Internship Report and Project at ET

SAMARA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER
ENGINEERING
STREAM: COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
THREE MONTH INTERNSHIP REPORT FROM OCTOBER
03, 2022 TO JANUARY 03, 2023
TITLE: SERVICE PROTECTION DESIGN AND UPGRADE
MICROWAVE LINK TO OPTICAL FIBER TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM FOR SHAMBU AREA NETWORK
INTERNSHIP HOSTING COMPANY:

WESTERN REGION ETHIOTELECOM NEKEMTE TOWN
PREPARED BY
NAME ID
LALISA ABERA 1100430
TOLESA FEKADU 1100449
MEGERSA KENEI 1100471
ADVISOR: Mr. ISAYAS TEKESTE

COMPANY SUPERVISOR: ISAYAS CHEMEDA
SUBMISSION DATE FEBRUARY 23, 2023
FEBRUARY, 2023
SAMARA, ETHIOPIA
Declaration
We declare that the work entitled “FINAL REPORT OF INTERNSHIP” is submitted by us,
in partial fulfillment of the requirement for 5 th year first semester internship report in ECE
stream of communication, to SAMARA UNIVERSITY department of electrical and
computer engineering and comprises only our original work and outstanding
acknowledgement has been made in the text to all other materials used.
2
Acknowledgement
At the beginning we would like to express our deepest gratitude to Almighty God for giving
us the strength, and the composure to complete our internship trainee and prepare this
document within the scheduled time. It’s our pleasure to thank Samara University and
Ministry of Education for setting up this internship program. Also, we thank to Ethiotelecom
for allowing us to work and introduce us with the currently technologies being.
We would like to extend our heartfelt gratitude to the Western Region Ethiotelecom director
Eng. Mulatu Gudeta and Network division manager Eng. Talaku Getahun as well as our
supervisors Eng. Esayas Chemeda from transmission section for helping and guiding us from
the beginning of this internship program and until day of finalized this internship report. Then
we want to give our thanks to our mentor Mr. Isayas Tekeste for his guidance and
encouragement Also we would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to our advisor Eng.
Esayas Chemeda for his constructive advises, guiding and correcting our documents with
attention and care as well as follow ups. Finally, we would like to thank all group members
that had always been dedicated in making this internship report successful no matter how
hard this internship report is impossible to complete.
SU ECE Communication Stream Page 3

Executive summary
These report formally written document that explains what we have learned, done and gain in
the three months during the internship. This paper clearly described in first chapter the
general background of the company (Ethiotelecom). Starting from the introduction to that
explains the Ethiotelecom brief history, its main product, main customers or end users of its
products and overall organization and work flow. It contains company mission and values,
the service and product of the company, and the overall organization of the company
(Ethiotelecom). Our report explains in second chapter, all about the overall internship
experience that includes how we get to the company, the sections of the company that we
have worked. This mostly focused on wireless and transport network department and also
explains how each section works (operates). In third chapter we explain overall benefits
gained from internship. Finally, we concluded and recommended our project and report in
short term.

Tables of contents
Declaration..................................................................................................................................i
Acknowledgement.....................................................................................................................ii
Executive summary...................................................................................................................iii
Tables of contents.....................................................................................................................iv
List of figures..........................................................................................................................viii
List of tables..............................................................................................................................ix
List of acronyms.........................................................................................................................x
CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................2
BACKGROUND OF THE ETHIOTELECOM.........................................................................2
1.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................2
1.2 Brief history of Ethiotelecom...........................................................................................2
1.3 Company’s Vision, Mission, Values and Objectives.......................................................4
1.3.1 Vision........................................................................................................................4
1.3.2 Mission......................................................................................................................4
1.3.3 Values........................................................................................................................4
1.3.4 Objectives..................................................................................................................5
1.4 Main Products and Services of Ethiotelecom..................................................................5
1.4.1 Mobile service...........................................................................................................6
1.4.2 Fixed line service......................................................................................................7
1.4.3 Internet and data service............................................................................................7
1.4.4 Additional Business Services....................................................................................8
1.5 The Main Customers or End Users of Its Product or Services........................................8
1.6 Stake Holders of Ethiotelecom.........................................................................................9
1.7 Organizational Structure and Work Flow of the Company.............................................9
1.8 General Gateway............................................................................................................10
CHAPTER TWO.....................................................................................................................11
INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE.................................................................................................11
2.1 OVER ALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE..................................................................11
2.1.1 Objectives of the Internship....................................................................................11
2.1.2 How We Got Into the Company..............................................................................12
2.1.3 Section of the Company we have been working.....................................................12

2.1.4 Work Flow in Western Region Ethiotelecom.........................................................12
2.1.5 Work Tasks.............................................................................................................13
2.1.6 Procedures Used to Perform Work Task.................................................................13
2.1.7 Transmission Section..............................................................................................14
2.1.8 The Challenges We Have Been Faced While Performing in Our Work Task........24
2.1.9 Measuring or solution of the challenges encountered.............................................24
2.2 OVERALL BENEFITS GAINED FROM INTERNSHIP............................................24
2.2.1 Upgrading Theoretical Knowledge.........................................................................25
2.2.2 Improving Practical Skills.......................................................................................25
2.2.3 In terms of Industrial Problem-Solving Capability.................................................26
2.2.4 In terms of Interpersonal Communication Skill......................................................26
2.2.5 In terms of Improving our Team Working Skill.....................................................26
2.2.6 Improving our Leadership Skill..............................................................................27
2.2.7 Understanding Work Ethics Related Issues............................................................27
2.2.8 In terms of Entrepreneurship Skills.........................................................................28
CHAPTER THREE..................................................................................................................29
SERVICE PROTECTION DESIGN AND UPGRADE MICROWAVE LINK TO OPTICAL
FIBER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FOR SHAMBU AREA NETWORK...........................29
Abstract....................................................................................................................................29
3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................30
3.2 Statement of problem.....................................................................................................31
3.3 Objective........................................................................................................................31
3.3.1 General Objective....................................................................................................31
3.3.2 Specific Objective...................................................................................................31
3.4 Significance of the project.............................................................................................31
3.5 Scope of project..............................................................................................................32
3.6 Limitation of the Project................................................................................................32
3.7 Literature Review...........................................................................................................32
3.8 Methodology..................................................................................................................32
3.8.1 Methods...................................................................................................................32
3.8.2 Component Description..........................................................................................33
3.8.3 Software Requirement.............................................................................................37
3.9 System Design or Installation........................................................................................38
3.9.1 New Installation of Fiber for Shambu.....................................................................39
3.9.2 Current Design and Simulation of Network Access in Western Region................40
3.9.3 Improvement of Current Design and Simulation Network Access in Western
Region..............................................................................................................................41
3.9.4 New Design and Simulation Network Access in Western Region.........................41
3.10 Result and Discussion..................................................................................................42
3.10.1 Conclusion.............................................................................................................43
3.10.2 Recommendation...................................................................................................43
CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................................44
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.......................................................................44
4.1 Conclusion......................................................................................................................44
4.2 Recommendation............................................................................................................44
4.2.1 Recommendation for the Company........................................................................44
4.2.2 Recommendation for the University.......................................................................45
4.2.3 Recommendation for the Student............................................................................45
Reference..................................................................................................................................46
Appendix..................................................................................................................................47

List of figures
Figure 1.1: Main products of Ethiotelecom...............................................................................6
Figure 1.2 Generalized Ethiotelecom customers.......................................................................9
Figure 1.3 over all Organizational work flow of Ethiotelecom, western region......................10
Figure 2.1 The General Work Flow of Wireless and Transport Network Department Western
Region Ethiotelecom Company...............................................................................................13
Figure 2.2 Microwave Transmission systems..........................................................................15
Figure 2.3 Microwave Unit (Outdoor unit)..............................................................................16
Figure 2.4 Microwave units (Indoor unit)................................................................................16
Figure 2.5 MSAG.....................................................................................................................18
Figure 2.6 MSAN.....................................................................................................................19
Figure 2.7 Wavelength Division Multiplexing and DE Multiplexing Access.........................19
Figure 2.8 CWDM Transparent Transmission.........................................................................21
Figure 3.1 Fiber optic links......................................................................................................33
Figure 3.2 Structure of optical fiber cable...............................................................................35
Figure 3.3 Popular Single Fiber Connectors............................................................................36
Figure 3.4 MPO Multi-fiber Connector...................................................................................36
Figure 3.6 Place that shows where fiber is present and absent................................................39
Figure 3.7 Design of Optical fiber installation for Shambu site..............................................39
Figure 3.8 current fiber installed from Nekemte to Agamsa...................................................40
Figure 3.9 current fiber installed from Nekemte to Bako........................................................41
Figure 3.10 current design and simulation network access in WR..........................................41
Figure 3.11 New fiber distributions for Shambu area..............................................................42

List of tables
Table 3.1 the main differences between LEDs and LASERs..................................................35
Table 3.2 Class of IP format....................................................................................................38

List of acronyms
Asymmetric digital subscriber line Ethiopian Telecommunication corporation
ADSL......................................................................xi ETC........................................................................xi
Authentication Center Fixed acceess network
AUC........................................................................v FAN........................................................................xi
Backbone router Fourth generation
BR ..........................................................................v 4G……………………………………………………………………
Base station xiii
BS ..........................................................................v Frequency division multiplexing access
Base station controller FDMA....................................................................xi
BSC.........................................................................v Gateway mobile switching center
Base station subsystem GMSC....................................................................xi
BSS.........................................................................v General packet radio service
Base transceiver station GPRS......................................................................xi
BTS.........................................................................v Global open trucking architecture
Business Mobile GOTA.....................................................................xi
BM..........................................................................v Global system for mobiles
Closed user group GSM......................................................................xi
CUG.......................................................................xi In door unit
Code division multiple acceess IDU........................................................................xi
CDMA....................................................................xi Integrated services digital network
Core network ISDN......................................................................xi
CN .........................................................................xi International mobile equipment identity
Core router IMEI.......................................................................xi
CR .........................................................................xi International mobile subscriber identity
Course wavelength division multiplexing IMSI.......................................................................xi
CWDM...................................................................xi International telecommunication union
Dense wavelength division multiple ITU.........................................................................xi
DWDM..................................................................xi Internet protocol
Electrical and computer engineering IP .........................................................................xi
ECE........................................................................xi Local area network
Enhanced data rate for GSM evolution LAN........................................................................xi
EDGE.....................................................................xi Long term evolution
Ethiopian Telecommunication LTE.........................................................................xi
ET .........................................................................xi ministry of education
Ethiopian Telecommunication Authority MoE.......................................................................xi
ETA........................................................................xi Mobile station

