Achieving Sustainability Through Passive Techniques Taking Examples From Traditional Indian Architecture
Achieving Sustainability Through Passive Techniques Taking Examples From Traditional Indian Architecture
Achieving Sustainability Through Passive Techniques Taking Examples From Traditional Indian Architecture
Building energy consumption is a vital component of the global energy mandate. A major part
of the building energy is consumed in providing thermal comfort to occupants. For which,
Passive cooling techniques can be a promising alternative to satisfy the cooling requirements
of the building as well as to reduce the building energy consumption.
Thus, the objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review on passive cooling
techniques along with the other factors that effect energy consumption in a building. The
review with the help of case studies and analysis of traditional Indian architecture establishes
that passive cooling techniques have the potential to maintain indoor comfort while reducing
the building’s energy consumption thus, achieving sustainability and reviving traditional
Indian architecture.
v. NEED
Sustainable Buildings are the future of Building Industry. For the protection of environment
and conservation of energy resources which most of the convention buildings cannot fulfil,
there is a need of shift towards Sustainable buildings.
Q. How buildings in India can solve the problem of energy consumption or achieve
sustainability and occupant’s comfort through passive techniques.
vi. OBJECTIVE
Now a days modern buildings are planned with the objective of decreasing expenses by
reducing energy consumption and using sustainable design approaches. However because of
technology and cost constraints in India, the focus is on how modify building into sustainable
one only using passive techniques taking examples from traditional Indian architecture.
Fundamentals for Development of Sustainable Buildings:
Long-term Cost effectiveness
End user satisfaction
Climate responsive
vii. METHODOLOGY
This paper covers the study of passive techniques along with other factors like types of shade,
materials for glazing, etc. and analysis of occupant’s comfort and energy conservation due to
these techniques. The review establishes that passive cooling techniques have the potential to
maintain indoor comfort while reducing the building’s energy consumption thus, achieving
sustainability. Scope of the study is limited to achieving sustainability through building
envelope; other factors like landscaping, etc. are not included.
To support the above review some Indian case studies were chosen and the techniques
applied in those building and factors affecting energy consumption and comfort were
analysed. Case studies from traditional Indian architecture is also taken to bring the fact to
notice that India has deep roots of passive techniques and sustainable architecture which is
being lost somewhere in Modern architecture.
Moreover, quantitative measure of sustainability of these chosen case studies are studied to
support sustainability through passive techniques.
1. INTRODUCTION
Building sector which includes residential, commercial, public service, agriculture, forestry,
fishing, etc. is responsible for approximately 30 to 40% of total energy demand [7]. Also, the
worldwide building energy consumption is expected to increase at an average rate of 1.5%
per year from 2012 to 2040 [8]. Most of this energy is derived for space cooling, space
heating, lighting and appliances. Energy demands for space heating in cold climates and
space cooling in hot climates are among the world’s biggest concerns.
Hence, there is a need for passive design strategies which reduces energy consumption,
supports the environment and ecosystem and provide a satisfactory degree of comfort.
Passive design strategies are the most feasible and economic ways of energy and thermal
management in buildings, if appropriately incorporated at the conceptual design stage.
However, in order to address the energy and environmental impact associated with building
applications, the selection of suitable passive cooling technique plays a vital role.
Even Traditional buildings in India have proven to be strong, durable, and climate-responsive
over a long period. These buildings have been proven to provide a comfortable environment
inside the building even in extreme climatic conditions via natural and passive cooling
techniques. Today architecture is isolated from the outer world and mechanical systems are
used to create comfortable interiors deciding thermal comfort for people [9]. As a result,
understanding passive techniques and applying them in modern construction techniques is a
need of today. Courtyard planning, lattice screens, cooling tower, jharokha, evaporative
cooling, and landscaping with water bodies are a few techniques and elements which were
used for passive cooling in traditional buildings.
In this regard, the paper summarizes the details of available passive cooling techniques along
with their classification, working, applications and performance parameters. The article also
provides guidelines for the selection of suitable passive cooling technique for building
applications. Further, at the last, the major conclusions drawn from the literature and case
studies related to passive cooling techniques and their energy conservation is analysed.
