Stoichiometry; calc amount of product – vid 5

1. Calculate the amount of product formed from a

reactant.
A. Mole to mole
B. Grams to grams (have to convert grams to mole, do
mole ratio, then convert to grams)
• In order to solve stoichiometry problems, you have to go
through moles using molar masses and mole ratios as
conversion factors.
• You cannot do this without writing a balanced chemical
equation first.
grams → moles → moles → grams
  
Using molar Using mole Using molar
mass ratios mass

2H2 + O2 → 2H2O Possible mole ratios:

2H2 2H2 O2 O2 2H2O 2H2O
1 O2 2H2O 2H2 2H2O 2H2 O2
Practice: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
2.3 moles of H2, produce how many moles of water (O2 is in excess).

2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2𝑂
2.3 moles H2 x = 2.3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2𝑂
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2

I want to produce 5.0 moles of H2O, how many moles of O2 do I

have to start with (assume H2 is in excess)?

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2
5.0 moles H2O x = 2.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2𝑂
Practice: What mass of CO is required to react with 146 g of iron(III)
oxide (159.7 g/mol)? 
Fe 2 O 3 + 3 CO ⎯ ⎯ → 2 Fe + 3 CO 2
Solution:
1. Convert mass to mole.
2. Do mole ratio
3. Convert moles to mass.

𝑚𝑜𝑙
146 g Fe2O3 x = 0.914 mol Fe2O3
159.7 𝑔

3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂
0.914 mol Fe2O3 x = 2.74 mol CO x 28 g/mol = 76.7 g CO
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒2𝑂3
limiting reactant and excess reactant– vid 6

1. Determine the limiting reactant.

2. Calculate the amount of product formed with a limiting
reactant.
3. Calculate the amount of excess reactant remaining.
Reactions that involve a Limiting Reactant
• Limiting reactant: is a substance that is used up first. It
limits the amount of product that can be formed.
• Excess reactant: more of that reactant remain; it is in excess
Kokosberger
4 eggs (just need egg whites)
240 g of sugar
320 g of coconut flakes
Makes 48 “cookies”
What if I had 6 eggs, 120 g of sugar, and 350 g of coconut
flakes, how many cookies would I make?

What if I had 4 eggs, 250 g of sugar, and 340 g of coconut

flakes, how many cookies would I make?
Write balanced equation: H2 + Cl2 → 2 HCl
How much of each is provided? 6 4
Do mole ratio to determine how much of HCl can be produced.
2𝐻𝐶𝑙 2𝐻𝐶𝑙
6 H2 x = 12 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙 4 Cl2x = 8 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑙2
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2
How much of the excess reagent is left: 4 Cl2x =
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑙2
4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑, 𝑠𝑜 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 2 𝐻2 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡
Source: Openstax, Chemistry2e, https://openstax.org/details/books/chemistry-2e
A Stoichiometry Calculation with a Limiting Reactant
Practice: At high temperatures, ammonia can react with oxygen
according to the following reaction:
4 NH3 + 5 O2 ---> 4 NO + 6 H2O
If 6.55 moles of NH3 react with 15.4 moles of oxygen, how many
moles of water can theoretically be produced?
Solution:
1. Convert each mole of reactant to mole of water.
6 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2𝑂
6.55 mol NH3 x = 9.825 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2𝑂
4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3

6 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2𝑂
15.4 mol O2 x = 18.48 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2𝑂
5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2
2. The one that makes the least amount is the limiting reactant
since you can’t make more the lowest amount
A Stoichiometry Calculation with a Limiting Reactant
Practice: Propane (C3H8) burns in oxygen to form CO2 and H2O according
to the following equation. How many grams of CO2 are produced if 100 g of
propane and 50 g of oxygen are reacted?
C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
Solution:
1. Convert grams of reactant to moles then do mole ratio to find CO2.
𝑚𝑜𝑙 3 𝐶𝑂2
100 g C3H8 x = 2.273 𝑚𝑜𝑙 C3H8 x = 6.818 mol CO2
44 𝑔 C3H8
𝑚𝑜𝑙 3 𝐶𝑂2
300 g O2 x = 9.375 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 𝑥 = 5.625 mol CO2 X 44 g/mol = 247.5 g CO2
32 𝑔 𝑂2 5 O2
2. The one that makes the least amount is the limiting reactant since you can’t
make more than the lowest amount.
 Determining excess reactant left
Several ways of approaching this problem. Do what works for
you.