MS.........................................................................xi SDH......................................................................xiii
Mobile switching center Third generation
MSC.......................................................................xi 3G .......................................................................xiii
Multiservice accees gateway Time division multiplexing
MSAG....................................................................xi TDM.....................................................................xiii
Multiservice access node...........................................xi Universal mobile telecommunication service
Operational maintainance UMTS...................................................................xiii
OM......................................................................xiii Very small apperture terminal
Optical transport network VSAT....................................................................xiii
OTN.....................................................................xiii Virtual private network
Public switched telephone network VPN......................................................................xiii
PSTN....................................................................xiii Wavelength division multplexing
Radio acceess network WDM...................................................................xiii
RAN.....................................................................xiii Western region
Second generation WR.......................................................................xiii
2G .......................................................................xiii Wide acceess network
Service GPRS support node WAN....................................................................xiii
SGSN....................................................................xiii Wideband code division multiple access
Short messaging service WCDMA...............................................................xiii
SMS.....................................................................xiii Zhong xing telecommunication equipment
Subscriber identity module corporation
SIM......................................................................xiii ZTE.......................................................................xiii
Syncronouns digital hierarchy

CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND OF THE ETHIOTELECOM
1.1 Introduction
Western Region Ethiotelecom is situated in the West of Ethiopia which is found at Nekemte
town 330 km from Addis Ababa. This region includes eight departments, such as indirect
channel, direct channel, fixed access network, operation and maintenance, power and
environment, Business partner, finance and physical security and 12 shops in different areas.
This is the final report for Electrical and Computer Engineering communication focuses area
for semester internship. This specific internship was undertaken at western region
Ethiotelecom, where duties were assigned providing the experience as a product specialist.
During the course of internship technical and process related activities were experienced.
This provides a useful knowledge and valuable job skills for the interns.
1.2 Brief history of Ethiotelecom
Ethiotelecom previously known as the Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation is an
Ethiopian telecommunication company serving as the major internet and telephone service
provider. Ethiotelecom is owned by the Ethiopian government and maintains a monopoly
over all telecommunication services in Ethiopia. Based in Addis Ababa, it is one of the "Big-
5" group of state owned corporations in Ethiopia, along with Ethiopian Airlines, the
Commercial Bank of Ethiopia, Ethiopian Insurance Corporation, and the Ethiopian Shipping
Lines.
The introduction of telecommunications services in Ethiopia dates back to 1894, when
Minilik II, the King of Ethiopia, introduced telephone technology to the country. However,
the first Ethiopian pioneer of telephony was his cousin Ras Mekonnen who came back with
telephone apparatus in 1889 after his visit of Italy and established a company. The company
was placed under government control at the beginning of the twentieth century, and was later
brought to operate under the auspices of the Ministry of Post and Communications. In 1952,
telecommunications services were separated from the postal administration, and structured
under the Ministry of Transport and Communications. The Ethiopian Telecommunications
Corporation is the oldest Public Telecommunications Operator (PTO) in Africa.
The first major telephone line constructed spanned a total distance of about 477 km
and connects Harare a major trade center in eastern region with Addis Ababa.
Immediately after the telephone line, a telegraph line was installed following the
construction of the first and only rail way line in Ethiopia. With a construction period
of two years 880km North to South telephone line connecting Asmara with Addis
Ababa was constructed and made operational in 1904. The “verbal repeater” system
was used to facilitate long distance calls, making use of the several intermediate
stations opened at the small towns and villages along the route. By 1930 a route
distance of 7000 km was completed and over 170 towns were being served by
telephone network. International communication service, however took long to
develop. Until 1930 Asmara and Djibouti are the only cities connected. By 1932
Ethiopia becomes the member of ITU (International telecommunication Union). By
1934 Ethiopia has established direct radiotelephone links with Cairo, Djibouti, Aden
and London and soon after radio communications training sectors for Ethiopians. By
1941 they build a telephone line in Addis Ababa and Asmara with a capacity of 1,500
and 1,200 respectively. After all when they leave Ethiopia after the Ethiopian Army
defeats them they left nothing in the sector; they destroy all things they deploy.
In 2005, ETC installed a national fiber optic backbone comprising 4000 kilometers
radiating out in six major directions from the capital (to Dire-Dawa, Djibouti, Dessie,
Mekele, Bahir-Dar, Nekemte, Jimma and Hawassa ), laying a foundation for
delivering current and future services including digital radio, TV, Internet, data and
other multimedia services. In order to increase the service capacity, reliability, quality,
speed and size of data transfer, ETC transferred from narrowband to broadband service
in January 2005.Today the back bone network is constituted from a variety of
microwave satellite and fiber optics links. Ethiotelecom mainly uses its earth station at
Sululta which transmits and receives to and from both the Indian Ocean & the Atlantic
Ocean satellite making it is to reach over the world. As of 2007, IP based next
generation networks of fixed telephone lines, third generation network(3G) of mobile
service based on wide band code division multiple access (WCDMA), Code division
multiple access (CDMA), synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) and dense wavelength
division multiple (DWDM) based optical fiber transmission have been introduced in
Ethiopia.
Transition to Ethiotelecom: Ethiotelecom has got its current status since 29th
November 2010 as a part of Ethiopia’s 2005/06 – 2009/10 GTP following the federal
government’s decision to focus on improving telecom services, taking them as key to
national development. Consequently, the country’s telecom infrastructure and services
have been transformed to world-class standards to facilitate the development of the
country with a great paradigm shift in the improvement of the sector.
1.3 Company’s Vision, Mission, Values and Objectives
1.3.1 Vision
Ethiotelecom envisions an information-based Ethiopian society were all my people have
access to information infrastructure on equitable basis.
 To be a world-class provider of telecommunications services in Ethiopia.
 Ethiotelecom shall be an internationally recognized, moving quickly,
strong and vibrant world-class.
 Ethiotelecom will achieve its goal of both providing a reliable network and
of improving Customer Services through a range of different levels that are
part of its development strategy.
 Ethiotelecom will develop and enhance the information system. This will
help to decrease the delay for provision, sales and activation as well as to
provide more reliable information to Customers.
 Ethiotelecom will develop a world-class human resources management.
This will help to improve employee’s ability to meet the needs and
expectations of Customers.
 Ethiotelecom will develop better sourcing & facilities processes. This will
help to faster delivery and repair and will offer more transparency to
Customers. To become world class provider of telecom service
1.3.2 Mission
 Connect Ethiopia through state of the art telecom services.
 Provide high quality, innovative and affordable telecom products and services that
enhance the development of our nation and ensure high customer satisfaction.
 Build reputable brand known for its customer’s consideration.
 To connect every Ethiopian through ICT to Provide world class telecommunication
services including basic telephony, mobile, internet and multimedia services.
 Build its managerial capability and manpower talent that enables Ethiotelecom to
operate at international level.
 Support community and environmental development
1.3.3 Values
 Lead with vision: Ethiotelecom commits to understand, meet and exceed the
telecommunications needs and expectations of our country at large and of customers
in particular.

 Respect: - Ethiotelecom respects all customers and recognizes that their revenues
allow Ethiotelecom to operate.
 Recognize that the company employees are the most valuable asset and want to create
an efficient corporate management environment that allows them to develop and
grow.
 Excellence: -Ethiotelecom will commit to high-level job performance, customer
service quality, organizational excellence and continuous improvement in all areas
Ethiotelecom will make every effort to achieve a superior financial return.
 Integrity: - Be ethical standards, being honest in all assignments.
 Accountability: - Ethiotelecom will hold us accountable to all our stakeholders.
 Stay motivated and encouraged to meet all the challenges that we will face. Make
every effort to achieve a superior financial return.
1.3.4 Objectives
The main objective of Ethiotelecom is to create awareness on products and services provided
by Ethiotelecom and help citizens understand the subscription requirements. The following
are other main objective of the company:
 Being customer focused company.
 Offering the best quality of service.
 Building a financially sound company.
 Meeting excellent world class standards.
 To provide products and services that enhances the development of our Nation.
 To build a successful brand known for its customer consideration.
To reach these goals, all Ethiotelecom divisions will focus on:
 Ensuring easy access and coverage to the whole population.
 Developing, enhancing network and information system.
 Developing human resources management
 Creating a strong brand.
 Implementing control standard processes
 Improving financial, sourcing and facilities processes.
1.4 Main Products and Services of Ethiotelecom
Ethiotelecom is institutionalized with the objectives of promoting the development of high
quality, efficient, reliable and affordable telecommunication services in the country. Its
services can be broadly classified as:

1.4.1 Mobile service


Figure 1.1: Main products of Ethiotelecom
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s
v
e
b
l
r
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Mobile roaming: - is a service that helps subscribers automatically to make and
receive voice calls, send and receive data, or access other services when travelling
outside the geographical coverage area of Ethiotelecom, by means of using a visited
country’s operator’s network. It could be outbound roaming, a service given to
Ethiotelecom customers who wants to use their mobile phone abroad, and inbound, a
service given to customers of foreign operator who has a roaming agreement with it
(like tourists, foreigner investors …). Currently this service is provided only for GSM
post paid subscribers.
GOTA (Global Open Trucking Architecture):- is a service given using the
CDMA2000 wireless network for the purpose of group communication. It allows two
or more individuals to communicate and also use for private and group calls using
push to talk. The service also allows the subscriber to make external calls after
subscribing to the mobile wireless service.
Satellite Mobile Telephone: - is mobile phone that connects to orbiting satellites
instead of terrestrial network. It enables customers in every part of the globe to be
beneficiaries of telecom services through satellites stationed on the universe. Satellite
phone is one of the greatest innovations in communication. The satellite mobile
telephone provides similar features of communication services to that of earthly
mobile telephones such as; voice, SMS and low-band width internet access.
Business Mobile Service with or without CUG: - is a bundled postpaid mobile
service that allows enterprise customers to make calls at a discounted rate compared
to the normal mobile tariff rates.BM with CUG (Closed User Group) option, in
addition to the business mobile bundles, any calls out of the bundle made within the
group are treated at a much discounted rate. To subscribe CUG there should be at
least five defined internal users within the group for each organization. All services
supported by GSM are also supported by Business mobile.