2. PASSIVE COOLING
Passive cooling is where the building design and materials are used to reduce heat gain and
increase heat loss. A ‘passive’ design involves the use of natural processes for heating or
cooling to achieve indoor comfort. The flow of energy in passive design is by natural means:
radiation, conduction, or convection without using any electrical device. To prevent heat
from entering into the building or to remove once it has entered is the underlying principle for
accomplishing cooling in passive cooling concepts. Therefore, lessons should be learnt from
the traditional Indian passive cooling elements to create more appropriate and acceptable
environment for present day users and sustainable development. The basic understanding of
the passive cooling technique can be understood by using examples of traditional buildings
such as Hawa Mahal, Chand Baori, and forts of the Mughal period [9].
For this Passive cooling strategies can be classified into three groups that prevent, modulate
or dissipate heat [8].
The preventive heat group (PHG) seeks to eliminate the possibility of heat gains by
blocking the sun’s radiation from entering the building.
The strategies of the modulate heat group (MHG) attempt to modify the heat gained in
the space. Usually, this heat is stored during the day and slowly released during the night.
The strategies of the dissipate heat group (DHG) aim to remove heat from the building
using on-site natural cooling (to an environmental sink of lower temperature, like the
ground, water, and ambient air or sky)[8].
PASSIVE TECHNIQUES
2.1. INDUCED VENTILATION TECHNIQUES
2.1.1. Solar Chimney
The solar chimney is one of the technology which working on the buoyancy principle. Where
the air is heated through greenhouse effect which generated by solar radiation (heat energy).
The solar chimney can be used in roof level or inside wall also. It is designed based on the
fact that hot air rises upward; they reduce unwanted heat during the day and exchange interior
(warm) air for exterior (cool) air.
It is mainly made of a black hollow thermal mass with opening at the top of chimney for exit
of hot air. The air passed through the room and exit from the top of chimney.
The two purposes solved are - one is the better ventilation and secondly it reduces the
temperature inside the room. It can be worked as reverse for heating the room also. The
Trombe wall is working as solar chimney shown in Fig.1.
Fig.1 Working of a solar chimney Fig.2 View of a solar chimney explaining it’s parts
2.1.2. Wind tower
In a wind tower, the hot ambient air enters the tower through the openings in the tower, gets
cooled, and thus becomes heavier and sinks down. The inlet and outlet of rooms induce cool
air movement. It resembles a chimney, with one end in the basement or lower floor and the
other on the roof. The top part is divided into several vertical air spaces ending in the
openings in the sides of the tower. In the presence of wind, air is cooled more effectively and
flows faster down the tower. The system works effectively in hot and dry climates where
diurnal variations are high. It is explained through a section shown in Fig.3.
Orientation: The amount of solar radiation falling on surfaces of different orientation varies
considerably depending on the view or exposure to the sun. An elongated and narrow
building footprint allows for more of the building to be daylit. This is usually the best form
for passive design in terms of massing. The building can be designed as a single or multi-
story, but it is typically best for the longest façades to face north and south as shown in Fig.11
so that a building can take advantage of indirect sunlight (without glare and direct solar heat
gain) from the north, and controlled direct solar heat gain from the south.
While direct solar heat gain at east and west-facing glazing can be minimized with exterior
shading during the months that a building is mechanically cooled, is it easiest to control direct
solar heat gain at south-facing glazing where exterior horizontal shading elements can protect
the building from direct solar heat gain in the summer.
Orientation also plays an important role with regard to wind direction especially in hot and
humid climates. At the building level, orientation is considered as per the surrounding built
form. Orientation may affect the daylight factor increase the reflected radiation component
and thus, overshadow and divert the winds.
3.3. SHADING
Shading is one of the passive techniques which protects the building from solar heat gains,
increases the daylight hour. Thus, the shading technique is considered an important aspect in
designing energy efficient buildings; particularly for reducing the cooling load in hot climatic
zones. However in traditional Indian architecture, shading devices such as jharokhas were
used with lattice screens. A jharokha is a wall-mounted window in an upper story that looks
out onto a street, market, court, or other open space. It is a type of enclosed overhanging
balcony. It is a shading device that protects from direct sun glare and encourages ventilation.
