Lecture 7 PDF

Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ.
of Technology, Gorakhpur
UNIT II
Quantum
Mechanics
Lecture-7
21-01-2021 Side 1
Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ. of Technology, Gorakhpur
21-01-2021 Side 2
21-01-2021 Side 3
21-01-2021 Side 4
WAVE FUNCTION (ψ)

 In case of electromagnetic waves,de
the electric and magnetic fields
vary periodically, whereas in sound waves, pressure varies
periodically.
 Similarly, in water waves the height of water surface varies

periodically.
 Now, one can ask what varies in matter waves.
 In matter waves, a quantity called wave function, denoted by ψ,

varies.
 Schrödinger described the amplitude of matter waves in terms of

wave function ψ. Wave function ψ (x, y, z) is a complex quantity,
which gives the idea of the probability of finding the particle (to
which it is concerned) in a particular region of space.
21-01-2021 Side 5
PHYSICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF WAVE FUNCTION (ψ)

• In the beginning, it was considered that the wave function ᴪ is merely
an auxiliary mathematical quantity employed to facilitate
computations relative to the experimental results.
• Very soon, it was realized that it is not reasonable, because the

introduction of an isolated mathematical function without enquiring
into its physical significance is not justified.
• The simple effort was made by Schrödinger himself for the physical
interpretation of ψ in terms of charge density.
• The quantity ψ 2 is the measure of charge density. Since ψ is a

complex quantity, therefore, it is usually written as ψ * ψ instead of ψ
2 , where ψ * is the complex conjugate of ψ.
21-01-2021 Side 6
PHYSICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF WAVE

FUNCTION (ψ)
• It has been observed that in some cases, ψ is appreciably

different from zero in some finite region known as wave
packet.
• Now, the natural question arises “Where is the particle in

relation to the wave packet?” .
• In view of the answer of this question it has been suggested

that ψ ψ * = | ψ | 2 gives the probability of finding the particle
in the state ψ i.e., ψ 2 is a measure of probability density.
21-01-2021 Side 7
CONDITION FOR NORMALIZATION OF WAVE

FUNCTION
• If ψ is not a normalized wave function and it is the solution of a wave
equation, then (N ψ) will also be the solution of the same wave
equation, where N is a constant quantity.
• Now, the next problem arises to select the proper value of N, such that
the new wave function is a normalized function.
• For the normalization of this new wave function, it must satisfy the
following requirement:
Where |N| is termed as the
normalization constant and N ψ is
known as the normalized wave
function.
21-01-2021 Side 8
SCHRÖDINGER WAVE EQUATION
• Schrödinger worked extensively on wave mechanics, used

to deal with the matter waves.
• He suggested two important equations for the motion of

matter waves.
 TIME-INDEPENDENT SCHRÖDINGER WAVE EQUATION
TIME-DEPENDENT SCHRÖDINGER WAVE EQUATION
21-01-2021 Side 9
TIME-INDEPENDENT SCHRÖDINGER WAVE EQUATION
Let ψ (x, y, z) be the wave displacement for the matter wave at

any time t. ψ is the wave function, which is a finite, single-
valued, and periodic function. The classical differential equation
of a wave motion is
21-01-2021 Side 10
TIME-INDEPENDENT SCHRÖDINGER WAVE

EQUATION Contd..
Where ψ0 is the amplitude of the wave at the considered point and is
the function of position only [i.e., (x, y, z)].
Differentiating above equation twice with respect to t, substituting

this value in parent equation and using the de-Broglie hypothesis we
get we get
If E and V are the total energy and the potential energy of the particle,
respectively, then its kinetic energy is given as
21-01-2021 Side 11
TIME-INDEPENDENT SCHRÖDINGER WAVE EQUATION Contd..
E=T+V
Substituting this value of m 2 v 2 in above Eq. , we get
This Equation is the Schrödinger time-independent wave equation.
21-01-2021 Side 12
TIME-DEPENDENT SCHRÖDINGER WAVE EQUATION
Time-dependent Schrödinger equation may be obtained by

eliminating E from time independent wave equation
From the definition of ψ we know that
Differentiating the above equation with respect to t, we get
21-01-2021 Side 13
TIME-DEPENDENT SCHRÖDINGER WAVE EQUATION
Substituting the value of E ψ in time independent wave equation

we get
Equation we get is known as time independent wave equation.

