FOUR PILLARS OF IMO

(INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION)

- AIMED TO PROMOTE SAFETY, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, AND MARITIME
SECURITY

1. SOLAS (SAFETY OF LIFE AT SEA)

- ENSURE THE SAFETY OF SHIPS AND THE LIVES OF THOSE ON BOARD, IT SETS
MINIMUM SAFETY STANDARD FOR CONSTRUCTION, EQUIPMENT AND
OPERATION OF SHIPS, AS WELL AS PROCEDURES FOR EMERGENCY OPERATION

2. MARPOL (PREVENTION OF POLLUTION FROM SHIPS)

- ADDRESS THE PREVENTION OF MARINE POLLUTION CAUSED BY SHIPS.

ANNEX I: REGULATION FOR THE PREVENTION OF POLLUTION BY OIL.

ANNEX II: REGULATION FOR THE CONTROL OF POLLUTION BY NOXIOUS
LIQUID SUBSTANCE IN BULK.
ANNEX III: REGULATION FOR THE PREVENTION OF POLLUTION BY HARMFUL
SUBSTANCE CARRIED BY SEA IN PACKAGED FORM.
ANNEX IV: REGULATION FOR THE PREVENTION OF POLLUTION BY SEWAGE
FROM SHIPS
ANNEX V: REGULATION FOR THE PREVENTION OF POLLUTION BY GARBAGE
FROM SHIPS
ANNEX VI: REGULATION FOR THE PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION FROM SHIPS.
3. STCW (STANDARD TRAINING, CERTIFICATION AND WATCHKEEPING FOR
SEAFARERS)
- IT ENSURE THAT SEAFARER ARE WELL TRAINED, COMPETENT, AND CAPABLE
OF PERFORMING THEIR DUTIES SAFELY AND EFFECTIVELY.

4. MLC (MARITIME LABOUR CONVENTION)

- IT SETS OUT THE RIGHTS AND WORKING CONDITIONS FOR SEAFARERS
WORLDWIDE, AIMING TO ENSURE DECENT WORKING AND LIVING CONDITION
ON BOARD SHIPS.
PERCENT OF OYXGEN LEVEL IN THE CONFINED SPACE
(19.5-23.5 PERCENT) BELOW 16 PERCENT IS DANGEROUS.

MARINE ENGINEERING/ ENGINEER

- IS A BRANCH OF ENGINEERING THAT DEALS WITH THE DESIGN,
CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF SHIPS.
- MARINE ENGINEER IS A PROFESSIONAL WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE
OPERATION, MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF ALL MAJOR MECHANICAL
ENGINEERED EQUIPMENT USED ON BOARD.

4 STROKE AND 2 STROKE ENGINES

Four-stroke engines are fuel-efficient and environmentally-friendly. They operate in four steps:

1. Intake: The intake valve is open, and fuel is drawn in with a downward stroke.
2. Compression: As the piston moves upward, the fuel is compressed.
3. Power: After the fuel is compressed, it is ignited to produce the engine’s power.
4. Exhaust: The exhaust valve opens, and the exhaust gases exit the cylinder.

Two-Stroke Engine

A two-stroke engine combines the compression and ignition steps on the upstroke and the
power and exhaust steps on the downstroke. This process requires fewer moving parts for easier
maintenance, but it does provide less torque.
The two-step process includes:
Upstroke (ignition/compression): The piston goes up; air and fuel enter the crankcase. The fuel
air mixture is compressed and ignited.
Downstroke (power/exhaust): Once the fuel is ignited, the piston is pushed down, and the
exhaust is expelled.
When comparing two- and four-stroke engines, their main difference is in how they operate.
Both engines use the combustion cycle to produce energy. The main difference between a 2-
and 4stroke engine is that a 4-stroke engine goes through four stages, or two complete
revolutions, to complete one power stroke. A 2-stroke engine goes through 2 stages, or one
complete revolution, to complete one power stroke.
DIESEL ENGINE / FUEL
- Diesel engine rely on the compress air to ignite
- Diesel engines are known for their fuel efficiency, high torque output, and durability.
They are commonly used in applications where power, efficiency, and reliability are
important factors.
- Diesel engine is a type of internal combustion engine that operates on the principle of
compression ignition.
- Diesel fuel is a type of fuel specifically designed for use in diesel engines. It is a
petroleum-based fuel derived from crude oil through the refining process.
GASOLINE ENGINE / FUEL