On the upper stories, they have large openings with perforated jaali or lattice screens mostly
on east-west oriented facades, resulting in greater air mass movement to reduce temperature
[10]. Also, the structures were planned in a way that they mutually shade the building facade.
The effective heat blocked by this method depends on building types, the purpose of the
cluster, needs and requirements of the users and activities happening in and around such a
cluster.
For north-facing areas, sun can be excluded in summer and admitted in winter using
simple horizontal devices, including eaves and awnings. North-facing openings (and
south-facing ones) receive higher angle sun in summer and therefore require narrower
overhead shading devices than east- or west-facing openings.
Keep the area of glazing on the east and west orientations to a minimum, or use
appropriate shading devices. Adjustable vertical shading, such as external blinds, is the
optimum solution for these elevations.
Deep verandas, balconies or pergolas can be used to shade the eastern and western sides
of the home in combination with planting to filter unwanted sun.
Protect skylights with external blinds or louvres. This is crucial because skylights receive
almost twice as much heat as an unprotected west-facing window of the same area. Quite
small skylights can deliver a lot of light, so be conservative when sizing them.
Position openable clerestory windows to face north, with overhanging eaves to exclude
summer sun. Double glaze clerestory windows and skylights in cooler climates to
prevent excessive heat loss.
Shading can be categorised as Fixed Shading or Adjustable Shading:
Fixed shading
Summer sun from the north is at a high angle and is easily excluded by fixed horizontal
devices over openings. Winter sun from the north is at a lower angle and penetrates beneath
these devices if correctly designed. Fixed shading devices (eaves, awnings, pergolas and
louvres) can therefore regulate solar access on northern elevations throughout the year,
without requiring any user effort [13].
Adjustable shading
Adjustable shading allows the user to choose the desired level of shade. It is especially
useful for eastern and western elevations, as the low angle of the sun makes it difficult to get
adequate protection from fixed shading. Adjustable shading gives greater control while
enabling daylight levels and views to be manipulated. Appropriate adjustable systems include
sliding screens, louvre screens, shutters, retractable awnings, and adjustable external blinds
[13].
Table 1. Shading types according to orientation
East & West Fixed or adjustable vertical louvers or blades; deep verandas or pergolas
South-East & South West Planting: deciduous in cool climate, evergreen in hot climate
Some of the more complex designs that are able to protect from severe insolation between
early morning and late afternoon:
Fig. 13 Schematic sections & views of self-shading facade for morning and evening
g) Horizontal outer panels with louvres and full glazing, h) Waves with horizontal opening, i) Step with tilted
panels and vertical opening, j) Waterfall with triangle panels and rectangular opening, k) Skylight cantilever
with tilted shark panels, l) Skylight cantilever with tilted louvre [6].
Shading Devices
As practical and low maintenance elements, SDs are increasingly used to block insolation
impacts. The target of SDs is to enlarge the shading ratio, especially on windows, to keep
spaces conditioned, lower energy demands and reduce glare levels near windows. Proper
design prevents overheating during summer whilst allowing maximum daylight to enter
during winter [6].
Fig.14 Schematic sections & views of types of external SDs
a) Horizontal overhang or panel, b) Horizontal louvers or outrigger system, c) Vertical outer panel, d)
Horizontal light shelve, e) Horizontal multiple blades or panels, f) Unfilled eggcrate, g) Filled eggcrate with
panels, h) Filled eggcrate with horizontal louvre, i) Vertical slanted fins or panels, j) Horizontal panel and
vertical louvers, k) Vertical panels and horizontal louvers, l) Cantilever tilted slats [6].
Shading of roof
Shading the roof is a very important method of reducing heat gain. Roofs can be shaded by
providing roof cover of concrete or plants or canvas or earthen pots etc. Shading provided by
external means should not interfere with night-time cooling. A cover over the roof, made of
concrete or galvanized iron sheets, provides protection from direct radiation. Disadvantage of
this system is that it does not permit escaping of heat to the sky at night-time shown in Fig.
A cover of deciduous plants and creepers is a better alternative. Evaporation from the leaf
surfaces brings down the temperature of the roof to a level than that of the daytime air
temperature. At night, it is even lower than the sky temperature shown in Fig.
Fig.17 Roof shading by plant cover [4]
Covering of the entire surface area with the closely packed inverted earthen pots, as was
being done in traditional buildings, increases the surface area for radiative emission.
