Science Reviewer
Science Reviewer
Science Reviewer
1.
2.
Matter
Physical and Chemical Change Science
3. Atoms
4. Historical Background of Atoms
5. Isotopes
6. Periodic Table
7. Electron Configuration Physical Properties of Liquids
8. Trends in the Periodic Table PARTICLE ARRANGEMENT IN A LIQUID
Matter
What is Matter?
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
- Liquids are composed of closely packed particles that can
Matter can be in the form of Solid, Liquid and Gas.
move freely.
- There are small empty spaces between these particles.
PHASE CHANGES IN MATTER
- Attractive forces present in liquids are relatively weaker
Freezing – Liquid to Solid
compared of that in solids.
Melting – Solid to Liquid
Have no Definite shape.
Evaporation – Liquid to Gas
Have Definite volume.
Condensation – Gas to Liquid
Cannot be easily compressed.
Ionization – Gas to Plasma
Recombination – Plasma to Gas
Physical Properties of Gases
Sublimation – Transition from Solid state to Gas State.
PARTICLE ARRANGEMENT IN A GAS
Deposition – Transition from Gas state to Solid state.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Proton is a particle with a positive charge.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES - Has a mass of 1.673X1^40^-2 g
- Observed without a change in the composition of matter. - Located inside the nucleus of atom.
- Includes color, state, odor, boiling point, and melting - Discovered by Eugen Goldstein in 1886.
point. Eugen Goldstein discovered protons while performing an
CATEGORIES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES experiment on a modified cathode ray tube.
INTENSIVE PROPERTY OBSERVATIONS
- Physical property of matter that is Independent on the - There was a stream of electrons emitted by the cathode.
amount or size of the material present - There was also a positive ray behind the cathode.
EXAMPLES
Melting Point Neutron is a particle with no charge.
Boiling Point - Has a mass of 1.675X10^-24 g
Color - Located inside the nucleus of atom.
Hardness - Discovered by James Chadwick in 1932.
Taste James Chadwick discovered neutrons while performing the
Density experiment of Frederic and Irene Joliot-Curie.
Conductivity OBSERVATIONS
EXTENSIVE PROPERTY - The Beryllium emitted particles with no charge.
- Physical property of matter that is dependent on the - The particles have almost the same mass of proton.
amount or size of the material present.
Length HISTORICAL BACKROUND OF ATOMS
Surface Area ANCIENT GREEKS
Volume - First to propose physical examinations for materials.
Mass - Matter is made up of ultimate particles was advanced as
Weight early as the 5th century.
Width
Shape
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Science
LEUCIPPUS OF MILETUS
- Greek Philosopher
- Matter may be composed of indivisible particles.
- Coined the term atomos.
DEMOCRITUS
- Greek Philosopher
- Developed and systemized classical atomism.
ARISTOTLE
He believed that all matter consisted of 5 elements:
- Water
- Fire
ERNEST RUTHERFORD
- Earth
- Discovered Becquerel rays have 3 different types:
- Air
1. Alpha
- Aether
2. Beta
3. Gamma
ANTOINE LAVOISIER
- Law of Conservation of Mass states that “matter cannot
be created nor destroyed.
JOHN DALTON
- Father of Modern Physical Science
- Chose the word Atom.
- Atom as the smallest particle of an element that can enter NIELS BOHR
into chemical combination. - Hypothesized that the electrons are located in specific
DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY orbits or energy levels outside the nucleus.
- Matter consists of indivisible particles called atoms. - Introduces the concept of quantum levels which are
- Atoms cannot be created, divided, destroyed, nor allowed orbits of electrons.
converted to other atoms.
- Atoms of the same element have identical sets of
particles, but atoms of different elements will have the
different sets of particles.
- Compounds are composed of atoms of elements that
combine in simple whole number rations.
- A chemical reaction involves the separation, combination,
or rearrangement of atoms and does not involve creation
or destruction of atoms.
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