Lecture 3 Introduction To Earthquakes PDF
Lecture 3 Introduction To Earthquakes PDF
Lecture 3 Introduction To Earthquakes PDF
HAZARDS &
EARTHQUAKES
1
Hazard definition
A Hazard is a threat. A future source of danger.
• Tropical Cyclones
• Floods
• Storm Surges
• Drought
• Tornado
• Extreme Temperature
• Lightening
• Avalanches
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TYPES OF HAZARD
Geological Hazard
• Earthquake
• Volcano
• Tsunami
• Landslide
• Ground subsidence
• Glacial lake outburst???
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TYPES OF HAZARD
Biological/Environmental Hazards
• Pandemic/Epidemic in humans
• Pandemic/Epidemic in plants
• Pandemic/Epidemic in animals
• Pollution
• Pest Infestation (Locusts)
• Wildfire
8
TYPES OF HAZARD
Technological Hazards
• Transport accidents
• Industrial explosions and fires
• Accidental release of toxic chemicals
• Nuclear accidents
10
TYPES OF HAZARD
Complex Hazards
• Terrorism
• Civil unrest
• Violation
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What is an Earthquake??
25
Earthquakes
“An earthquake is the shaking
of the surface of the Earth
resulting from a sudden
release of energy in the
Earth's lithosphere that
creates seismic waves.
“Earthquakes systematically bring
out the mistakes made in design
and construction - even the most
minute mistakes; it is this aspect
of earthquake engineering that
makes it an educational value far
beyond its immediate objectives.”
Crust:
Continental crust (25-40 km)
Oceanic crust (~6 km)
Mantle
Upper mantle (650 km)
Lower mantle (2235 km)
Core
Outer core: liquid (2270 km)
Inner core: solid (1216 km)
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Measuring an Earthquake
• Magnitude
– Energy released from the earthquake
– Measured in Richter Scale
• Intensity
– Ground Shaking at different places
– Measured in Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI)
Seismographs
Normal Reversed
“Epicenter”
P Wave
Body
S Wave
Love Wave
Surface
Rayleigh Wave
Seismograms
Primary Waves
• Earthquakes of
magnitude < 5.0 are not
expected to cause
structural damage
• Earthquakes > 5.0 are
potentially very
damaging
I. Instrumental Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions.
Modified Mercalli Scale
II. Feeble Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings. Delicately suspended objects
may swing.
III. Slight Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on the upper floors of buildings. Many do not
recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibration similar to the passing of a
truck. Duration estimated.
IV. Moderate Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night, some awakened. Dishes, windows, doors
disturbed; walls make cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building. Standing motor cars
rocked noticeably. Dishes and windows rattle.
V. Rather Strong Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes and windows broken. Unstable objects
overturned. Clocks may stop.
VI. Strong Felt by all; many frightened and run outdoors, walk unsteadily. Windows, dishes, glassware broken; books
off shelves; some heavy furniture moved or overturned; a few instances of fallen plaster. Damage slight.
VII. Very Strong Difficult to stand; furniture broken; damage negligible in building of good design and construction; slight to
moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed
structures; some chimneys broken. Noticed by persons driving motor cars.
VIII. Destructive Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable in ordinary substantial buildings with partial
collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments,
walls. Heavy furniture moved.
IX. Ruinous General panic; damage considerable in specially designed structures, well designed frame structures
thrown out of plumb. Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off
foundations.
X. Disastrous Some well built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with
foundation. Rails bent.
XI. Very Disastrous Few, if any masonry structures remain standing. Bridges destroyed. Rails bent greatly.
XII. Catastrophic Total damage - Almost everything is destroyed. Lines of sight and level distorted. Objects thrown into the
air. The ground moves in waves or ripples. Large amounts of rock may move.
Some Notable Earthquakes in Pakistan
Effects of Earthquake
• Structural damage
• Nonstructural damage
• Fire
• Flood
• Tsunami
Shocks
• Foreshock – the earthquake that occurs prior to a
large earthquake
• Main shock - the largest earthquake in any series of
earthquakes
• Aftershock - the earthquake that occurs after a
large earthquake
Earthquake Prediction
• Weather vs. Earthquake Prediction
• Arrangement of the planets
• Jumpiness of animals
• The numerous geological details make earthquakes
inherently unpredictable
Elements of a Valid Prediction
• The time period
• Location, or area, of epicenter
• Magnitude range
• Chance, or odds, of an earthquake
Reducing EQ Hazards
• Two mechanisms
• Prediction
• Mitigation
• Strengthening structures
• Preparation of response personnel
• Education of the public
• Structural engineers focus on mitigation,
specifically, strengthening (designing) structures
• We learn tremendous amounts from previous
earthquakes …
Socio-Economic Effect of Earthquake
• Magnitude- an earthquake higher up the Richter scale
is more potent so more likely to cause economic
damage and a higher death/ injury toll
• Location- a natural disaster is defined as the
overlapping of a natural hazard (in this case the
earthquake) and a vulnerable population. If an
earthquake where a vulnerable population is not
present, then there will be no social impacts and very
few, if any, economic impacts.
• Population Density- an earthquake hitting an area with
a high population density is most likely to cause severe
social impacts as the death and injured toll will be
higher
Socio-Economic Effect of an Earthquake
• Infrastructure- this is key when looking at the impacts
of an earthquake. Over 80% of deaths due to an
earthquake are caused the collapse of infrastructure. If
a building is earthquake proof, it will both protect the
people inside it and those near it as it will not collapse.
Better infrastructure also reduces economic
implications as it does not require re-building.
• Infrastructure is also very important when looking at
the secondary impacts of an earthquake and the
recovery of a nation. If the roads, railway and bridges
were badly damaged then it is unlikely aid can reach the
affected areas quickly thus exacerbating the social
impacts.
Socio-Economic Effect of Earthquake
• Knowledge- if a population knows how to react to an
earthquake, they can greatly reduce its repercussions.
This involves earthquake drills and knowing how to act
when tremors are felt and having a 3 day emergency
supply of food and water.
• Time of day- the time of day an earthquake strikes is
very important in a populations ability to react and
ensure safety. An earthquake that occurs overnight will
catch people off guard and thus they may not be able to
efficiently seek shelter. This is likely to increase the
death toll.
Socio-Economic Effect of Earthquake
• Vulnerability of the population- earthquakes require
swift reactions from the population to move. Young
children or the elderly are often reliable upon others
and thus more vulnerable in an earthquake situation.
• Property Value- this is key when examining the
economic implications of an earthquake. An earthquake
striking on a key global city (e.g Tokyo) would cause
billions dollars worth of damage. Whereas, this number
would be far reduced if it struck a rural region.
Effect of an Earthquake
Earthquakes can destroy settlements and kill many
people. Aftershocks can cause even more damage to
an area. It is possible to classify the impacts of an
earthquake, by taking the following factors into
account:
• short-term (immediate) impacts
• long-term impacts
• social impacts (the impact on people)
• economic impacts (the impact on the wealth of an
area)
• environmental impacts (the impact on the
landscape)
HISTORY OF EARTHQUAKES IN PAKISTAN
HISTORY
Earthquake Hazard
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Masonry Building
Masonry in Cement
Sand Mortar
68
RC Building
69
Dhajji
70
Whole Settlement Destruction
71
School Building
72
Hospital
73
Governmental Building
20
Hotel
75
Infrastructure
76
Bridges
77
Road Blocked by Debris
78
Magnitude & Scale