 Vanity numbers: - are Mobile numbers which are memorable and easy to dial.
Vanity numbers are classified into four categories based on their easiness to
remember. These are Platinum numbers, Gold numbers, Silver numbers and Bronze
numbers.
 Machine to Machine Service:-Machine to Machine is a wireless technology that
enables machines to talk to each other, and which customers can access directly from
their office or home computer
 Hybrid Business Mobile:-In the hybrid BM, customers will have postpaid bundle but
after the bundle it will be changed into prepaid mode automatically, so that Customer
can recharge whatever amount to use for out of bundle (OOB) usage and international
calls.
 Packaged Services: - a service that could be provided in the form of voice off picks
package, GPRS package and SMS package. Special target of customers for all
packages include students, night shift workers, big Hotel workers and Taxi drivers.
1.4.2 Fixed line service
It includes Wired Fixed line, Wireless Fixed line (CDMA), Short code, Bulk SMS and
ISDN/E1.
 Landline: -is a telephone line that travels over terrestrial circuits. A land line can be
copper wire, fiber optics or microwave.
 Wireless Fixed line: -is much similar to the ordinary fixed telephone service; it uses
Fixed Wireless Terminal (FWT) which enables it to give a voice, data and other value
added services. It works where ever CDMA network is available.
 ISDN/E1 service: -Integrated services digital network (ISDN) is an international
communications standard for sending voice, video, and data over digital telephone
lines or normal telephone wires.
1.4.3 Internet and data service
 Fixed wired broadband internet: -is provided through copper or fiber with different
access methods like ADSL, VDSL, EPON and GPON.
 Fixed wireless BB internet: -wireless is device or system used to connect different
fixed locations with a radio or other wireless link.
 Wireless broadband internet: is an Internet service which can be given through
different access methods like, AIRONET, supports up to 54 Mbps downloading
capacity, VSAT (supports up to 2Mbps downloading capacity), 3G and EVDO.

 Evolution Data Only (EVDO): is a Broadband mobile Internet service with high
speed using CDMA technology. The service works wherever CDMA network is
available. The service is available in Addis Ababa and more than 200 cities and town
throughout the country. It is provided in three alternative packages: 1GB, 2GB and
4GB for both prepaid and postpaid customers.
1.4.4 Additional Business Services
 Virtual Private Network (VPN):- enables private and public institutions to connect
their various branches and to establish their own private networks. VPN enables you
to share information and activate all information technology systems inside your
branches via fixed and mobile options. The service is available all over Ethiopia in
areas covered by Ethiotelecom terrestrial and mobile network that support data.
 VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal):- is an internet or VPN service using a
satellite access mechanism. It is a way of establishing private satellite communication
network for large organizations that have widely dispersed locations.
 GSM Mobile (prepaid/ postpaid) the service is given using SIM (Subscriber Identity
Module). It has voice, data, SMS and other value added capabilities.SMS (short
messaging service), Call divert SMS, Call waiting, Call barring.
 4G Internet Access Technology: -is the 4th generation wireless internet access
technology that transforms the existing internet speed to a super-fast connection. The
users of 4G LTE network get the advantage of superior and uninterrupted
connectivity, which enables to live stream, video and movies at much faster rate than
ever before and can also easily share information.
1.5 The Main Customers or End Users of Its Product or Services
Generally, the customers of Ethiotelecom are the entire people of Ethiopia where the
company’s network is covered. We can divide the customers of Ethiotelecom in to two to
make its work clear and efficient. The two types of Ethiotelecom customers are Enterprise
customers and Residential customers.

Figure 1.2 Generalized Ethiotelecom customers.
 The Residential Customers: - are those customers who are single users like us. For
example, any people that can use mobile network, fixed line network, fixed line
telephone, internet service are some of the residential customers.
 The Enterprise Customers: -are those customers like governmental organization,
private companies and non-governmental organization. For example: banks,
agricultural office, health office, school, NGO etc.
1.6 Stake Holders of Ethiotelecom
Stakeholder is defined as those at groups without those supports the organization cease to
exist. Then it has gained wide acceptance in business practice and in theorizing relating to
strategic management, cooperate governance, business purpose and cooperate social
responsibility (CSR). The stake holders of Ethiotelecom are ZTE Company, HUAWEI
Company, Ericsson Company, Customers and Government.
1.7 Organizational Structure and Work Flow of the Company
The head office of Ethiotelecom in Addis Ababa is networked with the regional telecoms.
Our hosting company is one of the regional telecoms and is known as Ethiotelecom western
region.
In Ethiotelecom west region there are eight main departments and these are:-
 Fixed line access network (FAN).
 Operation and Maintenance (O&M).
 Indirect Channel.
 Direct Channel.
 Power and Environment.
 Business Partner.
 Security.
 Financial

Head office of A.A
Regional
Direct channel Finance
Western
Indirect channel Security
Region
Business partners Power and environment
Wireless and Transport

FAN
network O & M
Figure 1.3 over all Organizational work flow of Ethiotelecom, western region
1.8 General Gateway
Ethiopian network gateways about five gateways are there
1. BOLE(FINFINNEE)---BR
2. MEKELLE---BR
3. DIRE DAWA---BR
4. SHASHAMMANNE---BR
5. BAHIR DAR---BR
All networked to each other by means of mesh.

CHAPTER TWO
INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
2.1 OVER ALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
2.1.1 Objectives of the Internship
Internship is used to acquire practical knowledge and ability offered by the
professional world. It gave the opportunity of applying the reality of work from the
theoretical knowledge acquired in the class room. It also assists the student's
development of employer valued skills such as teamwork, communications and
attention to detail. Expose the student to the environment and expectations of
performance on the part of accountants in professional accounting practice, private
or public companies or government entities. Thus, adding a new professional
experience for the future of our life. The main objectives of internship are:
 To encourage the practical and theoretical knowledge through the practical work.
 To gain experience in design, implementation, and evaluation of worksite.
 Observe a corporate fitness center operation.
 Enhance written and verbal communication skills.
 Assist in program or product development.
 To attend one professional meeting.
2.1.1.1 General Objective
It provides operational environments for the students which formulate and focus on
their career objectives. It is also connect the students with potential employers and
provides opportunities to explore the variety of career objectives that are often
available within the hosting company. Such opportunities also help students relate
theories and knowledge acquired in the academic year with the skills and attitudes
found in the company, develop idea, appreciate business areas and provide experience
that many employers value.
2.1.1.2 Specific Objective
Specific objective of the internship is to acquire and demonstrate competencies expected in a
professional managerial environment such as:
 Apply and generalized the academic theory and knowledge acquire in the class room
to practical engineering field.
 To create interrelation and interdependence to the internship company.
 Create conductive atmosphere to assess professional qualification.

 Means to transfer a knowledge and technology to the industry.
 Increase productivity of the students
2.1.2 How We Got Into the Company
The curriculum of Samara University for student’s states that, when the students start the first
semester of 5th year’s they should be sent to the company to accomplish the internship
program. We applied when we are in University by head of department and after about two
month we received a call from both our university and ministry of education (MOE) that we
got accepted to Ethiotelecom. The ministry of education has planned for university students
especially for technology students to develop their theoretical knowledge to practical
knowledge so that the students can work easily by themselves after they are living the
university. First when we came to the company, they prepared the welcome ceremony and
give us half day induction training which deals about the organization, work flow, product
and services of the company presented by Ethiotelecom staff member.
2.1.3 Section of the Company we have been working
In our internship period what we have seen and what we have learned there is described next
in each of the sections. The components of sections we have seen are Transmission section.
Therefore first of all we would like to explain transmission sections in detail.
2.1.4 Work Flow in Western Region Ethiotelecom
Frist when we join Ethiotelecom Company we introduce ourselves with the overall matters
and we were taking induction training. At the end of the induction training we select the work
section that we stay for during three months in this company. Ethiotelecom has different
departments in different regions. At western region we assigned to work in operation and
maintenance department for all session. This department covers all operation and
maintenance in case of western region. Operation and maintenance department has its own
manager. Under the western region Ethiotelecom, we have been working in the Wireless and
Transport network department and also the department consists of six working sections. Each
section has its own supervisor. The work flow of the working sections are managed by the
manager of the department.