Sometimes it is also expressed as
Hψ = E ψ
21-01-2021 Side 14
EIGENVALUES AND EIGENFUNCTIONS
In an atom eigenvalues correspond to the energy values

associated with different orbits in the atom.
Thus, we can conclude that Bohr’s postulate, according to

which the various energy levels exist in an atom, is the direct
consequence of the wave mechanical concept.
The solution of the wave equation for these definite values of

E gives the corresponding values of the wave function ψ,
known as eigenfunctions.
21-01-2021 Side 15
EIGEN VALUES AND EIGEN FUNCTIONS
Only those eigenfunctions have physical significance, which

satisfy certain conditions listed as follows:
(i) They must be single-valued functions.
(ii) They should be finite.
(iii) They should be continuous throughout the entire space

under consideration.
(iv) In other words, we can say that they should be continuous

for all possible values of coordinates (x, y, z), including
infinity.
21-01-2021 Side 16
Example-1 The wave function of a free particle in

normalized state is represented by
Calculate the normalization factor N and the maximum

probability of finding the particle.
21-01-2021 Side 17
Example-2
21-01-2021 Side 18
Example-3 Write the Hamiltonian operator of a free particle

moving in one direction under the influence of zero potential
energy.
21-01-2021 Side 19
Assignment Based on this Lecture
• Describe the wave function ᴪ.
• Give the physical interpretation of wave function ᴪ .
• Obtain the expression of Time independent Schrodinger

wave equation.
• Obtain the expression of Time dependent Schrodinger wave
equation.
21-01-2021 Side 20

Lecture 7 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 7 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 7 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Madan Mohan Malaviya Univ.

WAVE FUNCTION (ψ)

 Similarly, in water waves the height of water surface varies

 Now, one can ask what varies in matter waves.

 In matter waves, a quantity called wave function, denoted by ψ,

 Schrödinger described the amplitude of matter waves in terms of

PHYSICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF WAVE FUNCTION (ψ)

• Very soon, it was realized that it is not reasonable, because the

• The quantity ψ 2 is the measure of charge density. Since ψ is a

PHYSICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF WAVE

• It has been observed that in some cases, ψ is appreciably

• Now, the natural question arises “Where is the particle in

• In view of the answer of this question it has been suggested

CONDITION FOR NORMALIZATION OF WAVE

SCHRÖDINGER WAVE EQUATION

• Schrödinger worked extensively on wave mechanics, used

• He suggested two important equations for the motion of

 TIME-INDEPENDENT SCHRÖDINGER WAVE EQUATION

TIME-DEPENDENT SCHRÖDINGER WAVE EQUATION

TIME-INDEPENDENT SCHRÖDINGER WAVE EQUATION

Let ψ (x, y, z) be the wave displacement for the matter wave at

TIME-INDEPENDENT SCHRÖDINGER WAVE

Differentiating above equation twice with respect to t, substituting

TIME-INDEPENDENT SCHRÖDINGER WAVE EQUATION Contd..

Substituting this value of m 2 v 2 in above Eq. , we get

This Equation is the Schrödinger time-independent wave equation.

TIME-DEPENDENT SCHRÖDINGER WAVE EQUATION

Time-dependent Schrödinger equation may be obtained by

From the definition of ψ we know that

Differentiating the above equation with respect to t, we get

TIME-DEPENDENT SCHRÖDINGER WAVE EQUATION

Substituting the value of E ψ in time independent wave equation

Equation we get is known as time independent wave equation.

EIGENVALUES AND EIGENFUNCTIONS

In an atom eigenvalues correspond to the energy values

Thus, we can conclude that Bohr’s postulate, according to

The solution of the wave equation for these definite values of

EIGEN VALUES AND EIGEN FUNCTIONS

Only those eigenfunctions have physical significance, which

(i) They must be single-valued functions.

(ii) They should be finite.

(iii) They should be continuous throughout the entire space

(iv) In other words, we can say that they should be continuous

Example-1 The wave function of a free particle in

Calculate the normalization factor N and the maximum

Example-3 Write the Hamiltonian operator of a free particle

Assignment Based on this Lecture

• Describe the wave function ᴪ.

• Give the physical interpretation of wave function ᴪ .

• Obtain the expression of Time independent Schrodinger

You might also like