- A gasoline engine need spark plug to ignite the air fuel mixture.
- A gasoline engine, also known as a petrol engine, is a type of internal combustion engine
that operates on the principle of spark ignition.
- Gasoline engines are widely used in passenger vehicles and smaller applications where
lighter weight, higher RPMs, and smoother operation are desirable.
- Gasoline fuel, also known as petrol, is a commonly used fuel for internal combustion
engines, particularly in automobiles and motorcycles. It is a volatile, flammable liquid
derived from crude oil through the refining process.

PURIFIER AND CLARIFIER

- A Purifier on a ship is a type of centrifugal separator used for purifying fuel oil or
lubricating oil. It is an essential part of the ship's machinery system and is responsible for
maintaining the quality of the oils used on board.
 - A Clarifier on a ship is a type of centrifugal separator used for the clarification of liquids,
typically used in the purification of various fluids, such as fuel oil, lube oil, or
wastewater, on board a ship. It is designed to separate solid particles and impurities from
the liquid, improving its clarity and quality.
The main difference between a purifier and a clarifier lies in their primary purposes and the level
of separation they achieve. While both are types of centrifugal separators used for liquid
purification, they are designed for different applications and have varying levels of separation
efficiency.
PUMPS
- Pumps are essential components on board a ship, serving various purposes related to fluid
transfer and control within the vessel's systems. Ships require a wide range of pumps to
handle diverse applications, including the movement of liquids, gases, and even solids.

Common types of pumps found on board ships:

- Centrifugal Pumps: Centrifugal pumps are widely used on ships for a variety of
applications, such as ballast water transfer, fuel oil transfer, freshwater cooling, and
firefighting.
- Submersible Pumps: Submersible pumps are designed to be submerged in the fluid they
are pumping.
- Bilge Pumps: Bilge pumps are specifically used for removing water from the bilge
(lowest part) of the ship's hull. They help in maintaining a dry and safe environment
within the ship to prevent flooding.
MAIN ENGINE
- The main engine, also known as the propulsion engine or prime mover, is the primary
power source responsible for generating the necessary thrust or propulsion to propel a
ship forward. It is a large and powerful engine that provides the driving force for the
ship's propulsion system.
- The main engine is typically located in the engine room of the ship and is responsible for
converting the energy from a fuel source, such as diesel oil, heavy fuel oil, or natural gas,
into mechanical energy that drives the ship's propeller. The propeller, in turn, creates the
thrust required to propel the ship through the water.
Here are some of the key parts commonly found in a main engine:
1. Cylinder Block: The cylinder block houses the cylinders where the combustion of fuel
takes place. It contains the pistons, cylinder liners, and associated components.
2. Pistons: Pistons are cylindrical components that move up and down within the cylinder.
They are connected to the crankshaft via connecting rods and convert the force generated
by the combustion process into reciprocating motion.
3. Cylinder Liners: Cylinder liners are inserted into the cylinder block to provide a smooth
and wear-resistant surface for the pistons to move within. They help maintain the
integrity of the cylinders and prevent excessive friction.
 4. Crankshaft: The crankshaft is a rotating shaft that converts the reciprocating motion of
the pistons into rotary motion. It is connected to the pistons via connecting rods and
transmits the power generated by the combustion process to drive the ship's propeller.
5. Camshaft: The camshaft is responsible for controlling the opening and closing of the
engine's valves. It has lobes or cams that push against the valve lifters, causing the valves
to open and close at the appropriate times for fuel injection and exhaust.
6. Cylinder Head: The cylinder head is located at the top of the cylinder block and seals the
combustion chamber. It contains the intake and exhaust valves, fuel injectors (in the case
of diesel engines), and other components necessary for the combustion process.
7. Turbocharger: A turbocharger is a device used to increase the efficiency and power
output of the main engine. It uses exhaust gases to drive a turbine, which in turn drives a
compressor that forces more air into the combustion chambers. This allows for better
combustion and increased power.
8. Fuel Injection System: In diesel engines, the fuel injection system delivers fuel into the
combustion chamber at the right timing and in the appropriate quantity. It typically
includes fuel pumps, injectors, and fuel lines.
9. Cooling System: The cooling system helps regulate the temperature of the main engine.
It consists of various components such as heat exchangers, cooling pumps, radiators, and
pipes to remove excess heat and maintain optimal operating temperatures.
10. Lubrication System: The lubrication system ensures proper lubrication of moving parts
within the main engine, reducing friction and wear. It includes an oil pump, filters, oil
coolers, and a network of oil passages to distribute lubricating oil to critical engine
components.
11. Exhaust System: The exhaust system collects and removes the combustion gases from
the engine. It includes exhaust manifolds, exhaust pipes, silencers or mufflers, and
sometimes emissions control devices.

SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUIT (Series)

In a series circuit, the components are connected one after another along the same path, forming
a single loop. In other words, the current flows through each component in a sequential manner.
The main characteristics of a series circuit are as follows:
• Current: The current remains the same throughout a series circuit. The current that flows
through one component is the same as the current that flows through all other
components.
• Voltage: The total voltage of a series circuit is equal to the sum of the individual voltage
drops across each component. The voltage is divided among the components based on
their resistance or impedance.
• Resistance: The total resistance of a series circuit is equal to the sum of the individual
resistances of each component. The total resistance increases as more resistors are added
in series.
• Brightness: In a series circuit with light bulbs or other devices, if one component fails or
is removed, the current is interrupted, and all other components will cease to function.
(Parallel)
In a parallel circuit, the components are connected across multiple paths, creating multiple
branches. In other words, each component is connected directly across the voltage source. The
main characteristics of a parallel circuit are as follows:
• Current: The total current in a parallel circuit is equal to the sum of the currents flowing
through each branch or component. The current divides among the branches based on
their resistance or impedance.
• Voltage: The voltage across each component in a parallel circuit is the same. The voltage
across the branches is equal to the voltage of the source.
• Resistance: The total resistance of a parallel circuit is less than the resistance of any
individual component. Adding more branches or resistors in parallel decreases the overall
resistance.
• Brightness: In a parallel circuit with light bulbs or other devices, if one component fails
or is removed, the current can still flow through the other branches, and the other
components will continue to function.
• Independent Operation: Components in a parallel circuit can operate independently of
each other. The failure or removal of one component does not affect the operation of
other components.
In summary, series circuits have components connected one after another along the same path,
while parallel circuits have components connected across multiple paths. In series circuits, the
current is the same throughout, while in parallel circuits, the current divides among the branches.
The voltage and resistance behave differently in series and parallel circuits as well.

ALTERNATING CURRENT AND DIRECT CURRENT (AC / DC)

- Alternating current is an electric current that periodically reverses direction, constantly
changing its polarity
- Direct current is an electric current that flows in one direction, maintaining a constant
polarity.
- AC and DC have their specific applications. AC is commonly used for power
transmission, while DC is widely used in electronic devices and low-voltage applications.

OHMS LAW
Ohm's Law is a fundamental principle in electrical engineering that relates the three basic
electrical quantities: voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R). It describes the relationship
between these quantities in a simple linear circuit. Ohm's Law can be stated mathematically as: V
= I * R where:
V: represents the voltage across a component measured in volts (V).
I: represents the current flowing through the component measured in amperes (A).
R: represents the resistance of the component measured in ohms (Ω).

TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER

Fire extinguishers are important safety devices used to suppress or extinguish different types of
fires. There are several types of fire extinguishers, each designed to combat specific classes of
fires. The most common types include:
1. Water Fire Extinguishers (Class A): Water extinguishers are effective for fires
involving ordinary combustible materials such as wood, paper, cloth, and certain plastics.
They work by cooling the fire and reducing its temperature. Water extinguishers should
not be used on fires involving flammable liquids, electrical equipment, or cooking oil.
2. Foam Fire Extinguishers (Class A and B): Foam extinguishers are suitable for fires
involving flammable liquids (Class B) and ordinary combustible materials (Class A).
They create a foam blanket that helps smother the fire, preventing oxygen from reaching
the fuel. Foam extinguishers are commonly used in areas with flammable liquids, such as
garages, workshops, and fuel storage areas.
3. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Fire Extinguishers (Class B and C): CO2 extinguishers are
effective for fires involving flammable liquids (Class B) and electrical fires (Class C).
They work by displacing oxygen, smothering the fire and inhibiting its combustion. CO2
extinguishers do not leave any residue and are often used in server rooms, laboratories,
and areas with electrical equipment.
4. Dry Chemical Fire Extinguishers (Class A, B, and C): Dry chemical extinguishers are
versatile and can be used on fires involving ordinary combustible materials (Class A),
flammable liquids (Class B), and electrical fires (Class C). There are different types of
dry chemical extinguishers, including ABC extinguishers (containing monoammonium
phosphate) and BC extinguishers (containing sodium bicarbonate or potassium
bicarbonate). They work by interrupting the chemical reactions that sustain the fire.
5. Wet Chemical Fire Extinguishers (Class K): Wet chemical extinguishers are
specifically designed for fires involving cooking oils, fats, and greases (Class K).

CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE
1. Class A Fires: Class A fires involve ordinary combustible materials such as wood, paper,
cloth, plastics, and other common solids. These fires typically leave behind ash after
burning. Examples include fires in wood, paper, textiles, rubber, and some plastics. Water
or foam-based extinguishers are often used to suppress Class A fires.
2. Class B Fires: Class B fires involve flammable liquids and gases. This class includes
fires in fuels like gasoline, oil, diesel, kerosene, propane, natural gas, and other
flammable chemicals. These fires spread rapidly and can reignite easily. Carbon dioxide
(CO2), dry chemical, or foam extinguishers are commonly used for Class B fires.
3. Class C Fires: Class C fires involve energized electrical equipment. These fires occur in
electrical appliances, outlets, wiring, circuit breakers, and other electrical components.
The primary concern in Class C fires is the safety of the individuals handling the fire, as
there is a risk of electric shock. The power supply should be shut off first, and then a
 nonconductive extinguishing agent, such as a dry chemical or carbon dioxide, can be used
to suppress the fire.
4. Class D Fires: Class D fires involve combustible metals, such as magnesium, titanium,
potassium, sodium, and lithium. These metals have specific properties that make them
highly reactive and require specialized extinguishing agents. Class D fires are often found
in laboratories or industrial settings. Specialized dry powder extinguishing agents
designed for specific metal types are used to suppress Class D fires.
5. Class K fires: involve cooking oils, greases, and fats typically found in commercial
kitchens and restaurants. These fires are characterized by high temperatures and can be
challenging to extinguish. Wet chemical fire extinguishers are specifically designed to
suppress Class K fires. They work by cooling the fire and creating a foam blanket that
prevents reignition.