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2.1.5 Work Tasks

Western Region Ethiotelecom Company.
In our internship period the work task we have been done are;
 Observing different components.
 Understanding IP concept and IP Addressing method
 Knowing the operation of the components.
 How to check DWDM and CWDM are functioning
2.1.6 Procedures Used to Perform Work Task
To perform the above work tasks we used some procedures by the help of the Operation &
Maintenance department manager at Western Region Ethiotelecom. To do this work tasks
efficiently and effectively the schedule is given for us from the manager. One day we observe
the component of one working section and learn how it is operating. On the next day we
continue to observe the component of another working section and how the component is
operating by the help of worker of the section suited for us. After observing the components
of the six working sections for the first round, we come together with all of the intern’s and
with the advisor of each section. At that time the time is given for us to ask the advisors if
there is a question and after the question is explained for us, a highlight is given from the
advisors again on the operation of the component we observe past days. Like this we perform
the work tasks in our internship duration. Operation and maintenance department is
responsible for controlling the operation of the communication system and for maintenance
of network and communication equipment. Communication stream students are allocated at
eight departments. From this we were wireless and transport network O&M deeply.

This department has six sub departments and these are: -
 RAN and Core.
 IP Backbone &Transmission.
 Fiber Backbone.
 Optimization
 Mobile roll out.
 IP Backhaul.
2.1.7 Transmission Section
Transmission (in telecommunications) is the process of sending or propagating an
analog or digital signal via a medium that is wired, wireless, or fiber optic. In
transmission section we have seen different components of media that can transmit
and receive information (data, voice, video, etc.) from source to destination. There are
two types of transmission media:-
 Guided media - These are those that provide a conduit from one device to another
that include twisted-pair, coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable.
 Unguided media - This is the wireless media that transport electromagnetic waves
without using a physical conductor. Signals are broadcast either through air.
In Ethiotelecom there are three types of communication systems to transport network.
1. Microwave transmission: uses air as communication media
2. Fiber communication: uses fiber as communication media
3. Satellite communication system
In telecommunications, a transmission system is a system that transmits a signal from one
place to another. The signal can be an electrical, optical or radio signal. Some transmission
systems contain multipliers, which amplify a signal prior to re-transmission, or regenerators,
which attempt to reconstruct and re-shape the coded message before re-transmission. The
components of transmitting system that we mainly use are;
 Microwave Transmission
 Fiber optics
 IP Backbone
 MSAG and MSAN
 DWDM
 CWDM

2.1.7.1 Microwave Transmission
Microwave transmission is the transmission of information or energy by electromagnetic
waves which wavelengths are measured in small numbers of centimeter; these are called
microwaves. Microwave communication is the transmission of signals via radio using a series
of microwave towers. Microwave signals propagate in straight lines and are affected very
little by the troposphere. They are not refracted or reflected by ionized regions in the upper
atmosphere. Microwave beams do not readily diffract around barriers such as hills,
mountains, and large human-made structures. Some attenuation occurs when microwave
energy passes through trees and frame houses. Microwaves are unidirectional. When an
antenna transmits microwave waves, they can be narrowly focused. This means that the
sending and receiving antennas need to be aligned. The unidirectional property has an
obvious advantage. A pair of antennas can be aligned without interfering with another pair of
aligned antennas. Microwave is electromagnetic wave with frequency from 300MHz to
300GHz. additionally; we have seen different types of microwave dishes directed to different
microwave repeaters. This microwave repeater increases the power gain which will be
transmitted from BSC. So that, there are several microwave repeaters available for this
region. Microwave radio transmission is commonly used in point to point communication
system on the surface of the earth.
Figure 2.2 Microwave Transmission systems.
Components of microwave system:

 Digital modem: - information signals comes from different part is called base band
signal. The digital modem modulates the base band signal and intermediate
Frequency.

 Radio frequency (RF):- to transmit the signal with microwave IF signal should be
converted to Radio Frequency (RF) signal. Up conversion is the process to mix IF
signal and a high frequency local oscillation signal and output RF signal.
 Antenna: - it is a passive device that radiates modulated signal. It is fed by direct
connect of RF unit, coaxial cable and wave guides at higher frequency.
 Unit of microwaves: - There are two unit of microwaves
 Outdoor unit
 Indoor unit
Figure 2.3 Microwave Unit (Outdoor unit)

Outdoor unit is part of the digital microwave transmission system. It supports point to point
digital fixed radio service and works together with indoor unit to provide multiple types of
service interfaces.
Indoor unit is ipasolink radio that have different model depending on antenna number.
Microwave indoor unit physical appearance is shown in figure below.
Figure 2.4 Microwave units (Indoor unit)

2.1.7.2 Optical Fiber Transmission
An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made of a pure glass (silica) not much wider
than a human hair. It functions as a waveguide, or "light pipe", to transmit light between the
two ends of the fiber. The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design
and application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics. Optical fibers are widely used in
fiber-optic communications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher
bandwidths (data rates) than other forms of communication. Fibers are used instead of metal
wires because signals travel along them with less loss and are also immune to
electromagnetic interference. Fibers are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in
bundles so they can be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in tight spaces. Specially
designed fibers are used for a variety of other applications, including sensors and fiber lasers.
It has the following three basic functions:
 To convert an electrical input signal to an optical signal
 To send the optical signal over an optical fiber
 To convert the optical signal back to an electrical signal
2.1.7.3 IP Backbone
The IP Backbone Topology view shows links between routers, subnets, interfaces, and
network locations. The links from routers to their interfaces and from the interfaces to the
corresponding subnet (through the topology link that is defined in the data model) are the
primary components of the IP Backbone Topology view. A backbone or core network is a
part of a computer network which interconnects networks, providing a path for the exchange
of information between different LANs or sub networks. A backbone can tie together diverse
networks in the same building, in different buildings in a campus environment, or over wide
areas.
2.1.7.4 Multiservice Access Gateway
MSAG stands for multiservice access gateway. It is a device typically installed in a telephone
exchange (although sometimes in a roadside serving area interface cabinet) which connects
customers telephone lines to the core network, to provide telephone, ISDN, and broadband
such as DSL all from a single platform.
 It is IP based device
 Core Network or backbone network is the part of a network that connects the
different parts of the access network. The core network also provides the gateway to
other networks. NGN(next generation network) soft switch (IP based) and IP Core
 Media used by MSAG is-both copper and fiber (EPON based)
Services Supported by MSAG are:
 High Speed Data
 Copper based (ADSL Service) – 8Mbps
 Fiber based (EPON Service)-120Mbps
 Voice Services
 Fax
Figure 2.5 MSAG

2.1.7.5 Multi-Service Access Node
A multi-service access node (MSAN) is used for data and voice. It is the same as MSAG with
small difference. MSAN is a device typically installed in a telephone exchange (although
sometimes in a roadside serving area interface cabinet) which connects customers telephone
lines to the core network, to provide telephone, ISDN, and broadband such as DSL all from a
single platform. Ethiotelecom uses only one shelf ZTE MSAN or HUEWEI MSAN
MSAN:
 Is the latest
 Low power consumption
 High subscriber capacity
 With one cable give two service
MSAN provide a connection between a telephone lines to the central network in a telephone
exchange. We can also that MSAN are very important and essential part for providing a host
of services such as ISDN, broadband and the telephone. Multi-Service Access Node (MSAN)
is a type of FTTN network.

Figure 2.6 MSAN
2.1.7.6 Multiplexing
Multiplexing is a process that combines several signals for simultaneous transmission on
single transmission channel. It is economically feasible to utilize the available bandwidth of
optical fiber or coaxial cable or radio system in a single high capacity system shared by
multiple users. Various multiplexing techniques deployed are FDM, TDM, CDM and WDM.
From all these we have seen about WDM techniques in fiber transmission.
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM): In fiber-optic communications, wavelength-
division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology which multiplexes a number of optical carrier
signals on to a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths(i.e. colors) of laser light.
This technique enables bidirectional communications over one strand of fiber, as well as
multiplication of capacity.
Figure 2.7 Wavelength Division Multiplexing and DE Multiplexing Access

There are two types of wavelength division multiplexing
 CWDM (Course wavelength division multiplexing).

 DWDM (Dense wavelength division multiplexing).

Course Wave Length Division Multiplexing (CWDM):
Course wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) is a method of combining multiple
signals on laser beams at various wavelengths for transmission along fiber optic cables, such
that the number of channels is fewer than in dense wavelength division multiplexes (DWDM)
but more than in standard wavelength division multiplexing (WDM).CWDM systems have
channels at wavelengths spaced 20 nanometers (nm) apart, compared with 0.4 nm spacing for
DWDM. This allows the use of low-cost, un cooled lasers for CWDM. In a typical CWDM
system, laser emissions occur on eight channels at eight defined wavelengths: 1610 nm, 1590
nm, 1570 nm, 1550 nm, 1530 nm, 1510 nm, 1490 nm, and 1470 nm. The energy from the
lasers in a CWDM system is spread out over a larger range of wavelengths than is the energy
from the lasers in a DWDM system. CWDM is being used in cable television networks,
where different wavelengths are used for the downstream and upstream signals. In these
systems, the wavelengths used are often widely separated. For example, the downstream
signal might be at 1310 nm while the upstream signal is at 1550 nm.
We use ring topology because when the signal coming from working direction fails the
signal from protection side will work automatically. This results as the customers services
does not affected by absence of the system.
CWDM APPLICATION
Adding CWDM in the optical transport is: -
 Simple and cost-effective solutions for fiber exhaust relief.
 New services can be added over a single existing optical fiber, without interrupting
service to existing customers
 From CWDM a customer can get Voice and data/internet.
E.g. Fixed line telephone
Internet service
CWDM Features
I) Rich service access type:
 Multi-rate services access
 Small particles service convergence.
 Continuous-rate services access (10Mbit/s-2.7Gbit/s).
II) Transparent Transmission
 Transparent transmission is very essential for the various services used in MAN.
 No cross connection simplifies the equipment and enhances the privacy of the
services.
Transparent transmission
Figure 2.8 CWDM Transparent Transmission

