Impactofjet 281 29

CENTRE FOR DIPLOMA STUDIES
EDITION: 1
DEPT. OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
REVIEW NO.: 1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 12/2/2020
TEST TITLE: IMPACT OF A JET
AMENDMENT DATE: 12/2/2020
1.0 OBJECTIVE
To verify theories of forces generated by impact of the jet on different shapes of vane.
2.0 LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of this experiment, students are able to:
1. Describe the deflection of the jet generates forces on the vane.
2. Identify the relationship between force and rate of momentum flow in the jet.
3. Measure the force generated by a jet of water striking a plate.
3.0 THEORY
A jet of water is produced when water is fed to a vertical pipe terminating in a tapered nozzle. The jet will impinge on
a vane, of different shapes. Vanes usually used are flat plate, inclined plate, curved plate and hemispherical cup.
Equation used to determine the force of jet impact (Fy) is given as:
Fy = Q ( Vy1 - Vy2 cos ) , Vy1 = initial velocity Vy2 = final velocity (after impingement)
Q
where, V 
A
1. Flat plate
Figure 3.1: Flate plate
Q  Q
2
Fy  Q  0  
A  A
For the flat plate, ϴ = 90°, so that Vout = 0

2. 120° curved plate
 Q  1 Q 
Fy  ρQ     
 A  2 A 
ρQ 2 ρQ 2 3ρQ 2
Fy   
A 2A 2A
Figure 3.2: 120° curved plate
1 1Q
where, from analysis, velocity after impingement Vy 2   V
2 2A
3. Hemispherical cup
 Q  Q   2ρQ 2
Fy  ρQ      
 A  A  A
Q
where, velocity after impingement Vy 2  
A
Figure 3.3: Hemspherical cup
4.0 EQUIPMENT
1. Hydraulic bench
2. Jet impact apparatus
3. Stop watch
4. Vernier caliper
Given:
Diameter of nozzle = 10 mm
Gravity acceleration, g = 9.81 ms– 2
From analysis, slope of the graph as in theory is given by:

ρ
Flat plate =
gA
3ρ
120 curved plate =
2gA
2ρ
Hemispherical cup =
gA
Figure 4.1: Equipment used Figure 4.2: Hydraulic bench
Figure 4.3: Jet Impact Apparatus

5.0 PROCEDURE
1. First, take off the top plate and the transparent cylinder. Then, measure the diameter of the nozzle. Assemble
the flat plate to the lever that carries a jockey weight.
2. Assemble the top plate and cylinder to the apparatus. Connect the supply pipe from the hydraulic bench to
the inlet pipe of the apparatus.
Figure 5.1: Arrangement of apparatus
3. The apparatus is first levelled and the lever is set to a balanced position (as indicated by a tally supported
from it) by placing the jockey weight at its zero position, and then adjusting the knurled nut above the spring.
Figure 5.2: Jockey weight restrained by a light spring
4. Any force generated by impact of the jet on the vane is measured by moving the jockey weight along the
lever until the tally shows that it has been restored to its original balanced position.
5. Nominal weight is place on the lever first (it is suggested that initial weight and incremental weight = 20g).
Water is then admitted through the bench supply valve.
6. The force on the vane will displace the lever, which is then restored to its balanced position by sliding the
jockey weight along the lever. Then, cover the opening at the base of the hydraulic bench.
Figure 5.3: Move the jockey weight along the lever
7. Record the flow rate and weight on the lever.

Figure 5.4: Determining flow rate
8. Repeat the procedure (step 1 to 7) for 120° curved plate and hemispherical cup.
6.0 RESULT AND CALCULATIONS

Information and equations for calculation:
Density of water, ρ = 1000 kg/m 3
Diameter of nozzle = 10 mm
Cross-section area of nozzle, A = 78.5 mm2
Mass of jockey weight = 0.6 kg
Distance from centre of vane to pivot of lever = 0.15 m
Gravity acceleration, g = 9.81 m/s2
Figure 6.1: Force experiment
From Figure 6.1, when it is moved a distance y metres from weigh beam pivot, the corresponding force, F (N) on the
vane is obtained, by taking moments about the pivot, as:
0.15F = 0.6gy
F = 4gy
1. Record the readings in the table below.
a) Flat plate
Distance of jockey weight (m) Flow rate, Q (m 3/s) Ftheory = ρQ2 / A Fexp = 4gy
b) 120° curved plate
Distance of jockey weight (m) Flow rate, Q (m 3/s) Ftheory = 3ρQ2 / 2A Fexp = 4gy
c) Hemispherical cup
Distance of jockey weight (m) Flow rate, Q (m 3/s) Ftheory = 2ρQ2 / A Fexp = 4gy
7.0 QUESTIONS
1. Compare the value between theory value and experiment value.
2. From the result, comment on the value comparison.
3. Give a conclusion for this test.

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CENTRE FOR DIPLOMA STUDIES

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOME

Figure 3.1: Flate plate

For the flat plate, ϴ = 90°, so that Vout = 0

Figure 3.2: 120° curved plate

Figure 3.3: Hemspherical cup

From analysis, slope of the graph as in theory is given by:

Figure 4.1: Equipment used Figure 4.2: Hydraulic bench

Figure 4.3: Jet Impact Apparatus

Figure 5.1: Arrangement of apparatus

Figure 5.2: Jockey weight restrained by a light spring

Figure 5.3: Move the jockey weight along the lever

7. Record the flow rate and weight on the lever.

6.0 RESULT AND CALCULATIONS

Figure 6.1: Force experiment

b) 120° curved plate

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