Department of Information Technology: B.Tech (IT) 2 Year - 4 Semester
Department of Information Technology: B.Tech (IT) 2 Year - 4 Semester
Department of Information Technology: B.Tech (IT) 2 Year - 4 Semester
Practical File
(LANDRAN)
INDEX
Sr. No. Task No. Title Page No Date SIGN.
1. Task 1 Installation process of various operating systems
9. Task3.d Priority
10. Task4.a Commands for files and
directories:cd,ls,cp,md,rm,mkdir,rmdir
Creating and viewing files
using cat.File Comparisons
2101926 Page 2
Department of Information Technology
TASK NO. 1
Windows :- Window is Microsoft's flagship operating system, the de facto standard for home
and business computers. Introduced in 1985, the GUI-based OS has been released in many
versions since then. The user-friendly Windows 95 was largely responsible for the rapid
development of personal computing.
Mac OS:- Mac OS is the operating system for Apple's Macintosh line of PCs and
workstations.
Unix:- Unix is a multiuser operating system designed for flexibility and adaptability.
Originally developed in the 1970s, Unix was one of the first operating systems to be written in
the C language.
Linux:- Linux is a Unix-like operating system that was designed to provide PC users a free or
low-cost alternative. Linux has a reputation as an efficient and fast-performing system.
2101926 Page 3
Department of Information Technology
Types of Operating System:-
Given below are the different types of Operating System along with brief information about
each of them:
There is an intermediate, the Operator, which needs to distribute the work into batches and sort
similar jobs.
The processing time is very small between the user’s command and the output.
4. Distributed Operating System:-When two or more systems are connected to each other
and one can open files which are not present in their system but in other devices connected
in the network.
Failure of one system does not affect the other systems connected in the network.
5. Embedded Operating System:-These special Operating systems are built into larger
systems.
2101926 Page 4
Department of Information Technology
6. Network Operating System:-They have one main server which is connected to other
client servers.
All the management of files, processing of data, access to sharing files, etc. are performed over
this small network.
They are designed in a manner that they can help a small device work efficiently.
Functions of Operating System:-
1. It helps with memory management. It keeps a track of the files being saved in the Main
memory and the primary memory of the computer device.
2. Whenever a computer is turned on, the Operating system automatically starts to work.
Thus, the booting and rebooting process of a computer device is also an important
function of the OS.
2101926 Page 5
Department of Information Technology
For example, it can be stretched on any side, minimized, maximized, and closed. On today's
multitasking operating systems, you can have a number of windows on your screen at the same
time, interacting with each whenever you choose.
The operating system is what allows you to use a computer. Windows comes preloaded on most
new personal computers (PCs), which helps to make it the most popular operating system in
the world.
Windows makes it possible to complete all types of everyday tasks on your computer.
Windows is also used in many offices because it gives you access to productivity tools such as
calendars, word processors, and spreadsheets.
Windows 2.0:
It was released in December 1987, and was more popular than its predecessor. It features
several improvements to the user interface and memory management.Windows 2.03 changed
the OS from tiled windows to overlapping windows.
Windows 2.1:
It was released in two different versions: Windows/286 and Windows/386. Windows/386 uses
the virtual 8086 mode of the Intel 80386 to multitask several DOS programs and the paged
memory model to emulate expanded memory using available extended memory.
2101926 Page 6
Department of Information Technology
Windows 3.0 It was released in 1990, improved the design, mostly because of virtual memory
and loadable virtual device drivers (VxDs) that allow Windows to share arbitrary devices
between multitasked DOS applications.
Windows 9x:
The next major consumer-oriented release of Windows, Windows 95, was released on August
24, 1995. While still remaining MS-DOS-based, Windows 95 introduced support for native 32-
bit applications, plug and play hardware, preemptive multitasking, long file names of up to 255
characters, and provided increased stability over its predecessors.
Windows XP:
The next major version of Windows NT, Windows XP, was released on October 25, 2001. The
introduction of Windows XP aimed to unify the consumer-oriented Windows 9x series with
the architecture introduced by Windows NT, a change which Microsoft promised would
provide better performance over its DOS-based predecessors.
Windows Vista:
After a lengthy development process, Windows Vista was released on November 30, 2006, for
volume licensing and January 30, 2007, for consumers. It contained a number of new features,
from a redesigned shell and user interface to significant technical changes.
Windows 7:
On July 22, 2009, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 were released as RTM (release to
manufacturing) while the former was released to the public 3 months later on October 22, 2009.