III) Transmission Distance
 Transmission distance becomes one of the important technical indexes of CWDM
system.
 For longer transmission distance the regenerators, be used.
Signal regeneration is signaling processing that restores a signal, recovering its original
characteristics.
Advantage, disadvantage and application of CWDM
CWDM Advantage:
 Lower power consumption
 Smaller space requirements
 Low-cost equipment.
 To reduce network operating costs
CWDM Disadvantage:
 Less capacity than DWDM
 Less range
 CWDM Applications
 From CWDM a customer can get Voice and data/internet. E.g. Fixed line telephone
internet service
 Used in cable television networks
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM):
Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is a technology that puts data from
different sources together on an optical fiber, with each signal carried at the same time on its
own separate light wavelength. Using DWDM, up to 80 separate wavelengths or channels of
data can be multiplexed into a light stream transmitted on a single optical fiber. Each channel
carries a time division multiplexed (TDM) signal. In a system with each channel carrying
2.5Gbps (billion bits per second), up to 200 billion bits can be delivered a second by the
optical fiber. DWDM is also sometimes called wave division multiplexing (WDM). DWDM

is Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing. "Dense" because it packs wavelengths closer
together than course wavelength division multiplexing methods. It transmits multiple data
signals using different wavelengths of light through a single fiber. Incoming optical signals
are assigned to specific frequencies within a designated frequency band. The capacity of fiber
is increased when these signals are multiplexed onto one fiber. Dense wavelength division
multiplexing (DWDM) is a fiber-optic transmission technique that employs light wavelengths
to transmit data. The wavelength interval is between 0.4 and 2nm.
Advantage, disadvantage and characteristics of DWDM
Characteristics of DWDM
 Super-large capacity transmission (up to 10Gbps)
 Saving the fiber resources
 Transparent transmission of each path and smooth scaling and expansion
 Super-long distance transmission
 Basis of future optical network.
Advantage of DWDM
 Maximum capacity system available
 Maximum distance capability
 Repeater “amp” sites can be reduced
 Pay as you grow expansion
Disadvantage of DWDM
 Need more space
 Need more power
 Need high accuracy lasers and wave filters
WR DWDM Topology
 Uses ring topology b/s to protect services
 One link for working other for protection
 Optical fiber is the medium for communication
2.1.7.7 Optical Transport Network (OTN)
Optical Transport Network (OTN) is a protocol for sending network messaging over optical
fiber networks. OTN is the underlying transport technology for multi-service packet-optical
networks. It comprises of a set of ITU-T recommendations standardizing interfaces and rates
for high bandwidth optical clients. OTN creates a framework for consistent wavelength
multiplexing, providing a robust and manageable transport infrastructure that scales well

beyond 100Gbps. Structurally, OTN utilizes a digital wrapper, a multiplexing hierarchy, and
comprehensive layered instrumentation, to deliver mapping, mixing and switching that can
simplify the process of end-to-end circuit provisioning and improve transport capacity
management. DWDM are replaced by one OTN.
OTN is better than DWDM by the following improvements.
i. Increase transport capacity
ii. Decreases number of service cards.
iii. Gives up to 100G capacity at once, where for DWDM is 10G.
OTN offers the following advantages relative to SONET/SDH:
 Stronger Forward Error Correction
 More Levels of Tandem Connection Monitoring (TCM)
 Transparent Transport of Client Signals
 Switching Scalability
The disadvantages of OTN is it requires new hardware and management system
OTN has a number of advantages, including:
 Reduction in transport costs: By allowing multiple clients to be transported
on a single wavelength, OTN provides an economical mechanism to fill optical
network wavelengths.
 Efficient use of optical spectrum: OTN facilitates efficient use of DWDM
capacity by ensuring consistent fill rates across a network using OTN switches
at fiber junctions.
 Determinism: OTN dedicates specific and configurable bandwidth to each
service, group of services, or network partition, guaranteeing network capacity
and managed performance for each client and no contention between concurrent
services or users.
 Virtualized network operations: New virtualization techniques such as
Optical Virtual Private Networks (O-VPNs) provide a dedicated set of network
resources to a client, independent of the rest of the network.
 Flexibility: OTN networks give operators the ability to employ the
technologies needed now to support transport demands while enabling operators
to adopt new technologies as business requirements dictate.
 Secure by design: OTN networks ensure a high level of privacy and security
through hard partitioning of traffic onto dedicated circuits. This segregation of
network traffic makes it difficult to intercept data transferred between nodes

over OTN-channelized links. And because OTN-switched networks keep all
applications and tenants separate, organizations can effectively stop hackers
who access one part of the network from gaining access to other parts of the
network.
 Robust yet simple operations: OTN network management data is carried on a
separate channel completely isolated from user application data. This means
OTN network settings are much more difficult to access and modify by gaining
admittance through a client interface port.
2.1.8 The Challenges We Have Been Faced While Performing in Our Work Task
Some of the main challenges that we have faced during the internship program at the
company are listed below: -
 Ethiotelecom is very secure so that the company not willing to give us a chance to
work a task independently.
 Having a smaller number of contacts with the supervisor due to the lack of peace and
security and their busyness.
 The shortage of money is also another difficult problem for the internship because of
the expensiveness of food and transportation.
 Lack of practical knowledge related to our work.
2.1.9 Measuring or solution of the challenges encountered
We have tried to overcome the challenges that faced while we performing our tasks by taking
the following measures:
 We used to take short notes at each practical time that help for the report.
 Communicated with my experienced friends and take the soft copy by
flash and email.
 Some time we asked the company employers when they were free.
2.2 OVERALL BENEFITS GAINED FROM INTERNSHIP
When we first started on the company everything was new for us. We had only the theoretical
knowledge. It was really fascinating and inspiring to see and experience the lessons we have
been learning for the past four years in the real practical world. Through the internship we
developed a better understanding in our perspective engineering field from theoretical
concept to practical application. So, we tried to experience and learn every work as much as
we can. Training in such an experienced company and working with youth staffs have offered
us the following Benefits:

 Upgrading Theoretical Knowledge
 Improving practical skills
 Interpersonal communication skills
 Team playing Skill
 Leadership skills
 Develop Work ethics skills
 Entrepreneur skills.
2.2.1 Upgrading Theoretical Knowledge
We believe theoretical lessons are a great foundation and prior thing you can’t get rid for
practical implementations. However theoretical knowledge developed by practical are
unforgettable, easily and quickly understandable and the main tool for problem solving. We
found the internship very important in up grading theoretical knowledge that we grasped
during the past four years. There were brand new ideas that we never got the chance to know
about when attending theoretical regular classes. The internship experience didn’t bring only
new ideas to the theory. Instead it helped in improving the available ways and ideas of
problem solving skills to a great level. Specifically, on the area of optical fiber, electronics
and data communication we do have a great inspiration to work with full confidence since
we enjoy the most basics and practical implementations on this period. We spent most of our
internship practice session by reading some documents that covers concepts regarding
transmission network. We have also read materials that are given by our supervisors and
staff members. We upgrade our theoretical knowledge and improving our experience in to
one level. To say the truth more than the practical knowledge (skills) we have gained, more
theoretical knowledge during my stay in Ethiotelecom.
2.2.2 Improving Practical Skills
As the main purpose of the internship at the university levelly is to facilitate or
develop student learning opportunities outside the class room, this experience provides
the opportunity to apply, class room theory to real word station. In our university even,
the lecturers try to take an initiative measure to interconnect theoretical party with real
practically part by taking in to the labs. But there is not enough material in the labs, as
result an internship was the right program to improving our practical skills. This
internship program was exactly what we needed to nurture the lack of practical skills
we had. While we were on the job we got the opportunity to learn different aspects of
practical Skills.

2.2.3 In terms of Industrial Problem-Solving Capability
We hope it is obvious that problem solving and decision making are key facets of any
successful operation. The first thing in solving a problem is to begin with a planning phase in
which the problem is clearly identified and understood each components or functional block
in the system and how it can fail. On the second stage you determine the effect of each
problem then determine the likelihood of occurrence and detecting the failure finally you
came up with the solution and check it out. After checking it out if the solution was not ok for
the encountered problem, going back to the first step and review the plan is the preferable
method.
2.2.4 In terms of Interpersonal Communication Skill

The other thing we have improved is our interpersonal communication skill. While in the
campus, most of communication held informally. Besides that, our informal communication
is mostly limited in close friends. On the top of that we still do not make good team
communication. In this internship period, we have improved this informal communication,
and develop new formal communication skill. With the help of our associates, we have found
many options to develop these skills. Interpersonal communication Skills that are critically
we have improved include:
 Be careful about our body language: - Any physical barriers in between might create
detraction and can make the interpersonal communication process uncomfortable.
 Never interrupt: - Interrupting a person who is talking is not be recommended since
its disrespectful due to nobody like to be interrupted
 Be confidence of our idea: - Bing confident of what you are saying will increase the
trust that the other people have in you and make the conversation flow more freely.
 Listen well: - Good listening skill will be able to understand what the person says
clearly and react in positive manner so focuses while you communicating with others.
2.2.5 In terms of Improving our Team Working Skill

In a company it is very important to play as a team. If there are disagreements between
the employees, it is very difficult to go ahead with the works. And as part of a team, an
engineer should have to work with a positive attitude within a group for the success of
a project. When called upon to lead, an engineer must have good managerial and

organizational skills. Confident and enthusiastic engineers are able to succeed by
gaining the trust of co-workers.
Good team worker possesses the following skills:
 Communicates constructively.
 Listens actively.
 Functions as an active participant.
 Shares openly and willingly.
 Cooperates and pitches in to help.
 Shows commitment and monitoring to the team
2.2.6 Improving our Leadership Skill
Leadership is the most important skill that we think it is the most valuable skill that we
develop. Everything we used to think about leadership is changed in this internship period.
We have noticed that leadership need many skills. At the company we were able to see
different engineers in hierarchical work and lead the staff workers and the engineers under
them. During these times we were able to observe that one should have great skills to be a
leader, such as:
 Good speaking ability.
 The ability to listen to others.
 Being decisive.
 Good management skills.
 Knowing the subject one is working on thoroughly.
We have observed that leadership is a great responsibility that one has to make the team he
is leading initiated and encouraged. This will enable you to get a good result, so that your
work is as perfect as or more than the expected. But in our staffs, every place is occupied
with the right person, and the staff members are responsible and did their works effectively.
2.2.7 Understanding Work Ethics Related Issues
Work ethics are very important part of our personal as well as professional life. With the
proper work ethics, a person become more responsible and focused towards his/her job. The
person also cultivates a sense of achievement around his work. This definitely has some
positive effects on his/her career growth as well as on the progress of the company. Some
characteristics of good work ethics are
 Honesty
 Respecting each other

 Cooperation
 Loyalty
 Transparency
 Punctuality
2.2.8 In terms of Entrepreneurship Skills
Entrepreneurship is defined as groups of people who organized or operate a business. We
understood that being an entrepreneur is not as simple as we have imaged before, rather it is
difficult to run because so many problems are expected to be faced. But it is also profitable, if
you are strong enough to face those problems, and a well-mannered and experienced
managers and human resource are assigned. The great thing that we have learned in terms of
entrepreneurship skill is to be bold to set up any kind of business and become profitable from
it, after you understand the concept of the business and get yourself familiarized with it.

