GAS TURBINE ENGINE

ASSIGNMENT 1

NAME: LEVITARAN A/L SAGER

MATRICS: A0000623

LECTURER: SIR. AZNI BIN MON

EXPLAIN AND WITH DIAGRAM (ASSIGNMENT 1)

1.Function of lubrication oil.

There are six main roles of oil,

1. Lubrication – Provide a film between moving parts.  

2. Cooling – Heat transfer media.
3. Sealing – Filling in uneven surfaces
4. Cleaning – Holding contaminants in suspension.
5. Dampening & Cushioning – Of components under high stress.
6. Protection – From oxidation & corrosion.

Lubricants provide a fluid barrier between moving parts to prevent friction and wear. As for cooling, oil
provides up to 40 percent of an aircraft's air-cooled engine's cooling. Oil creates a seal between piston
rings and cylinder walls. This helps to reduce wear, provide better compression, and keep contaminants
out while improving fuel efficiency.
2. Synthetic oil characteristic

Mineral oil is most commonly called as regular oil. These oils are produced by untreated mineral refining
(Group I). Semi-synthetic oils or synthetic-based oils are a blend of oils produced by untreated mineral
refining (Group I) and composed of oils produced by mineral refining with chemical treatment (Group
III). Synthetic technology oils are oils produced by mineral refining with chemical treatment (Group III).
100% synthetic oils are oils with 100% synthetic molecules (Group IV and V) without any mineral refining

Characteristics of synthetic oil,

• LOW VOLATILITY = Low changes to evaporate.

• ANTI FORMING QUALITY = Increases the life span of oil

• LOW LACQUER AND COKE DEPOSITS = Keep the engine clean.

• HIGH FLASH POINT = Hardly to blow up.

• LOW POUR POINT = Low chances to lose the ability to flow and become solid state.

• COHESION AND ADHESION = Can be lubricate in any state.

• WIDE TEMPERATURE RANGE = Suitable to use in any temperature.

• HIGH VISCOSITY INDEX = Can withstand high temperature.

Synthetic oil flows easily in cold weather, therefore no loss of prime when the oil is cold. Also, it is
highly resistant to viscosity breakdown (the ability of the oil to flow easily in all temps) from heat,
friction, chemical contaminants.

It flows easily, therefore fully synthetic oil is not recommended for use on high mileage engines and
in new engines during the break-in period because it is slippery and it limits the wearing of new
mating parts within the engine.
3. Handling synthetic lubricant and safety precautions.

 Synthetic oils are not storage stable and too temperature extremes should be avoided.
 Oil stocks should be used as soon as possible.
 Partial stock withdraws should be avoided because synthetic oils are hygroscopic and will absorb
enough moisture from the air to make them unstable. There is no hygroscopic problem for oil in
use.
 Mixing of different brands of oil is prohibited.
 Avoided prolong skin contact with this type of oil.
 Split oil is hazardous and should be cleaned immediately.
4. The main lubricant components and purpose.

1. OIL TANK
 Purpose to store oil to deliver adequate supply to engine under all operating conditions like
aircraft attitude and altitude.

2. PRESSURE PUMP
 To supply oil under pressure.

3. PRESSURE FILTER
 A filter is a screening or straining device used to clean the hydraulic fluid, preventing foreign
particles and contaminating substances from remaining in the system.

4. SCAVENGE PUMP
 to return oil from the crankcase to the oil tank.

5. SCAVENGE FILTER
 To catch large debris.

6. MAGNETIC CHIP DETECTOR

 To attract and hold ferrous metal particles in the system.

7. FUEL COOLED OIL COOLER (FCOC)

 To cool the oil and warm the fuel.

8. AIR COOLED OIL COOLER (ACOC)

 By regulating the airflow through the cooler, the temperature of the oil can be controlled to fit
various operating conditions.

9. PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE

 The relief valve is preset to relieve pressure and return the oil to the inlet side of the lube pump.
5. Types of starter motor to start the engine.

 Electric starters / Electrical starter generator

Two types of electrical starter motor can be used, direct-cranking (to disengage as internal
combustion engines) and starter-generator system (permanently engaged).

