SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS

OF AUTOMOBILE

By : Jayanta Kumar
 Here we will learn about the basic
components of auto mobile.
Various components are chassis and its parts,
components of internal combustion engine,
components of lubrication system,
components of cooling system etc.
 CHASSIS FRAME AND AUTO BODY

 Chassis is rectangular ,usually steel frame and attached

to the axle of the vehicle that holds the body and motor.
 It consists of an engine, power train, brakes , steering
system and wheel.
 It is the most crucial element which gives the both
strength and stability to the vehicle.
 Automobile body or superstructure is the most
important part of the chassis frame.
Properties of an automobile body :
 Strong,rigid and durable material

 Low resistance to air

 Light to air

 It should facilitate clear all-round vision through its

panes and high resistance to vibration at high speed

 Load should be uniformly distributed
ENGINE AND ITS
COMPONENTS
 Engine converts the fuel into motion.it takes place
by combustion (burning) of the fuel. Therefore a
car engine is an internal combustion engine.
 There are different kinds of internal combustion
engines like petrol engines ,diesel engine etc.
 in case of steam engine external combustion
engines were used.
 The internal combustion engine is more efficient
then the external combustion engine.
 Processes followed by a car to start
 The car battery powers up
 Power to start the motor
 Turns the crankshaft
 Piston moves
 Engine fires up and ticks over
 A fan draws air into the engine via an air filter
 Air filter removes the dirt and grit from air
 The cleaned air is drawn into a chamber where fuel is added
 This fuel/air mix is stored in the chamber
 Driver presses the accelerator pedal
 the air fuel mx is distributed ,throufh intake valve in to te cylinders
 There are four stroke combustion cycle:
 Intake stroke: intake valve opens and piston moves
downwards allowing the fuel gas mixture to the open
space
 Compression stroke: the piston moves upward which
compresses the air and fuel mixture .compression makes
the fuel air mixture explode with a grate force
 Power cycle: spark from a spark plug ignites the mix.
the explosion forces the piston down wards
 Exhaust cycle: the exhaust valve opens and the piston
moves back to the topand the exhaust fumes out.
 Components of I.C. Engine
 Cylinder: a cylinder is the central working part of a
engine. It is the space in which a piston travels. Many
cylinders are arranged side by side.

 Cylinder head: it seals the cylinder and is made up of

cast iron or aluminum. it must be strong and rigid.
It acts as a frame work for the arrangement of the
gaseous exchange valve and spark plugs and injector.
 Crankshaft: the crankshaft converts up and down
motions of pistons into a rotating motion. It provides the
turning motion for the wheels.
Some parts of the shaft do not move up and down ;but
they rotate in stationary manner, these are called as
journals.
 Connecting rods: these rod connects the piston to the
crankshaft. the upper end has a hole in it for piston wrist
pin and the lower end attaches to the crankshaft.
 Connecting rod bearing: connecting rod bearings are
inserts that fit into the connecting rod’s lower end and
ride on the journals of the crankshaft.
 Valve springs: valves acts as the gatekeepers for the
fuel and air to enter and exit the combustion chamber in
the engine. the valves are kept closed by the valve
springs.
 Camshaft: there are valves that let the fuel/air mix
into the engine . The camshaft uses lobes that push
against the valves to open them as the camshaft
rotates. Springs of the valves return them to their
closed position.
 Carburetor : a small amount of petrol is needed during each
combustion cycle. i.e. about 10miligrams of petrol per stroke. The
purpose of the carburetor is to mix the fuel with air. The carburetor is
in charge of getting mixture just right.
 Flywheel: a flywheel is used to maintain constant
angular velocity of the crankshaft in a reciprocating
engine. It utilizes friction against the clutch plate to
decide the amount of force that the clutch is capable of
handling.
 Intelligent engine system
 Three popular types of engines are used in
automobiles are,
 (1) carburetor based engines

