RECOMENDATION

It is certified that Mrs has carried out the

project work entitled in the supervision. I recommend project
work in the partial fulfillment for the undergraduate science
program.

..........................................
Mrs. Dinesh Kumar Yadav
Department of physics
Nobel academy
Kathamandu, Nepal
 EVALUATION
Evaluation committee

............................. Ravi
Kumar Sharma
Dinesh Yadav
(Name of HOD)
( Name of supervisor)
(Head of Department)
Nobel
Academy

Kathmandu, Nepal

..............................
...................................
//External examiner
Internal examiner
 Nepal is a small mountainous Country lying between India
and China. Nepal’s falls in the temperate zone north of the
tropic of cancer. The Country can be dividing into three main
geographical regions; Himalayan region, mid-hill region and
Terai region. The highest point in the Country is Mt. Everest
(8, 848m) while the lowest point is the terai plains of Kechana
Kalanin, Jhapa (60 m). The hydropower sector of Nepal was
recognized as one of the most feasible and potential sector for
green economy. In Nepal, approximately 10% of the
population has access to electricity from the national grid till
date. Nepal has huge capacity to generate Hydro Electricity.
The Benefit of hydropower are, it is non-polluting in the since
it does not release any heat and gases
 STATUS OF HYDROELECTRICITY IN NEPAL
Introduction
it is now not a new knowledge that flowing water creates
energy that can be captured
and turned into electricity called hydropower. Hydro comes
from the Greek word 'hydra',
meaning water. It is the electricity produced by the movement
of fresh water from rivers
and lakes. Also called hydropower, it is a renewable energy
source dependent upon the
hydrologic cycle of water, which involves evaporation,
precipitation and the flow of water due to gravity.
hydropower can generate very cost effective electricity. The
history of conversion of kinetic energy into mechanical
energy dates back to two thousand years ago in ancient
Greece when wooden waterwheels were used. Hydropower
represents an important source of energy,
accounting for one-fifth of the world's electricity supply. Most
of the technically and
economically feasible hydropower potential has been
exploited in the developed countries
and the developing countries, too, realizing the significance of
this source of power for
the higher sustained economic growth and development of
their respective economies,
have been embarking on the various phases of the hydropower
development process.
The prominent among them are that these projects have low
energy production cost considering the long effective lifetime
of the plants along with the low operation and maintenance
cost, greater efficiency than of all the major types of plants
using non-renewable and renewable energy resources, almost
complete absence of greenhouse gas emission, possibility of
multi-purpose water use and water management such as
irrigation and regulation of river flows both during flood
season and low flow periods, independence of fluctuating fuel
prices and supply disruptions, efficient output regulation,
rapid response capacity to variable energy demand, reliable,
proven mature technology with known positive and negative
influences, a renewable energy source, save consumption of
fossil, fuel, or firewood which constitute classic energy
sources that contribute to the greenhouse effects or
atmospheric pollution as the hydropower plants make use of
artificial fall of the river, the hydraulic conveyance circuit that
can be integrated in other components for multiple purposes
such as irrigation, water supply systems, fisheries, water-
tourism, etc.
The most important benefit is that hydropower plant’s
produce electricity without consuming power. it has low
operating and maintenance cost, its technology offers reliable
and flexible operation, and hydropower stations have
increased efficiencies along with long life. Nepal's huge
potential in hydropower is still untapped.
Though Nepal has not yet been able to tap even one percent of
its potential electricity capacity and 60 percent of Nepal's
population is still deprived
of electricity, it is fascinating to note that Nepal's start in 1911
in the hydropower
generation almost dates back to a century. As a cheap,
renewable source of energy
with negligible environmental impacts, small hydropower has
an important role to
play in Nepal's future energy supply.
Status of hydroelectricity produced in our country
 Hydropower was generated for the first time in Nepal in
1968 BS during the time of Chandra Shumsher in Pharping,
south of Kathmandu. Pherping Hydropower station's capacity
was 500KW . The second hydropower station was established
in 1991 /BS during the time of Juddha Shumsher at Sundarijal
in the north of Kathmandu, having the capacity of 640KW.
There is tremendous potentiality in Nepal for electricity
production. There are plenty of rivers which flow
continuously throughout the year in Nepal. It has the potential
of producing 83000 mega watts hydropower. From the
economic and technical point of view around 43000 mega
watt hydropower can be produced. But till date only 1000
mega watt hydropower has been produced. Majority of the
power produced in Nepal has been utilized only in cities.
There is still a shortage of power in remote areas.
Until 1990, hydropower development was under the domain
by government utility, Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA)
only, in 1992, the sector was open for private sector, now the
private sector produces 148 MW of power.