CHAPTER THREE
SERVICE PROTECTION DESIGN AND UPGRADE
MICROWAVE LINK TO OPTICAL FIBER TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM FOR SHAMBU AREA NETWORK
Abstract
By seeing and analysis the previous project, the protection route has the following problems
for the three network areas (i.e. Bako, Gida Ayana, and Shambu area). These problems are:
(1) the protection route comes from a long distance over DWDM for both Bako and Agamsa,
it is not easy to maintain if fault is happened at one place. (2) Both Bako and Agamsa
protection capacities are lower than its working capacity which makes congestion of network
when working link goes down. (3) Shambu area as a whole has no fiber based network
service when the project was done which has impact on the capacity, quality, and speed of
network.
So for the above problems raised, we are going to upgrade the previous microwave
transmission media used between Bako and Shambu by another preferable transmission
media which is optical fiber. Microwave transmission medium is susceptible to many
obstacles, but fiber optic media is less subjected to interference and it has high quality, high
capacity and high speed. Due to this reliable reason it very important to replace microwave
transmission media by an optical fiber. By doing this the above three areas can be tied in
simple one ring topology. Therefore, this project is able to design a new fiber optics cable
installation with the help of Cisco packet tracer software. If fiber cut is happened between
Nekemte, Gida Ayana and Agamsa, Shambu gets service from Bako. But also, if fiber cut is
happened between Nekemte and Bako, Shambu gets service from Agamsa. Ring topology is
very important not only for Shambu area but also for others.
Keywords: Microwave, fiber optics.

3.1 Introduction
In Ethiotelecom optical fiber transmission and microwave transmission are widely used in
present day. An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made of very pure glass (silica)
not much bigger than a human hair that acts as a wave guide, or "light pipe", to transmit light
between the two ends of the fiber. The field of applied science and engineering concerned
with the design and application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics. Fiber optics is used
to transmit telephone signals, Internet communication, and cable television signals. Using
fiber-optic communication Internet speeds have reached 100 Bits per second × kilometer.
A standard Modern fiber-optic communication system consists of a transmitting device to
convert the electrical signal into optical signal to send into the optical fiber, an optical fiber
cable carrying the light, multiple kinds of amplifiers, and an optical receiver to recover the
signal and convert it back into an electrical signal. The information transmitted is typically
digital information generated by computers, telephone systems, and cable television
companies. Optical fiber communication is a method of transmitting information from one
place to another by sending pulses of light through optical fiber. The light forms an
electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. The potential bandwidth
of optical communication systems is the driving force behind the worldwide development and
deployment of light wave system. Like other communication systems optical communication
system also faces problems like dispersion, attenuation and non-linear effects that lead to
deterioration in its performance. Among them dispersion affects the system the most and it is
tougher to overcome it as compared to other two problems.
Microwave communication is the transmission of signals via radio using a series of
microwave towers. Microwave signals propagate in straight lines and are affected very little
by the troposphere. They are not refracted or reflected by ionized regions in the upper
energy passes through trees and frame houses. Microwaves are unidirectional.
Generally western region Ethiotelecom uses both fiber cable link and microwave link in their
long-distance communication service to different area like Dambi-Dollo, Bako, Gimbi,
Harato, Gida Ayana and Sire etc… In western region Shambu area accesses services by
microwave and other area accesses service by fiber optics cable. Services by fiber are more
secured and high capacity than microwave link. There are network access problem in Shambu

area. To overcome this problem in our project we preferred to replace microwave link by
fiber optical cable from Bako to Shambu.
3.2 Statement of problem
The problems and challenges facing the western region (WR) for many times in one side are:
 Shambu area fiber-based network service absence and as a zone as a whole. That
means the optical nodes (optical uplink) that comes from two directions for shambu
area far away from downlink sites.
 Shambu area network was not protected.
 Microwaves are limited to line of sight propagation
 Microwave radio transmission is commonly used in point-to-point communication
systems on the surface of the Earth.
 Interference of signal is the challenge.
 Microwave has low capacity, low speed, low accuracy and high loss along long
distance transmission as compared to optical fiber cable.
Shambu area accesses service by microwave link from western region Ethiotelecom
Company along long distance by passing through many repeaters of microwave, from Sire to
Bako, Bako to Harato and then finally from Harato to Shambu. Due to it is long distance
weak signal reach Shambu. To overcome this problem of microwave link it is very important
to replace it with optical fiber cable. Optical fiber resolves the problem of microwaves.
Optical fiber is widely used in fiber optic communications which permits transmission over
longer distances at higher bandwidth, very high data rate than other form of communication.
3.3 Objective
3.3.1 General Objective
 To protect shambu area network and upgrade microwave link by fiber optic cable
from Bako to Shambu.
3.3.2 Specific Objective
 Installation of new fiber optic cable with the help of Cisco packet tracer.
 To interconnect routers and switches.
 To interconnect switches and end devices.
 To ping each device during simulation.
3.4 Significance of the project
The Significance of this project:

 To increase the quality, speed, and link capacity of network: Fiber communication
has more quality, speed, and capacity than microwave communication. Additional
network sites can be added.
 To maintain sites in a simple way by doing new installation and availability of
network will be increased.
 To give more performance for the region and also for the company.
 Low attenuation loss over long distances, attenuation loss can be as low as is 0.2
dB/km optical fiber cables.
 Allowing transmission over long distances without the need for repeaters.
 To get more secured medium, fiber is the most secure medium available for
carrying sensitive data. Security of information passed down the cable.
Generally, the resulting product will be a huge win for the organization.
3.5 Scope of project
The scope of this project is to improve Shambu area network access by replacing microwave
link with fiber optics cable link, to get better quality, service protection, and high capacity.
3.6 Limitation of the Project
 The Ethiotelecom company officer did not allow us to do with their software
(netnumen software) for simulation due to security.
 There are no enough books, articles and journals related to our work.
 The high cost of fiber cable, Transmitter or receiver and other support
equipment for long distance hardware implementation.
3.7 Literature Review
In related work it is described as fiber optic cable is very important transmission medium
than any other. Western-region Ethiotelecom chooses fiber optic data transmission systems to
send information over fiber by turning electronic signals into light. The light forms an
electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. Throughout western
region Ethiotelecom, the coverage of fiber optic is accomplished except in Horro Guduru
Wallaga Zone including Shambu town. There is no previous work to replace this microwave
link to optical fiber in this region and service was not protected.
3.8 Methodology
3.8.1 Methods
We mainly follow the following methodologies to be achieving objectives of our work:

1. Gathering Information: - We collect and gather different necessary information like
distance, location, population density (subscribers) and etc.
2. Arranging and analyzing the information: - After sufficient information is gathered
from the study area we analyze that information.
3. Identifying required materials: - it is important to identify the components
(materials) that are used for the installation of fiber cable in transmission system.
Those materials are optical transmitters, connectors, fiber cable, optical amplifiers,
optical receivers, CSG router, and switches and so on.
4. Designing and configuring the system: - this method involves designing the whole
system and configuring each component with the help of Cisco packet tracer software.
5. Testing: - testing is the method of checking/realizing of proper functioning of each
components of the system.
6. Implementation: - this is the last procedures in which we see the result of our work
by sending message from one place to another place during simulation.
3.8.2 Component Description

Fiber Optic Link Components
In order to comprehend how fiber optic applications work, it is important to understand the
components of a fiber optic link. Simplistically, there are three main components in a fiber
optic link.
 Optical Transmitter
 Optical Fiber or Cable
 Fiber Connecters
 Optical Receiver
Figure 3.1 Fiber optic links