1. Pick a product and convert each reactant to that product

going through mole ratio (that determines which reactant
is limiting)
2. Use mole ratios to convert limiting reactant to mole of
excess reactant – that gives you how much of the excess
reactant you need to react with all of the limiting one
3. Subtract the amount of excess reactant needed by the
amount you started with (that gives you the amount left of
the excess reactant)
Practice: The compound SF6 is made by burning sulfur in an atmosphere
of fluorine. The balanced equation is
S8(s) + 24 F2 (g) → 8 SF6 (g)
Starting with a mixture of 1.6 mole sulfur and 30. mole of fluorine, how
many moles of excess reagent remain?
Solution:
1. Convert each reactant to product.
8 𝑆𝐹6 8 𝑆𝐹6
1.6 mol S8 x = 12.8 mol SF6 30 F2 x = 10 mol SF6
𝑆8 24 𝐹2
2. F2 is limiting, determine how much S8 is needed to react with F2.
𝑆8
30 F2 x = 1.25 mol S8
24 𝐹2
3. Subtract how much S8 you need from how much you started with.
1.6 mol S8 (have) – 1.25 mol S8 (needed) = 0.35 mol S8 left over
reactions in sequence - vid 7
1. Determine final product made by sequential reactions.

More than one reaction is required to convert starting

materials into the desired products. The amount of desired
product from each reaction is taken as the starting material
for the next reaction.
Reactions that Occur in a Sequence
1. Write the sequence of balanced equations.
2. Do calculations for one equation at a time (taking care to include
the yield if given), then take the product of that reaction and put
it into the next reaction, etc
3. Remember you can only do mole ratios with moles
Alternate way of solving problems: You could also add the equations
together (cancel some reactants/products) and then you need to multiply
the yields together to get the % yield of the added equation. Try both
ways and see which you prefer.
Practice: Starting with 10.0 g of benzene (C6H6), calculate the
theoretical yield of nitrobenzene (C6H5NO2) and of aniline (C6H5NH2).
N O2 NH2
HNO3 Sn
H2SO4 Conc. HCl

benzene nitrobenzene aniline

Solution:
1. Convert grams of benzene to moles
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
10.0 g C6H6 x = 0.1282 mol C6H6
78 𝑔
2. Do mole ratio to find nitrobenzene
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒
0.1282 mol C6H6 x = 0.1282 mol C6H5NO2 x 123 g/mol = 15.77 g C6H5NO2
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶6𝐻6
3. Do mole ratio to find aniline.
1 𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
0.1282 mol C6H5NO2 x = 0.1282 mol C6H5NH2 x 93 g/mol = 11.92 g C6H5NH2
1 C6H5NO2
Practice: The sulfur dioxide formed in copper recovery reacts in air with oxygen and
forms sulfur trioxide. This gas, in turn, reacts with water to form a sulfuric acid (98
g/mol) solution that falls in rain. Write the balanced equations, then determine how
much sulfuric acid (in g) can be produced from 256.3 g sulfur dioxide (assuming other
reactants in excess and 85.0% and 70.0% yield for the reaction respectively).
Solution:
1. Write balanced equations.
2 SO2 + O2 → 2 SO3 85.0% yield
SO3 + H2O → H2SO4 70.0% yield
2. Convert 256.3 g SO2 to moles and do mole ratio, multiply by yield
𝑚𝑜𝑙 2𝑆𝑂3
256.3 g SO2 x = 4.000 mol SO2 x = 4 mol SO3 x 0.85 = 3.404 mol SO3
64.00 𝑔 2 𝑆𝑂2
3. Do the next equation.
𝐻2𝑆𝑂4
3.404 mol SO3 x = 3.404 mol H2SO4 x 0.70 = 2.383 mol H2SO4 x 98 g/mol = 233.5 g
𝑆𝑂3
Practice (another way): The sulfur dioxide formed in copper recovery reacts in air with
oxygen and forms sulfur trioxide. This gas, in turn, reacts with water to form a sulfuric
acid (98 g/mol) solution that falls in rains. Write the balanced equations, then
determine how much sulfuric acid (in g) can be produced from 256.3 g sulfur dioxide
(assuming other reactants in excess and 85.0% and 70.0% yield for the reaction
respectively).
Solution:
1. Write balanced equations, multiply 2nd equation by 2 (that way SO3 cancels) then add the 2
equations.
2 SO2 + O2 → 2 SO3 85.0% yield
2SO3 + 2H2O → 2H2SO4 70.0% yield
2 SO2 + O2 + 2H2O → 2H2SO4 overall yield = (85 x 70) /100 = 59.5 %
2. Convert 256.3 g SO2 to moles, do mole ratio, multiply by yield
𝑚𝑜𝑙 2𝐻2𝑆𝑂4
256.3 g SO2 x = 4.000 mol SO2 x = 4 mol H2SO4 x 0.595 = 2.38 mol H2SO4 x
64.00 𝑔 2 𝑆𝑂2
98 g/mol = 233.5 g
Practice: The sulfur dioxide formed in copper recovery reacts in air with oxygen and forms
sulfur trioxide. This gas, in turn, reacts with water to form a sulfuric acid (98 g/mol) solution
that falls in rain. Write the balanced equations. You have to produce 150.0 g of sulfuric acid,
how much sulfur dioxide (in g) do you have to start with? (assuming other reactants in excess
and 85.0% and 70.0% yield for the reaction respectively).
Solution: 1. Write balanced equations.
2 SO2 + O2 → 2 SO3 85.0% yield
SO3 + H2O → H2SO4 70.0% yield
2. Convert 150.0 g H2SO4 to moles and do mole ratio, divide by yield (because you know the
yield is only 70% so you have to start with more of SO3 to get the amount of H2SO4 you want)
𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑆𝑂3
150.0 g H2SO4 x = 1.5306 mol H2SO4 x = 1.5306 mol SO3 / 0.70 = 2.186 mol SO3
98.00 𝑔 1 H2SO4
3. Do the next equation.
2𝑆𝑂2
2.186 mol SO3 x = 2.186 mol SO2 / 0.85 = 2.572 mol SO2 x 64 g/mol = 164.6 g SO2
2 𝑆𝑂3
% yield, actual yield, theoretical yield – vid 8