Unlike its predecessor, Windows Vista, which introduced a large number of new features,
Windows 7 was intended to be a more focused, incremental upgrade to the Windows line.
Windows 8:
The successor to Windows 7, was released generally on October 26, 2012. A number of
significant changes were made on Windows 8, including the introduction of a user interface
based around Microsoft's Metro design language with optimizations for touch-based devices
such as tablets and all-in-one PCs.
2101926 Page 7
Department of Information Technology
A. Connect a blank USB flash drive or insert a blank writable DVD. You can install Windows
10 by creating a bootable USB flash drive or DVD that contains the Windows 10 installation
files. You'll need a USB flash drive that's at least 8GB, or any blank DVD to get started.
If you already have Windows 10 installed on the PC and just want to reinstall it, it'll be easiest
to reinstall it from within Windows 10 instead of creating installation media.
If you want to upgrade from Windows 7 or Windows 8.1, you won't need to create an
installation disc or drive. However, you will need to follow most of this method to start the
upgrade.
Make sure you have a product key. If you bought Windows 10 through Microsoft using your
Microsoft account, your product key is already linked to your account. If you bought Windows
10 from another retailer, you'll have a 25-character product key that you'll need to have handy
to activate Windows. If you don't have a product key or you're installing Windows 10 on a new
hard drive, make sure you've linked your Windows 10 digital license to your Microsoft account
before you start the installation.
2101926 Page 8
Department of Information Technology
C. Click Download tool now. This is a blue button in the middle of the page. This downloads
the Media Creation Tool, which you'll use to create your installation media (or start your
upgrade).
2101926 Page 9
Department of Information Technology
D. Double-click the downloaded file. Its name begins with "MediaCreationTool" and ends with
".exe." You'll find it in your default download folder, which is usually called Downloads.
E. Click Accept to accept the license. It's in the bottom-right corner of the window.
2101926 Page 10
Department of Information Technology
F. Select "Create installation media" and click OK. This option lets you create a Windows
installation disc or drive that will work on any compatible PC, not just the one you're using
now.
If you're updating your PC from an earlier version of Windows, select Upgrade this PC now
instead, and then follow the on-screen instructions to install Windows 10. You're done!
G. Select your preferences and click Next. If you're installing Windows on the current PC, you
can keep the default options. If you need to install on a different PC, make sure you choose the
language and edition for which you have a license, and select the architecture (64-bit or 32-bit)
that matches the PC you're going to install on.
If you're not sure about the architecture, you can choose Both from the menu.
2101926 Page 11
Department of Information Technology
H. Choose an installation type and click Next. An ISO file is a type of file that can be burned to
a DVD, so choose that option if you plan to create a DVD. Otherwise, choose the USB flash drive
option.
A. Connect your Windows 10 installation media. If you created a flash drive, connect it to the
2101926 Page 12
Department of Information Technology
B. Boot the PC into the BIOS. If your PC is not already set up to boot from your flash or optical
drive, rebooting from your installation media won't work. You'll need to make a quick change
in your BIOS to change the boot order. There are a few ways to get in:
Windows 8.1 or 10: From Windows, open Settings, select Update & Recovery or Update &
Security, and go to Recovery > Restart now > Troubleshoot > Advanced Options > UEFI
Firmware Settings > Restart.
Any PC: Reboot the PC and immediately start pressing (over and over again) the keyboard key
required by your PC to enter "Setup," or the BIOS. The key varies by computer, but here are
some of the most common keys:
Dell: F2 or F12
2101926 Page 13
Department of Information Technology
C. Go to the Boot tab. You'll use the arrow keys to select it. The Boot tab may instead say Boot
Options or Boot Order, depending on your computer's manufacturer.
2101926 Page 14
Department of Information Technology
D. Select a device from which to boot. You have a couple of options here:
For a disc installation, select the CD-ROM Drive or Optical Drive option.
E. Press the + key until your boot option is first. Once either Removable Devices or CD-ROM
Drive is at the top of the list, your computer will select your choice as its default boot option.
.Save your settings. You should see a key prompt F10 at the bottom of the screen that correlates
to "Save and Exit". Pressing it will save your settings and restart your computer.
2101926 Page 15
Department of Information Technology
F. Wait for your computer to restart. Once your computer finishes restarting, you'll see a window
here with your geographical data. You're now ready to begin setting up your Windows 10
installation.
A. Click Next when prompted. You can also change the options on this page (e.g., the setup
language) before continuing if need be.