3.8.2.1 Optical transmitter
In order that data can be carried along an optical fiber cable, it is necessary to have a light
source or optical transmitter. The optical transmitter generates an optical frequency carrier,
and the carrier is modulated according to the transmitted data and passing through the fiber to
the receiver. The latter is one of the key elements of any optical fiber communication systems

and the choice of the correct one will depend upon the particular application that is
envisaged. There are two main types of optical transmitters that are commonly used today.
Both of them are based around semi-conductor technology.
a) LED transmitters
A light-emitting diode is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in
many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic
component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are
available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.
When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine
with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is
called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the
photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor.
In transmission of the light (optical signal) we can use different technology. In Ethiotelecom
mostly we use the two latest technologies: DWDM and SDH. In fiber-optic communications,
wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology which multiplexes a number of
optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (colors) of
laser light. This technique enables bidirectional communications over one strand of fiber, as
well as multiplication of capacity. DWDM multiplexes several optical signals with different
wavelength and transmits them in the same fiber. Each optical path carries an SDH or other
signal. SDH uses one light only for transmission of the optical signal. LEDs are cheap and
reliable. They emit only incoherent light with a relatively wide spectrum as a result of the fact
that the light is generated by a method known as spontaneous emission. A typical LED used
for optical communications may have its light output in the range 30 – 60 nm. In view of this
the signal will be subject to chromatic dispersion, and this will limit the distances over which
data can be transmitted.
b) LASER Diode transmitters
Laser is acronym of “Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation”. These
optical fiber transmitters are more expensive and tend to be used for telecommunications
links where the cost sensitivity is nowhere near as great. The output from a laser diode is
generally higher than that available from a LED, although the power of LEDs is increasing.
Often the light output from a laser diode can be in the region of 100mW.In addition to this
the output is more directional than that of a LED and this enables much greater levels of
coupling efficiency into the optical fiber cable. The laser diode is a laser where the active
medium is a semiconductor similar to that found in a light-emitting diode. The most common
type of laser diode is formed from ap-n junction and powered by injected electric current. The
former devices are sometimes referred to as injection laser diodes to distinguish them from
optically pumped laser diode.
Table 3.1 the main differences between LEDs and LASERs
CHARACTERISTCS LED LASER DIODE
cost Low High
data rate Low High
Distance Short Long
fiber type Multimode multimode and single mode
life time High Low

temperature sensitivity Minor Significant
3.8.2.2 Modulator
A modulator is used for controlling the amplitude of an optical wave. The input waveguide is
split up into two waveguide interferometer arms. If a voltage is applied across one of the
arms, a phase shift is induced for the wave passing through that arm. When the two arms are
recombined, the phase difference between the two waves is converted to an amplitude
modulation.
3.8.2.3 Optical fiber cable
In this section, we discuss the structure and properties of an optical fiber, how it guides light,
and how it’s cabled for protection.
Figure 3.2 Structure of optical fiber cable

An optical fiber is made of three concentric layers.
 Core: This central section made of silica or doped silica, is the light
transmitting region of the fiber.
 Cladding: This is the first layer around the core. It is also made of silica, but
not the same composition as the core. This creates an optical waveguide
which confines the light in the core by total internal reflection at the core-
cladding interface.

 Coating: The coating is the first non-optical layer around the cladding. The
coating typically consists of one or more layers of polymer that protect the
silica structure against physical or environmental damage. The coating is
stripped off when the fiber is connectorized or fusion spliced.
3.8.2.4 Fiber optic connectors
A connector terminates the optical fiber inside a ceramic ferrule, using epoxy to hold the
fiber in place. The connectors can be mated and unmated at anytime. The advantages of this
approach are that the connection is robust, the connector can be chosen according to the
application, and the connector can be connected and disconnected hundreds or even
thousands of times without damaging the connectors. The disadvantages of this approach are
that the connectorization takes longer than fusion splicing, requires special tools, and the
insertion loss can be higher when compared with fusion splicing. Physical contact
connectors are the most common type of fiber optic connection. They are rugged, repeatable,
easy to clean, cost effective and perform well.
Figure 3.3 Popular Single Fiber Connectors
It is also common to provide multiple fibers in a single connector. An example is the MPO
connector which supports 12 fibers in a single ferrule.
Figure 3.4 MPO Multi-fiber Connector

3.8.2.5 Optical amplifier
Optical amplifier is a device that amplifies an optical signal directly, without first converting
it to electrical form. Optical amplifiers are important in optical communication. There are
several different physical mechanisms that can be used to amplify a light signal, which
correspond to the major types of optical amplifiers. In doped fiber amplifiers and bulk lasers,
stimulated emission in the amplifier's gain medium causes amplification of incoming light.

3.10.2.6 Optical receiver
By definition photo detectors convert light signals to electrical signals which can then be
processed further. Optical fiber applications photo detectors work at standard wavelengths
around 850-1330 and 1550nm. Suitable photodiodes may be either PIN diodes or avalanche
photo diodes (APDs). In either case the operating wavelength determines the material used,
PIN diodes and APDs are variations on a basic depletion layer photodiode in which reverse
current is altered by absorption of light at the correct wavelength. APDs differ from PIN
diodes in that APDs have gain so that with the correct circuitry better sensitivity can be
achieved diodes in that APDs have gain so that with the correct circuitry better sensitivity can
be achieved with APDs.
3.8.3 Software Requirement
Router
A router is a device that connects two or more packet-switched networks or sub networks. It
serves two primary functions: managing traffic between these networks by forwarding data
packets to their intended IP addresses, and allowing multiple devices to use the same Internet
connection. There are several types of routers, but most routers pass data between LANs
(local area networks) and WANs (wide area networks).
 A LAN is a group of connected devices restricted to a specific geographic area. A
LAN usually requires a single router.
 A WAN, by contrast, is a large network spread out over a vast geographic area. Large
organizations and companies that operate in multiple locations across the country, for
instance, will need separate LANs for each location, which then connect to the other
LANs to form a WAN. Because a WAN is distributed over a large area, it often
necessitates multiple routers and switches*.
Types of routers:
 Wireless router
 Wired router
 Core router
 Edge router
 Virtual router
Switch: A network switch forwards data packets between groups of devices in the same
network, whereas a router forwards data between different networks.

End devices: they are used to give service for the subscribers. Such end devices are pc, smart
phone, tablets and so on.
IP address: An IP address is a 32-bit number. It uniquely identifies a host (computer or other
device, such as a printer or router) on a TCP/IP network. IP addresses are normally expressed
in dotted-decimal format, with four numbers separated by periods, such as 192.168. 123. The
32-bit IP address is a structured or hierarchical address. 32 bits are divided 4 sections and
every section is 8-bit address. The 32 bits addresses are divided two parts one is Host section,
and another is network section. 32 bits addresses have also 5 classes, which is,
 Network address of Class A: 1 to 127
 Network address of Class B: 128 to 191
 Network address of Class C: 192 to 223
Network address of Class D and E: The address between 224 and 255 are reserved for class D
and E networks. Class D is used for multicast address, Class E is used for scientific purpose.
Table 3.2 Class of IP format
Bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits
Class A Network Host Host Host
Class B Network Network Host Host
Class C Network Network Network Host
Class D Multicast Multicast Multicast Multicast
Class E Research Research Research Research
3.9 System Design or Installation

Microwaves are widely used for point to point communications, because their small wavelength
allows conveniently-sized antennas to direct them in narrow beams, which can be pointed
directly at the receiving antenna. This allows nearby microwave equipment to use the same
frequencies without interfering with each other. Microwave communication is a cost-effective,
can be rapidly installed, can cross complicated terrains, and efficient means to connect two or
more wireless points together over a variety of terrains and space, where continuous runs of
cable or fiber type transmission lines would not be practical or even possible. Ethiotelecom
companies provide the microwave communication to their customer based on the geographical
location of that cities, sub cities and rural areas of this country. Under Ethiotelecom, in western
region there are a lot of sites, from those sites shambu site is one. Microwaves uses repeaters (a device
that receives the transmitting signal through one antenna, converts it in to an electrical signal and
retransmits it), this makes it suffer too many obstacles, interference and fading. Since Shambu get
service by microwave and microwave radio systems are limited to line of sight technology, meaning

the signal will not pass through objects (e.g. Mountains, building) signals flow between one fixed
point to another, provided no solid obstacles disrupts the flow. As shown in figure below we design
the current network access of Shambu from western region Ethiotelecom. As shown in figure below
the previous protection for Bako and Agamsa were done separately in different direction and
Shambu area with no protection over fiber. The solid line represents fiber cable and dotted
line represents absence of fiber. So it important to tied it together by one ring for protection.
Figure 3.6 Place that shows where fiber is present and absent
3.9.1 New Installation of Fiber for Shambu
As we have said before Shambu area access the service by microwave transmission media,
passing through so many repeaters (from sire to Bako, Bako to Harato and Harato to Shambu)
as we can understand from the figure below. Since the signal passes through many obstacles,
when it reaches the destination point it will be very weak and corrupted. The capacity of
microwave service reach Shambu and number of subscribers are not balanced. To give
sufficient service for customers (subscribers) located in this site new design of fiber cable is
necessary. We designed a new system that involves new fiber installation in order to solve
current problem existed.
Figure 3.7 Design of Optical fiber installation for Shambu site

One of the most important thing we can understand from this figure is there are two
connection in Shambu site one by microwave and other by optical fiber. If connection of one
of them fails we use other. By this method we can improve network access of this area.