PROCEDURES FOR STARTING MAIN ENGINE ON BOARD

The procedures for starting the main engine on board a vessel can vary depending on the specific
engine manufacturer and vessel equipment. However, here is a general outline of the steps
involved in starting a typical marine diesel main engine:
1. Pre-start Checks:
a. Ensure that all necessary safety precautions are in place, such as personal
protective equipment (PPE) and fire extinguishers.
b. Check that the engine room is adequately ventilated.
c. Verify that the engine lubrication system has sufficient oil level and pressure.
d. Ensure that the fuel supply valves are open and the fuel system is primed.
e. Check that the cooling water system is operational and has adequate flow.
2. Starting System Preparation:
a. Set the engine control system to the "Start" or "Neutral" position.
b. Ensure that the engine telegraph or control lever is set to the "Start" position.
c. Engage any necessary starting aids, such as preheating elements or air starting
systems.
3. Starting the Engine:
a. Turn the engine's starting key or press the start button to initiate the starting
sequence.
b. Monitor the engine gauges and instruments for indications of proper starting, such
as rising oil pressure and increasing RPM.
c. Once the engine has started, allow it to stabilize and reach idle speed.
d. Check for any abnormal noises, vibrations, or warning alarms that may indicate a
problem with the starting process.
4. Post-start Checks:
a. Verify that the engine is running smoothly and within normal operating
parameters.
b. Monitor the engine gauges and instruments for proper oil pressure, coolant
temperature, exhaust temperature, and other relevant parameters.
 c. Ensure that the engine control system is functioning correctly and responding to
control inputs.
d. Check for any leaks, abnormal vibrations, or other signs of malfunction.
e. Confirm that auxiliary systems, such as the generator or air compressors, are
operating as intended.
5. Documentation and Reporting:
a. Record the engine start time, operational parameters, and any observations or
issues in the engine logbook.
b. Report the successful engine start to the bridge and other relevant personnel.
FUEL OIL SYSTEM
- The fuel oil system on a vessel is responsible for storing, transferring, and supplying fuel
to the main engine and other onboard equipment that requires fuel.

LUBRICATION OIL SYSTEM

- The lubrication oil system on a vessel is responsible for supplying lubricating oil to various
engine components, reducing friction, dissipating heat, and providing protection against
wear and corrosion.

COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEM

- The compressed air system on a vessel plays a crucial role in various onboard operations
and equipment. It involves the compression, storage, and distribution of compressed air
for various purposes.

SEAWATER COOLING SYSTEM

- The seawater cooling system is an important component of a marine vessel's cooling
system. It is responsible for removing heat generated by various onboard systems and
equipment by circulating seawater through heat exchangers.

FRESH WATER-COOLING SYSTEM

- A fresh water-cooling system, also known as a closed-loop cooling system or freshwater
cooling system, is a type of cooling system used in marine vessels to remove heat from
the engine and other onboard equipment.

SAFETY
- Safety refers to the state or condition of being protected from harm, danger, or
risk. It encompasses measures, practices, and precautions taken to prevent accidents,
injuries, or damage to people, property, or the environment.
Ensuring safety at work is of paramount importance for several reasons:
1. Protection of Human Lives: The most crucial reason for prioritizing safety at
work is to protect the lives and well-being of employees and workers. By implementing
safety measures, organizations can significantly reduce the risk of accidents, injuries, and
fatalities in the workplace.
 2. Prevention of Injuries and Illnesses : Workplace accidents and incidents can
result in various injuries, ranging from minor cuts and bruises to severe injuries,
disabilities, or even long-term health issues. Promoting safety helps prevent these
incidents, reducing the physical and psychological impact on workers.
3. Legal and Regulatory Compliance: Compliance with safety regulations and
standards is a legal requirement in many jurisdictions. Failure to meet these requirements
can result in legal consequences, penalties, fines, and damage to an organization's
reputation.
4. Increased Productivity: A safe work environment fosters higher productivity.
When employees feel safe and secure, they are more focused, engaged, and motivated to
perform their tasks efficiently. Conversely, workplace accidents and injuries can disrupt
operations, reduce productivity, and increase absenteeism and employee turnover.
5. Cost Savings: Implementing safety measures can lead to significant cost savings
for organizations. By preventing accidents and injuries, organizations can avoid medical
expenses, compensation claims, legal costs, productivity losses, equipment damage, and
increased insurance premiums.
6. Improved Employee Morale and Satisfaction: A workplace that prioritizes
safety demonstrates care and concern for its employees. This fosters a positive work
environment, boosts morale, and enhances job satisfaction. Employees are more likely to
be loyal, committed, and motivated when they feel valued and protected.
7. Enhanced Reputation and Public Image: A strong commitment to safety can
enhance an organization's reputation and public image. Safety-conscious companies are
seen as responsible, trustworthy, and ethical, attracting potential clients, customers, and
investors who value safety as an important criterion.
8. Continuity of Operations: Workplace accidents and incidents can disrupt
operations, leading to downtime, delays, and financial losses. By maintaining a safe work
environment, organizations can ensure the continuity of their operations and minimize
disruptions caused by accidents or emergencies.
9. Prevention of Environmental Damage: Safety measures not only protect human
lives but also help prevent environmental damage. Proper handling and storage of
hazardous substances, waste management, and adherence to environmental regulations
contribute to minimizing the environmental impact of workplace activities.
10. Ethical and Social Responsibility: Prioritizing safety at work is an ethical
responsibility of employers and organizations. It demonstrates respect for human rights,
care for employees' well-being, and a commitment to social responsibility.