C. Enter your Windows 10 key, then click Next. If you don't have a Windows 10 key, instead
click Skip in the bottom-right corner of the screen.
If you've already installed Windows 10 on this PC and were signed in with your Microsoft
account, your key should be linked to your account. When prompted, just sign in with your
Microsoft account and Windows will locate your key
D. You can choose to install your Windows 10 system file to a certain partition here
2101926 Page 17
Department of Information Technology
F.You are required to perform a restart of your computer now. When your PC starts back on,
you need to select the settings. It is suggested that you choose Customize if you don’t want to
change the settings later manually.
2101926 Page 18
Department of Information Technology
H. These procedures are quite simple ,Now your window is ready and installed.
2101926 Page 19
Department of Information Technology
Using a DVD
It’s easy to install Ubuntu from a DVD.
Put the Ubuntu DVD into the DVD – drive. Restart your computer. You should see a
welcome screen prompting you to choose your language and giving you the option to
install Ubuntu or try it from the DVD.
If you don’t get this menu , read the booting from DVD guide for more information.
Using a USB drive
Connect the USB flash drive to a new PC. Turn on the PC and press the key that opens
the boot-device selection menu for the computer, such as the Esc/F10/F12 keys. Select
the option that boots the PC from the USB flash drive. Windows Setup starts.
2101926 Page 20
Department of Information Technology
To install Ubuntu Desktop, you need to write your downloaded ISO to a USB stick to create the
installation media. This is not the same as copying the ISO, and requires some bespoke software. For
this tutorial, we’ll use balena Etcher, as it runs on Linux, Windows and Mac OS. Choose the version
that corresponds to your current operating system, download and install the tool.
Step 3: Select your downloaded ISO, choose your USB flash drive, and then click Flash! to
install your image.
Step 4: Most new computers can boot from USB. You should see a welcome screen prompting you
to choose your language and giving you the option to install Ubuntu or try it from the CD.If your
computer doesn’t automatically do so, you might need to press the F12 key to bring up the boot menu,
but be careful not to hold it down – that can cause an error message.
2101926 Page 21
Department of Information Technology
Use the checkboxes to choose whether you’d like to Install Ubuntu alongside another operating
system, delete your existing operating system and replace it with Ubuntu, or-if you’re an
advanced user - choose the ‘Something else’ option.
Plug your computer into a power source and have enough space on your computer to install
Ubuntu.
Step 6: Allocate the drive space.
2101926 Page 22
Department of Information Technology
Select your location and timezone from the map screen and click Continue. This information
will be detected automatically if you are connected to the internet.
2101926 Page 23
Department of Information Technology
Step 11: Once the installation has completed, you will be prompted to restart your machine.Click
Restart Now.
2101926 Page 24
Department of Information Technology
TASK NO 2
AIM : Introduction to Virtualization and installation of virtual box.
INTRODUCTION : Virtual box allows you to run an entire operating system inside
another operating system. We must have a minimum of 512 MB of RAM. 1 GB of RAM or
more is recommended.
2101926 Page 25
Department of Information Technology
● Every time you want to use Ubuntu, you have to wait for two boot times (the time it
takes to boot Windows, and then the time it takes to boot Ubuntu within Windows).
Step 1: Go to page above and download the binary version for Windows host. After
downloading, run the executable to begin installing the software. When you start the
installation, you should get a prompt.
Step 2: During the installation wizard, you’ll get a Network Interfaces warning.. Click Yes to
proceed. If you’re in the process of downloading or copying files and data, this will interrupt
your network connection briefly. So, maybe pause the process or wait until you’re done before
installing VirtualBox.
2101926 Page 26
Department of Information Technology
Step 3: On the next screen, click Install to begin installing the program.
Then select extension, click the browse button to the right to find the download extension
pack.
2101926 Page 27
Department of Information Technology
Step 5: After you launch VirtualBox from the Windows Start menu, click on New to create a
new virtual machine. When the New Virtual Machine Wizard appears, click Next.
Step 6: You can call the machine whatever you want. If you're installing Ubuntu, it makes
sense to call it Ubuntu, I guess. You should also specify that the operating system is Linux.
Step 7: Ubuntu's default installation is less than 3 GB. If you plan on adding software or
downloading large files in your virtualized Ubuntu, you should tack on some buffer.
2101926 Page 28
Department of Information Technology
Step 8: Select the ubuntu .iso that is download earlier.
2101926 Page 29
Department of Information Technology
Step 10: Once it’s started up follow the regular installation procedure to install ubuntu.
2101926 Page 30