Insulating cover over the roof impedes heat flow into the building. However, it renders the
roof unusable and maintenance difficult. Broken china mosaic or ceramic tiles can also be
used as top most layer in roof for reflection of incident radiation.
Another inexpensive and effective device is a removable canvas cover mounted close to the
roof. During daytime it prevents entry of heat and its removal at night, radiative cooling. Fig.
shows the working principle of removable roof shades. Painting of the canvas white
minimizes the radiative and conductive heat gain [4].
Fig.21 Schematic 3D view of WWRs in relation to their daylighting and visibility [6].
*NGA is the net glazing area and GWA is the gross wall area
A common rule of thumb states that to enhance a building’s energy performance, the optimal
WWR for hot and cold climates should be around 40% or less. A higher WWR up to 90%
can be accepted in cold climates, but only if the windows are well insulated, and in hot
climates, only if they are well shaded [6].
3.4. GLAZING
Addition of heat from the ambient to the interior of the building through a glazing/window is
responsible for an increase in cooling load of a building. About 45-60% of the building
cooling load generates due to windows in cases where 20-30% of the walls are covered by
windows [14].
Performance of window is dependent on optical and thermal properties of glazing like U-
value, solar heat gain coefficient and visible transmittance. The details of these properties are
listed in table 2.
Table 2. Optical and thermal properties of glazing [15]
Glazing
Details
Properties
U-value of a glazing affects the heat transfer rate from external to interior of the
building.
U-value For cold climate region lower U-value is to be adopted to reduce heating load.
For warmer region, higher U-value of the glazing is adopted. The U-value around
1.5 is recommended to reduce cooling load.
The amount of solar heat which penetrates into the building is dependent on SHGC.
Solar heat gain In summer, low SHGC is needed for reducing the solar heat gainin the building
coefficient
(SHGC) whereas in winter glazing with high SHGC is preferable.
For cold climate region higher SHGC is to be adopted to reduce heating load.
For warmer region, lower SHGC of the glazing is adopted.
Visible transmittance decides the amount of natural lighting within the building.
Visible Increase in visible transmittance is beneficial to daylighting but it reduces thermal
transmittance energy savings.
Its value is decided based on optimum energy savings and daylighting
Glazing techniques can be differentiated as static glazing and dynamic glazing. In static
glazing, thermal and optical properties remain fixed while in dynamic glazing, optical and
thermal properties for the fixed thickness of glazing vary in a certain range. Dynamic glazing
shows advantages such as flexible orientation, sizing of the window and available switchable
options for seasonal climatic changes.
Different types of glazing like dynamic and innovative glazing techniques include multilayer,
vacuum glazing, electrochromic, solar cell glazing, aerogel, low emissivity coatings,
photovoltaic ventilated, thermotropic etc. [7]. The properties of glazing and climatic
background are important factors in the selection of suitable glazing.
Height of the window head - The higher the window head, the deeper will be the
penetration of the daylighting; at the same time, however, the view from the window will
be cut.
Shading devices - The three main ways of controlling sunlight: external shading, internal
shading and solar control glazing.
Glazing type - The choice of glazing affects the daylight, solar heat gain, and heat loss
through a window. These are measured by the visible transmittance.
Fig.25 Dimensions of a light shelf [1] Fig.26 Light shelf at an angle [1]
Mirrored Louvres - Modern reflective louvres can be used to redirect daylight to the back
of the room. These can be fixed and moveable.
Light Wells
Atrium - General factors to be considered while desiging atrium:
(i) Shape of the atrium
(ii) Orientation
(iii) Height
(iv) Surface finish of the internal walls surrounding the atrium.
Fig.29 Orientation of the atrium
4. CASE STUDIES
4.1. SUZLON ONE EARTH, PUNE
Suzlon Energy Limited is a world-leading wind energy company based in Pune India,
pledged to create the greenest office in India with Site Area of 45,392 sq.m. and Built-up
Area of 70,865 sq.m.
The building is built using low energy materials thus, reducing carbon footprint.
90 percent of the occupied space of the building has access to natural daylight. While the
exterior of the building uses renewable energy-based LED street lighting reducing
approximately 25 percent of the total power.