 (2) multipoint fuel injection(MPFI) system

 (3) common rail direct injection(CRDI)

engines
 MPFI system is a system which uses a small
computer(microchip) to control the vehicle engine.
it has fuel injectors for each cylinder that’s why it is
called as multi point fuel injection.
 CRDI uses a modern computer systems which

helps to improve the power, performance and

reduce harmful emissions from diesel engine.
 The non-CRDI engines are less efficient, noisy and

poor in performance.
 LUBRICATION SYSTEM
 Lubrication is the process of applying lubricant
between the surfaces of contact of two moving
parts.
 In the internal combustion engine ,parts moving
rub agnist each other causing wear and tear and
reduces the power output contineously.
 So lubrication is necessary for an engine.
Purposes of lubrication:
 To reduce friction between the moving parts
 To minimize the vibration
 To reduce the wear and tear
 To reduce the corrosion and carbon deposits
 To reduce the heat of moving parts
 To minimize the power lost due to friction
 To reduce the noise created by the moving parts
The engine parts that require frequent lubrication
are,

 Cylinder piston and piston rings

 Main bearings crankshaft
 Crankpin and piston pin
 Big end and small end connecting rod
 Camshaft
 valves
 Base oils:
 Almost every lubricant used in machines today started off
as just a base oil.
 American petroleum institute(API) has categorized base
oil into five groups.
 Group I: these base oil have less than90% saturates,
greater than 0.03% Sulphur and with a viscosity index of
80-120. temperature ranges from 32-150F.
 Group II: more than 90% saturates,less than 0.03%
sulphur,viscosity index of 80-120.
 Group III: grater than 90% saturates,less than 0.03
sulphur and having viscosity index above 120. these are
more pure than group II.
 Group IV: these are polyalphaolefin(PAOs) .these are
made though systhesising. they are having a much higher
temp. range.
 Group V: it includes silicon, phosphate ester,
Polyalkaline glycol(PAG),polyolester,biolubes etc. these
baseoils are mixed with other base stocks to enhance the
oil’s property.
The oil soluble organic compounds added to present
day lubricants are:

 Anti-oxidant and anti-corrosive agents

 Detergent dispersent
 Viscosity index improves
 Antifoam agent
 Oilness and film-strength agent
 COOLING SYSTEM
 a petrol powered automobile engine produces a temp.
about 2500°c . Here 70% of the energy from the fuel
consumption is converted to heat. so a cooling system is
required to prevent the overheating of engine.
 A mixture of water and ethylene glycol is used in the
cooling system.
 There are two kinds of cooling:
1. Liquid cooling: it circulates the fluid in the engine. the
liquid passes through the hot engine it absorbs
heat,cooling the engine . after the cooling fluid leaves
the engine through the radiator.
Air cooling: here the engine block is covered by aluminium
fins that conduct and dissipate the heat from the cylinder.a
powerful fan forces air over these fins which cools the
engine by transferring heat to air.
PARTS OF COOLING SYSTEM
The different parts of a cooling system are:
(a)Fluid (e) radiator fans
(b)Water pump (f) radiator cap
(c) Radiator (g) coolant recovery tank
(d) thermostat
 Fluid:the fuild used for cooling has to have a very low
freezing point and ahigh boiling point.
 Water pump:it circulates the water when the engine
is running.
 Radiator: it is a type of heat exchanger.it ejects all the
hot coolant by air blown by afan.
 Thermostat : it heats up the engine quickly and keeps
a constant temp.
 Radiator fans:it also maintain the constant temp. of
the engine.
 Radiator cap: it acts as the pressure release valve .
 Coolant recovery tank: it keeps the coolant level
full .
 FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEM
 In a car the gas pedal is connected to the throttle valve which
regulates the entry of air to the engine.
 The engine control unit(ECU) increases the fuel rate if the
throttle valve is open.
 Sensor calculate the mass of the air:this information is used
by the ECU to make a proper fuel to air ratio.
 The injector:
 It is a electronically controlled valve.
 When the injector is energized ,an electromagnet moves a
plunger that opens the valve . this allows the fuel to eject
out of the tiny nozzle.
 There are a number of sensors of the ECU,
 Mass air flow sensor tells the ECU the mass of air
entering the engine.
 Oxygen sensor calculates the amount of oxygen
 Throttle position sensor monitors the throttle valve
position which determine how much air goes to the engine
 Coolant temperature sensor allows the ECU to
determine when the engine has reached its proper
operating temperature
 Manifold absolute pressure sensor:it moniters the
pressure of the air in the intake manfold.
 Engine speed sensor:it moniters the speed of the
engine
 Two other parts of the fuel supply systems are
 Fuel pump
 Fuel filter
 Idle air control actuator
 Thank you