There are currently 1956 micro-hydro schemes in Nepal of

which 810 are peltric and 347 are non-peltric. The new
hydropower policy 2001 seeks to promote private sector
investment and aims to expand the electrification with the
country and to export. NEA is planning to expand its
transmission line to 3277 kilometers. This includes 78
kilometers of 33 KV, 1409 kilometers of 132 kV, 7555 km of
200 KV and 1030 Kilometers of 400 KV in the coming ten
years. The cost of the project will be 1. 27 billion dollars. Out
of this NEA has just 18 percent of amount. Asian
Development Bank and World Bank expressed their
commitment to arrange necessary funds for project.
After generation of electricity, it needs to be transmitted to
areas with high demand for which an elaborated network of
transmission lines are essential Transmission over long
distance is carried out by means of high voltage overhead
power lines called transmission lines. The electricity can be
transmitted as either alternating current (AC) or direct current
(DC). Nepal’s Transmission system consist of 1, 178 km
single circuit 132 KV line, 27km of double circuit 132 KV
line, 179 km of 66 KV single circuit, 153 km of double circuit
66 KV line and 1216 km of 33 KV single circuit transmission
line. The country’s geographical feature makes the extension
of grid-based electricity nearly impossible

There are many projects which have been identified for

generation electricity. Some of those identified promising
project are in the following table:
Nepal’s demand for electricity is estimated to be more than
2200MW and installed capacity will be probably be 1653
MW even if everything goes well for the completion of
Chamelia 30 MW, Kulekhani –III, 14 MW, Upper Tamakoshi
456MW, Upper Trishuli-III-B, 40 MW, Rahughat 30MW, and
Upper Modi-A 42MW. Despite having massive amounts of
hydroelectricity potential, Nepal only produce a few
megawatts which is not even sufficient to fulfill domestic
demand. The hydropower system in Nepal is dominated by
run-of-rivers project. There is only one seasonal storage
project in the system. There is shortage of power during
winter seasons.

Problems in development Hydropower

Despite greater potentiality of hydroelectricity generation,
our country is facing an acute problem of load shedding. Just
74% of the people of Nepal got the facility of electricity.This
adverse situation is the serious challenge for the economic
growth of the nation. To solve this problem, Nepal
government should develop this sector with topmost priority
by managing fund from various sources. There are several
reasons and obstaclesin the development of electricity in our
country.

METHODOLOGY
This study was conducted to obtain information about the
current situation or status of hydroelectricity in our country.
Secondary method was used while making this report. Books
internets , newspapers, magazines etc were used while
collecting the data and information.

CONCLUSIONS
The hydropower potential of Nepal is huge and the
sustainable hydropower development becomes the key to
make Nepal's economic growth scenario brighter, gaining
deep inroads into the national goal and priority of poverty
reduction. Hydropower has a number of benefits: (a) it is a
continuously renewable electrical energy source; (b) it is non-
polluting, i.e., no heat or noxious gases are released; (c) it has
no fuel cost and, with low operating and maintenance cost, is
essentially inflation-proof; (d) hydropower technology is a
proven technology that offers reliable and flexible operation,
(e) hydropower stations have a long life and many existing
stations have been in operation for more than half a century
and are still operating efficiently; (f) hydropower station
efficiencies of over 90 percent have been achieved making it
the most efficient of the energy conversion technologies.
Nepal is rich in hydro-resources, with one of the highest per
capita hydropower potentials in the world. However, at
present, the total hydropower generation has been 556.8 MW,
merely 0.7 percent of the potential, with connection to 40
percent of the people. The major strategies of the power sector
have been appropriately identified as promoting private sector
participation in power generation and distribution, unbundling
the activities of the NEA as well as improving its financial
viability, integrating rural electrification with rural economic
development programs, and strengthening power
infrastructure. In the present global scenario where the oil
prices are remaining higher and future provides an uncertain
outlook with respect to oil, optimal utilization of the abundant
natural endowment, viz., hydropower, would reduce Nepal's
import cost substantially, contribute in improving the relative
competitiveness of theeconomy both on a regional and global
basis, and fulfill the desire of double-digit sustainable growth
in the coming decades.
 APPENDIX
REFERENCES
www.google.com
www.nrb.org.np
http://www.irphouse.com
social studies , Shubharambha Publication