3.9.2 Current Design and Simulation of Network Access in Western Region
Shambu area is located in Horro Guduru Wallaga zone. There are no fiber-based network
services in Shambu area, but Shambu exists between Bako and Agamsa. That means the
optical nodes (optical uplink) that comes from two directions for Shambu area are far away
from downlink sites. The optical nodes for these services are at Agamsa and Bako. Clearly to
define this after Agamsa and Bako, there is no fiber-based traffic to go to Shambu area. Even
though these networks are communicated to each other over microwave, from the science and
can be seen on the ground for, it is known that fiber communication has more quality, speed
and capacity than microwave communication. So, it is better to use fiber as communication
media. Even if optical fiber for nodes or optical uplink comes from two directions for
Shambu area, they are not perfectly connected each other due to problem of fiber installing
happened. These areas access network service from Nekemte (data center) to Sire and from
Sire to Bako by fiber optics. From Bako to Shambu there no fiber based network so it goes
through microwave by passing through many repeater of microwave. In the same way, from
Nekemte to Gida Ayana and from Gida Ayana to Agamsa services goes by fiber after that
from Agamsa to Shambu by microwave by passing through a number of microwave repeater.
In below figure we design current fiber based network of western region that go to Shambu in
two directions.
Figure 3.8 current fiber installed from Nekemte to Agamsa

Figure 3.9 current fiber installed from Nekemte to Bako
3.9.3 Improvement of Current Design and Simulation Network Access in
Western Region
To improve the current network access of Shambu it is important to interconnect optical
uplink that comes in two directions. It has more advantage than optical uplink in one
direction. If fiber cut is happened between Nekemte to Sire or between Sire to Bako, Shambu
get services from Agamsa. In similar way if fiber cut is happened between Nekemte to Gida
Ayana or between Gida Ayana to Agamsa, Shambu get services from Bako.
Figure 3.10 current design and simulation network access in WR

3.9.4 New Design and Simulation Network Access in Western Region
It is important to install new optical fiber cable around Shambu area from both Bako and
Agamsa. By doing this above three areas tied together in one ring simply. Cause of fiber cut
are by government projects like road construction, by private property developers like
building of private houses, farming activities, by natural problems like erosion, wind and
earthquake and by fire. To minimize the problem of this fiber cut it is better to use network

by ring. In ring topology, the network consist a set of routers joined by point to point links in
a closed loop.
Figure 3.11 New fiber distributions for Shambu area

From above figure the protection route of the sites can be define as follows:
1. Gida Ayana is protected between Nekemte and Agamsa.
2. Bako is protected between Nekemte and Shambu.
3. Shambu is protected between Bako and Agamsa.
4. Agamsa is protected between Gida Ayana and Shambu.
As a general, depending on the proposed protection route ring topology (fit) can solve as
following:
A. If fiber cut is happened between Gida Ayana and Nekemte at this time Agamsa get
services from bako. By this all services in the ring can be work normally without any
interference.
B. If fiber cut is happened between Bako and Nekemte at this time Agamsa get services
from Gida Ayana. By this all services can be work normally without any interference
C. If fiber cut happened between both Gida Ayana and Nekemte, also between Nekemte
and Bako at the same time all link can get over microwave link to each other.
3.10 Result and Discussion

When every component and criteria we mentioned in this project is fulfilled the objective of
this project will be achieved. In simulation result we understand how new fiber install is
connected to Nekemte data center and other area by sending message from source to

destination. We can send data from one place to another by passing through one CSG router
to another, if all CSG routers are configured properly and have their own non overlap IP
address. As shown in above figure to minimize the problem of fiber cut it is better to use
network by ring. This ring topology network is protected. The green color between each CSG
router indicates that all CSG routers are inter-connected and they can share data to each other.
Finally Shambu area access services by fiber through two directions for protection. By
implementing this in hardware the capacity, speed, bandwidth (data rate) of network that
reach Shambu is improved.
3.10.1 Conclusion
In Ethiotelecom Optical fiber transmission and microwave transmission are widely used in
present day. Microwave communication is the transmission of signals via radio using a series
of microwave towers. Microwave signals propagate in straight lines and are affected very
little by the troposphere. They are not refracted or reflected by ionized regions in the upper
energy passes through trees and frame houses. Microwaves are unidirectional. We conclude
that since microwave have many problems it’s better to replace it by fiber cable because of
fiber optic media is less subjected to interference and it has high quality, high capacity and
high speed. Optical fiber communication is a method of transmitting information from one
place to another by sending pulses of light through optical fiber.
3.10.2 Recommendation
We recommend western region Ethiotelecom and Ethiotelecom as a whole to install (lay)
fiber cable in all of its geographic coverage to resolves its current problem, for effective
transmission of information. For hardware implementation of our project western region
Ethiotelecom should allocate necessary budget.

CHAPTER FOUR
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
4.1 Conclusion
Ethiotelecom was established before hundred years ago and it’s the biggest and well-
organized company in Ethiopia. As we have got more information in this Internship period
Ethiotelecom is the back bone for the transformation by the side of communication and
offices, Schools and etc. Also, the services of telecom are very wide and basic for our country
development. The internship program was useful for us because it improved our theoretical
knowledge and we have gained new practical knowledge, skill and adapted the working
environment of Ethiotelecom. In the internship we have been working to understand how we
can get telecom service using fiber as a transmission medium. On the whole, this internship
was a useful experience. We have gained new knowledge, skills and met many new people.
We achieved several of our learning goals, however for some the conditions did not permit.
Most of all this internship helped us to see the undeniable gaps, which weren't easy to see
when we are just a student in a school and then in a university, between being a student and
fitting in the real world out there.
4.2 Recommendation
4.2.1 Recommendation for the Company
Ethiotelecom is a huge company that is profitable but still is not perfect we have got some
recommendations to deliver both to the company. Even though the internship program has its
own encouraged and highly advanced sides, but there is some weakness that needs to be
corrected as company level. Some of they are listed below:
 The Company should give priority to safety and quality rather than economical profit,
but as we have observed in the company most of the devices are china products
manufactured at low price.
 Some staffs were not cooperative to explain things due to their lack of interest or
sometimes inefficiency as they get along with only the world of work. Others were
too busy.
 The company should aim to serve its clients to the highest level of satisfaction,
providing the most appropriate and desired solutions with the best international
standards of quality, safety and environmental care to maximize the benefits of their
stake holders, clients and the community without overlooking ethical values on the

professional and personal development.
 It is better to rotate the students from one division to other division during the
scheduled time. This helps the students to capture all necessary knowledge in
different divisions.
4.2.2 Recommendation for the University

Secure Internship placements for students. The University should help students to secure
internship positions according to their respective programs undertaken at the University
through giving students recommendations in order to ease their training periods and also
avoid the ache gotten by students in search of internship placements. The university Should
continue with internship program, this is because it helps to prepare the students for their
careers in future and also enable the students to practice the theoretical knowledge obtained
during class be exercised practically. It also helps to develop students understanding of work
ethics, employment demands, responsibilities and opportunities.
4.2.3 Recommendation for the Student

Internship is a great way to apply the knowledge from the classroom to real-world
experience. Learning is one thing, but taking those skills into the workforce and applying
them is a great way to explore different career paths and specializations that suit individual
interests. Therefore, we recommend the students to know internship is not time to chill; rather
it is a great opportunity to learn. We recommend the students to make networks with other
people. Because they may have same interest that makes job opportunity in the future. And
they have to passionately learn and practice in their company.

Reference
[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Ethiotelecom
[2]https://www.Ethiotelecom.et/
profile/
[3] Fundamentals of transmission system basic technical manual transmission training
section, 2013
[4]-Optical communication system training manual, collage of telecommunication and
information technology, telecom engineering training team, 2010 and GSM mobile manual
[5] Kumar, Shiva, and M. Jamal Deen. Fiber optic communications: fundamentals and
applications. John Wiley & Sons, 2014.
[6] MOHAMED, RASHA HASSAN SADEK. Design and Implementation of an
Automatic Meter Reading System for Electric Energy Consumption Using LonWorks
Technology and GSM. Diss. Alexandria University Alexandria, 2012.
[7] - P. Nouchi, B. Dany, J.-F. Campion, L.-A. de Montmorillon, P. Sillard, and A.
Bertaina, “Optical communication and fiber design,” in Annales des telecommunications,
vol. 58, pp1586–1602, Springer, 2003.
[8] Chaudhari, A. Optical filters in Wavelength Division
Multiplexing.
[9]-E.Forestieri and M.Secondini, “Optical Communications Theory and
Techniques”.
[10]- G.Papen and R.Blahut, Light wave Communication Systems. Course notes,
2005.
[11] Shake, T. H., Hazzard, B., & Marquis, D. (1999, October). Assessing
network infrastructure vulnerabilities to physical layer attacks. In 22nd National
Information Systems Security Conference.
[12]- JOHN M. SENIOR Optical Fiber Communications Principles and Practice
3rd Edition
[13] Ethiopian Telecommunication Policy”, Ministry of Communication,[online] available
on http://www.nca.org.gh/downloads/Ghana_Telecom_Policy_2005.pdf, Accessed on 14th
August 2016.

Appendix
Router Configuration
Press RETURN to get started!
%LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface GigabitEthernet6/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet6/0, changed state
to up
to up
to up
to up
Router>enable
Router#
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#interface Serial2/0
Router(config-if)#
Router(config-if)#exit
Router(config-if)#
Router(config)#interface GigabitEthernet6/0
Router(config-if)#
Router>enable
Router#
Router(config-if)#

Router(config-if)#
Router>enable
Router#
Router(config-if)#
Router(config-if)#ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#
Router>enable
Router#
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#
Router(config-router)#end
Router(config-if)#
%SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
ip address 11.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
Router(config-if)#
Router>enable
Router#
Router(config-if)#
Router>enable
Router#
Router(config-if)#
Router(config-if)#
Router(config-if)#
Router(config-if)#
Router>enable
Router#
Router(config-if)#
Router(config-if)#
Router>enable
Router#
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z
Router(config-if)#
Router(config-if)#
Router(config-if)#
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#
Router(config-router)#end
Router(config-if)#
%SYS5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Router(config-if)#
Router(config-if)#
For Switch
Press RETURN to get started!
to up
to up
%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface GigabitEthernet8/1, change to up
IP Address
Ip classless Ip route 192.168.1.2 255.255.0.0 192.168.1.1

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SAMARA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

INTERNSHIP HOSTING COMPANY:

ADVISOR: Mr. ISAYAS TEKESTE

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Direct channel Finance

Business partners Power and environment

Wireless and Transport

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2.1.5 Work Tasks

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Figure 2.2 Microwave Transmission systems.

Components of microwave system:

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Figure 2.3 Microwave Unit (Outdoor unit)

Figure 2.4 Microwave units (Indoor unit)

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Figure 2.5 MSAG

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Figure 2.7 Wavelength Division Multiplexing and DE Multiplexing Access

 CWDM (Course wavelength division multiplexing).

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Figure 2.8 CWDM Transparent Transmission

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2.2.4 In terms of Interpersonal Communication Skill

2.2.5 In terms of Improving our Team Working Skill

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3.8.2 Component Description

Figure 3.1 Fiber optic links

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life time High Low

Figure 3.2 Structure of optical fiber cable