The ventilation system consists of jet fans that save 50 percent energy by periodically
pushing out stale air and bringing in the fresh air.
W E
Fig.31 Orientation and site planning of Suzlon
Fig.33 Glass chimney for Passive cooling Fig.34 Water body in Central plaza for Evaporative cooling
Fig.36 View of Indira Paryavaran Bhawan Fig.37 Front view of Indira Paryavaran Bhawan
Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, the new office building for Ministry of Environment and Forest
(MoEF) is located in Jor Bagh, New Delhi. This eight-storey structure is a radical change
from a conventional building design and has been given a platinum rating by LEED and a 5-
star rating by The Energy and Research Institute’s GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated
Habitat Assessment).
The emphasis was lead on strategies for reducing energy demand by providing adequate
natural light, shading, landscape to reduce ambient temperature, and energy efficient active
building systems.
Several energy conservation measures were adopted to reduce the energy loads of the
building and the remaining demand was met by producing energy from on-site installed high
efficiency solar panels to achieve net zero criteria.
Indira Paryavaran Bhawan uses 70% less energy as compared to a conventional building.
The building uses Geothermal heat exchange system to reduce the power required to run air
conditioners and recycles all its water thereby reducing water demand by over 50 percent.
Passive Design Strategies
Fig.38 Orientation and Wind movement Fig.39 Daylighting and ventilation through central courtyard
Effective ventilation by orientating the complex N-S and optimum integration with nature by
separating out different blocks with connecting corridors and a huge central courtyard.
Orientation: Building is north south oriented, with separate blocks connected through
corridors and a huge central court yard. Orientation minimizes heat ingress. Optimal
window to wall ratio.
Daylighting: 75% of building floor space is day lit, thus reducing dependence on
artificial sources for lighting. Inner courtyard serves as a light well. Light shelves were
used for diffused sunlight.
Remaining lighting load supplied by building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV).
Ventilation: Central courtyard helps in air movement as natural ventilation happens due
to stack effect. Windows and jaalis in E-W corridors add to cross ventilation.
Fig.40 Schematic diagram showing passive cooling and energy generation
Renewable Energy:
Solar PV System of 930 kW capacity
No of panels: 2,844
Annual Energy Generation: 14.3 lakh unit
Power generation achieved: 300 kWh per day
Landscaping: More than 50% area outside the building is covered with plantation.
Circulation roads and pathways are soft paved to enable ground water recharge.
Cool roofs: Use of high reflectance terrace tiles for heat ingress, high strength, hard
wearing.
Faced with the need for more office space, the company constructed a new block consisting
of two separate wings. One was built with normal air conditioning units, the other utilised
energy saving techniques taking inspiration from traditional Indian architecture.
Passive Design Strategies
Radiant Cooling Technology: Radiant cooling is a method that draws heat from the room to
walls cooled by chilled water circulating through embedded pipes. Cooling inside is achieved
when the cold slab absorbs the heat (radiation) generated by people, computers, lighting and
other equipments which are exposed to the slab.
Combined with maximum use of natural light and passive cooling – relying on natural
airflow rather than air conditioning – the “green wing” recorded savings of nearly 40% on
energy costs, compared to its “grey” twin.
Orientation: The longer axis of the building is oriented on the East-West axis in order to
reduce solar heat gain.
Daylighting: Split window is used having daylight panel (upper glass) and vision panel
(lower glass), 78.54% of living areas are daylit.
The window have glasses in a double glazed unit with argan infill. This is ensured to
limit overall solar heat gain.
The width of the floor is restricted to 16m to ensure adequate daylight from North and
South facing windows.
Fig.46 Schematic diagram of light shelf Fig.47 View of light shelf
Shading: The windows are completely shaded with horizontal louvers and vertical fins to
prevent glare. Light shelves in wood panels are topped with white reflectors to protect
occupants from direct light.
WWR is kept less than 38%
Roof: Light colored ceilings reflect light and reduce the contrast in brightness
The building is constructed with green materials like fly ash bricks, recycled contents
local building materials, high reflecting roof tiles and rock wool Insulation for outer
walls and mix of bamboo and jute material for door frames.
Wind Catcher: A wind tower is a vertical ventilating design element that projects above the
terrace level of a building with openings on top towards the favourable prevailing winds.