1. Calculate the theoretical yield of a reaction.

2. Determine percent yield based on actual yield.
The theoretical yield is the maximum product yield that can be expected
based on the masses of the reactants and the reaction stoichiometry.
• Theoretical yield is calculated by assuming that the reaction goes to
completion (determined from the limiting reactant calculation)
The actual yield is the experimentally measured amount of product that
results upon completion of the reaction.

The percent yield indicates how much of the product is obtained from
a reaction. It is a measure of the extent of the reaction in terms of the
actual vs. the theoretical yield.
Actual Yield (in grams or moles)
% Yield = 100
Theoretical Yield (in grams or moles)
 actual yield
% yield =  100%
theoretical yield

16 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑
𝑥 100% = 80%
20 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑
Practice: Hydrogen peroxide decomposes into H2O and oxygen gas.
In a certain experiment, 71.13 g of hydrogen peroxide decomposed to
yield 15.33 g of oxygen gas. Calculate the theoretical and percent yields
for this experiment.
Solution:
1. Write balanced equation
2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2
2. Calculate theoretical yield

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 𝑔
71.13 g H2O2 x = 2.092 mol H2O2 x = 1.046 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 𝑥 32 = 33.47 𝑔 𝑂2
34 𝑔 2 𝐻2𝑂2 𝑚𝑜𝑙
3. Calculate percent yield (A/T x 100%)

15.33 g / 33.47 g x 100% = 45.80% yield

Practice: Lime, Ca(OH)2, can be used to neutralize an acid spill. A 6.00 g
sample of lime reacts with 12.00 g of HCl; 7.50 g of calcium chloride is
collected (water is also a product). What is the percent yield of this
experiment?
Solution:
1. Write balanced equation
Ca(OH)2 + 2 HCl → CaCl2 + 2 H2O
2. Calculate theoretical yield by determining which reactant is limiting.
𝑚𝑜𝑙 1𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 𝑔
12.00 g HCl x = 0.329 mol HCl x = 0.1646 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 𝑥 110.9 = 18.26 𝑔 CaCl2
36.45 𝑔 2 HCl 𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑚𝑜𝑙 1𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 𝑔
6.00 g Ca(OH)2 x = 0.0811 mol Ca(OH)2 x = 0.0811 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 𝑥 110.9 = 𝟖. 𝟗𝟗 𝒈 CaCl2
74 𝑔 1 Ca(OH)2 𝑚𝑜𝑙

3. Calculate percent yield (A/T x 100%)

7.50 g / 8.99 g x 100% = 83.4% yield