysteresis.

    b. The circuit I have designed here is the Inverting Schmitt Trigger. In this circuit there are two reference
    voltages: UTP and LTP. As the time varying input voltage increases and becomes more than UTP then the output
    voltage becomes equal to -Vsaturation. When the time varying input voltage decreases below LTP then the
    output voltage becomes equal to +Vsaturation. There will be no change in output voltage in any other condition.
    If the input voltage falls below UTP the output does not change. Similarly, if the input voltage rises above LTP
    the output does not change. This eventually leads to the formation of square waves at the output.

    c. Schmitt Trigger is generally used to remove noise from digital signals. So, it is extensively used in
    Electrocardiogram (ECG) and Electroencephalogram (EEG).

    2.

    ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

    Vcc 15

    U1 LM555
    VF1
    RESET VCC OUT
    CONT
    T HRES Ra 577.2
    C 100n
    GND

    T RIG DISC

    C1 10n
    VF2

    Rb 432.9

    ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR WAVEFORM

    2 0 .0 0

    1 5 .0 0
    Output

    1 0 .0 0
    C H A R G IN G TIM E

    D IS C H A R G IN G TIM E

    5 .0 0

    0 .0 0

    0 .0 0 2 5 0 .0 0 u 5 0 0 .0 0 u 7 5 0 .0 0 u 1 .0 0 m
    Tim e (s )
    a. The modes in which an IC-555 operates are: Astable, Monostable and Bistable.

    b. Multivibrator is an electronic device which is used to implement two state devices like oscillators, timers and
    flipflop. In astable multivibrator the circuit keeps oscillating from one state to another. Both the states are
    unstable. The amount of time the circuit remains in a state depends on the values of passive components like
    resistors and capacitors. Initially the capacitor C is discharged, and it slowly starts charging through resistances
    Ra and Rb. The capacitor keeps charging until a certain voltage level is reached and after that the capacitor
    starts discharging through resistance Rb as the resistance Rb during this time gets connected to ground. This
    cycle of charging and discharging keeps going on and this is how an astable multivibrator works.

    c. Astable multivibrator is used for frequency modulation and such devices are an integral part of modulation
    and demodulation circuits which are extensively used wireless implanted devices.
    3.

    WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

    Rf 20k

    V 2 15

    OP1 uA 741
    R1 10k

    4
    2
    - Vo
    6
    3 +
    +

    7
    R 159.15k C 1n V 1 15
    R2 159.15k

    C 1n

    T= (1/1000) = 0.001 SEC


    WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR WAVEFORM

    0.00

    -10.00m

    -20.00m

    -30.00m
    Voltage (V)

    -40.00m

    -50.00m

    -60.00m

    -70.00m

    0.00 2.50m 5.00m 7.50m 10.00m


    Time (s)

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