The engine is cranked directly by the starter and controlled from the cockpit. The electric starter
provides instantaneous and continuous ‘cranking’.

 Turbo starters ( Air Starters )

Air turbine starters are designed to provide high starting torque from a small, lightweight
source. The typical air turbine starter weighs from one-fourth to one-half as much as an electric
starter capable of starting the same engine. It is capable of developing considerable more
torque than the electric starter.

A high-pressure stream of air/gases is forced through a high-speed turbine, the drive from
turbine is transmitted to the engine through a reduction-gear mechanism and an over-run clutch
assembly.
 Cartridge

Cartridge starting is sometimes used on military engines and provides a quick independent

method of starting. The starter motor is basically a small impulse-type turbine that is driven by
high velocity gases from a burning cartridge. The power output of the turbine is passed through
a reduction gear and an automatic disconnect mechanism to rotate the engine.  An electrically
fired detonator initiates the burning of the cartridge charge. As a cordite charge provides the
power supply for this type of starter, the size of the charge required may well limit the use
of the cartridge starters.

 AVPIN starters

An explosive cartridge drives a small turbine engine which is connected by gears to the compressor
shaft. For starting a measured amount of fuel was introduced to the starter combustion chamber
then ignited electrically, the hot gases spinning the turbine at high revolutions with the exhaust
exiting overboard.
6. Diagram for planetary gear and sun gear and ring gear.

A planetary gear system has a sun gear, which is the input gear, in the centre. The sun gear
(Annular gear) drives planet gears, which are mounted around the sun gear, on the carrier. The
planet gears also rotate around the internal teeth of stationary bell gear when the sun gear is
driving. The propeller shaft is attached to the planet gear carrier. The planet gears orbit around
the sun gear and mesh with an outer ring gear.

Types of Planetary Gear:

 Simple planetary.
 Compound planetary Gear.
 7. Diagram for fire triangle

The fire triangle or combustion triangle is a simple model for understanding the necessary ingredients
for most fires.

The triangle illustrates the three elements a fire needs to ignite: heat, fuel, and an oxidizing
agent (usually oxygen). A fire naturally occurs when the elements are present and combined in the right
mixture. A fire can be prevented or extinguished by removing any one of the elements in the fire
triangle. For example, covering a fire with a fire blanket blocks oxygen and can extinguish a fire. In large
fires where firefighters are called in, decreasing the amount of oxygen is not usually an option because
there is no effective way to make that happen in an extended area.
8. Engine accessory and purpose

Engine accessories are to help in fulfilling its functional requirements.

Accessories are only supplementary items, without which the equipment can function but it may
not full fill all its requirements,

 Air compressor
 Converted power into potential energy stored in pressurized air.
 Auxiliary unit
 The auxiliary power unit is usually run on the ground during passenger boarding
and deplaning. The APU turns an electric generator that powers the electrical
system on the aircraft when the main engines are off. It also provides pneumatic
pressure for air conditioning and, more importantly, starting the main engines.
 Vacuum pump
 Used for turn coordinator, attitude indicator, and heading indicator. Relies
on vacuum pressure through a vacuum pump to create suction to spin
gyroscopes. When the pump is in the beginning of the system, it is referred to as
a pressure pump.
 Feathering pump
 The aircraft propeller is feathered by moving the control in the cockpit against
the low speed stop.
 Oil cooler C.S.U
 To maintaining oil temperatures while the engine is running.
References

1. https://www.aviationpros.com
2. https://www.lubenz.co.nz/role-of-lubricants
3. https://www.elf.com/en/lubricants-faq/about-lubricants/what-are-benefits-synthetic-oil
4. https://www.shell.com/business-customers/aviation/aeroshell/piston-engine-oil/about.html
5. https://www.aviationpros.com
6. https://www.slideshare.net/soulstalker/159-22947944?next_slideshow=1
7. https://www.aircraftsystemstech.com/2017/06/aircraft-fuel-filters.html
8. https://www.dictionary.com/browse/scavenge-pump
9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_engine_starting#cite_note-17
10. Slides