Colligative
Colligative
Colligative
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
P 1 = P 1 o - P 1 o X2
P 1 o - P 1 = P 1 o X2
then: P
∆ 1 = P 1
o - P
1
Vapor pressure
lowering P
∆ 1 = P1
o X
2
PHASE DIAGRAM FOR PURE WATER
Adding solute to water
∆Tf ∆Tb
Tfo Tbo
Tf Tb
Boiling point elevation
ΔTb m
ΔTb = kbm Kb H20 = 0.51
Kb Wsolute
Tb
M W solute x Kg solvent
ΔTb = Tb -Tbo
Freezing point depression
ΔTf m
ΔTf = kfm Kf H20 = 1.86
Kf Wsolute
Tf
M W solute x Kg solvent
ΔTf = Tfo - Tf
Kb = ebullioscopic constant or
molal boiling point constant
Kf = cryoscopic constant or
molal freezing point constant
Osmosis
• spontaneous process
• diffusion of water across a semi-permeable
membrane
• semi-permeable membrane allows passage of
solvent but not solute
Osmosis
•movement of solvent from lower solute
concentration to higher solute concentration
PV = nRT
if P = ∏ and n/V = M
then ∏ = MRT
∏ = mRT
Cryoscopic method:
∏ = mRT
ΔTf = kfm
Tf
m
Kf
Tf R T where
R = 0.0821 L-atm/n-K
Kf
SUMMARY
Non-electrolytes Electrolytes
80 K+ ion
80 Cl- ion
20 undissociated particles
180 particles represent 1.8 times as many particles as there were
before dissociation, i = 1.8
ZnCl2 is a 3-ion electrolyte dissociating 80% in a certain
concentration. Calculate its dissociation value (i).
80 Zn+ + ion
80 Cl- ion
80 Cl- ion
20 undissociated particles
260 particles represent 2.6 times as many particles as
there were before dissociation, i = 2.6
Dissociation values (i)
Non-electrolytes 1.0
Liso = ikf
ΔTf = Liso m (modified Van’t Hoff Eq.)
Ionization
= produces new charged particles
ex. H20 + H20 = H30+ + OH-
Approximate Liso value
Non-electrolyte 1.86
10. How many molecules of sucrose must be added to 10.0 g of water at 10.000C if an
osmotic pressure of 0.80 atm is to be established?
11. The freezing point of a 0.28 m aqueous solution of Sodium sulfate is -1.360C.
What is (a) i (b) osmotic pressure at 00C (c) boiling point and (d) vapor pressure of the
solution at 20.00C? V.P. of pure water at 20.00C is 17.53 mm? (Express final answer in
5 significant figures)
Problems:
12. You are examining forensics data for a court case and need to identify an
analgesic (pain killer). It could be either acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), ibuprofen (advil)
or acetaminophen (Tylenol). A mixture of the unknown is prepared by mixing 10.0 g
of unknown and dilution to 250. mL with ethanol. The density of this solution is
0.800 g/mL. Identify the unknown based upon the following:
a. The boiling point of this mixture is 78.80C.
b. The osmotic pressure of this mixture is 4.80 x 105 Pa at 25.00C.
Additional data:
acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) = C9H8O4
ibuprofen (advil) = C13H18O2
acetaminophen (Tylenol) = C8H9NO2
Boiling point of ethanol = 78.50C
Kb of ethanol = 1.22