By prioritizing safety at work, organizations can protect their employees, enhance

productivity, comply with legal requirements, save costs, and build a positive reputation. It is
a collective responsibility that requires the commitment and active participation of
employers, employees, and all stakeholders involved.

WATER CONTENT
1. The density of fresh water at 4 degrees Celsius is approximately 1000 kilograms per
cubic meter (kg/m³).
 2. The specific gravity of salt water varies depending on the concentration of dissolved
salts. Generally, seawater has a specific gravity ranging from 1.020 to 1.030, meaning it
is slightly denser than fresh water.
3. The freezing point of salt water is lower than that of fresh water due to the presence of
dissolved salts. The freezing point decreases as the salt concentration increases. Typical
seawater freezes at around -2 degrees Celsius (28.4 degrees Fahrenheit).
4. The boiling point of salt water is higher than that of fresh water due to the presence of
dissolved salts. The boiling point increases as the salt concentration increases. On
average, seawater boils at around 100.7 degrees Celsius (213.3 degrees Fahrenheit).
5. The heat of fusion, also known as the latent heat of fusion , of water is approximately
334,000 joules per kilogram (J/kg) or 79.7 calories per gram (cal/g).
6. The heat of vaporization, also known as the latent heat of vaporization , of water is
approximately 2,260,000 joules per kilogram (J/kg) or 540 calories per gram (cal/g).
7. The latent heat of fusion of water is the same as the heat of fusion, which is
approximately 334,000 joules per kilogram (J/kg) or 79.7 calories per gram (cal/g).
8. The latent heat of vaporization of water is the same as the heat of vaporization, which
is approximately 2,260,000 joules per kilogram (J/kg) or 540 calories per gram (cal/g).
9. The thermal conductivity of water is approximately 0.6 watts per meter-kelvin
(W/(m·K)) at 25 degrees Celsius.
10. The viscosity of water is approximately 0.001 Pas·s (pascal-second) or 1 centipoise (cP)
at 20 degrees Celsius.
SCAVENGING
Scavenging in two-stroke engines is performed mainly by one of three methods:
 Cross-scavenging: Crossflow scavenging is another common method used in two-stroke
engines. It involves the use of intake and exhaust ports located on opposite sides of the
cylinder wall. The incoming air-fuel mixture flows across the cylinder head, pushing the
exhaust gases out through the opposite side. This method ensures efficient scavenging
and provides good airflow characteristics within the combustion chamber.
 Uniflow-scavenging: Uniflow scavenging is commonly employed in larger two-stroke
engines, such as those used in marine applications or some high-performance
motorcycles. It utilizes a piston-controlled port, often known as a piston-ported cylinder,
that allows the fresh air-fuel mixture to enter the combustion chamber from one side
while the exhaust gases exit from the other side. The incoming mixture is directed by the
piston towards the combustion chamber, while the piston's movement aids in pushing out
the exhaust gases.
 Loop-scavenging: Used in smaller two-stroke engines, the incoming air-fuel mixture
flows through the transfer ports, creating a loop-like motion within the combustion
chamber. This motion helps in pushing out the exhaust gases through the exhaust port.
Loop scavenging provides good mixing of the fresh mixture and exhaust gases, resulting
in efficient combustion.