Wind catchers take advantage of the pressure difference created in the shaft and try to
circulate cooler air inside the building. Due to the stack effect, the hot air rises creating
pressure at the bottom, which is then filled with cool air causing air circulation through
interior spaces.
In a hot-dry region, they act efficiently as very small fenestrations are provided in these areas
which obstruct air circulation. The hot air enters through air vents and is allowed to cool
down throughout the day, causing the tower to warm up. During the night, the tower releases
heat and balances the thermal comfort within the building. This diurnal function capability
makes this system lower the temperature up to 12 to 15°C.
Jharokha: A jharokha is a wall-mounted window in an upper story that looks out onto a
street, market, court, or other open space. It is a type of enclosed overhanging balcony. It
enhances the aesthetics but is a shading device that protects from direct sun glare and
encourages ventilation.
Fig.51 Jharokhas in Forts of Rajasthan
Lattice Screen: Lattice screens are carved or perforated shading devices used in windows, or
balconies to block suns heat and provide cool air at night via convection. These are frequently
used in the façade facing the street and are effective for East-West oriented façades enclosed
with engraved latticework positioned on a building's upper floors. Lattice screens have been
used in some places to maintain privacy, allow air and light to enter the building, and also
allow visual connectivity from the inside to the outside surroundings. A wooden lattice screen
absorbs the extra humidity present in the air but sometimes humidify the dry air for inner
thermal comfort (Sarswat, G. & Kamal, M., 2015). These screens act as a building envelope
which can decrease the amount of heat gain in the building when compared to a normal wall.
5.2. RECOMMENDATIONS
Use of fly ash in concrete products such as fly ash based bricks and blocks are one of
the sustainable technologies.
Use material with more reusable and recyclable potential such as aluminium and steel
which can be separated by type and have potential to be recycled.
Use of brick and block products made of recycled content. Brick walls provide thermal
mass that adds to energy efficiency by slowing the heat transfer process.
As inspired by Laurie Baker, materials like compressed earth blocks, fly ash bricks,
stabilised adobe, clay based bricks etc. can be used for low rise structure.
Innovative building technologies like pre-cast concrete blocks/stone blocks, pre-cast
hollow concrete blocks, aerated cellular concrete units etc. can also be used as
sustainable materials.
As we know glass is an irreplaceable building material thus, use of recycled content glass
products such as glass tiles, which ae made from waste glass, can be used as energy
efficient option.
Fibre glass, glass wool can be used as high performance insulation materials.
Flooring materials like terrazzo made with recycle material such as crushed stone,
glass and flinters can be used as a sustainable material as similar to resilient flooring.
For a building to be passively cooled, there is need to break thermal bridges between
the outside and the inside environment, which can be attained through insulation that
needs to be air tight.
5.3. CONCLUSION
Architecture and buildings are one of the biggest consumers of today’s resources which are
finite and thus, giving us a chance to put into perspective of learnings of our rich traditional
Indian architectural heritage, which is a great example of climate- responsive structures.
The aim of this research was to analyse passive solutions to decrease energy consumption and
achieve cost effectiveness for cooling systems, while balancing daylighting and human
comfort. Their strategic placement and accurate design from the beginning of a project is
essential to achieve desirable results.
As seen in the case studies above, passive techniques have lately come into prominence due
to their indisputable benefits such as protection from direct sunlight, thermal comfort,
ventilation, energy generation, and long-term cost effectiveness. Most part of the building has
natural ventilation and daylighting without the need of energy resources, combining it with
modern glass materials and shading techniques making them a sustainable building.
As seen in case study 2 inspired from traditional Indian architectural structures like Hawa
Mahal, shading devices like jaalis were used in East-West corridors, having central courtyard.
In case study 1 Passive techniques like evaporative cooling with modern low energy
materials and energy generation systems like photovoltaic panels etc. were also included
making it a net zero building. However, in case study 3 passive cooling technique,
daylighting and shading devices are used more in a modern way making it aesthetic with
functionality achieving 56% energy efficiency.
As a result, we can infer that the application of passive techniques with modern technologies
while understanding micro-climate around building can contribute more to long-term energy
efficiency reviving our traditional architectural techniques.
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