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    Simone de Beauvoir was a French writer and feminist considered the mother of post-1968 feminism. In The Second Sex, she argued that women are not born but become women due to social constructs that define them as "other" and subordinate to men. Kate Millet built on this in her 1970 book Sexual Politics, challenging social ideals of both men and women. She argued that cultural norms transmitted through media teach boys to be aggressive and girls to be passive. Women must revolt against male dominance by establishing female discourse and feminist theory. Mary Daly further criticized how Christianity erased female deities and icons, asserting religions normalize patriarchy as God's will and place women in a lowly, subordinate position.

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    Simone de Beauvoir was a French writer and feminist considered the mother of post-1968 feminism. In The Second Sex, she argued that women are not born but become women due to social constructs that define them as "other" and subordinate to men. Kate Millet built on this in her 1970 book Sexual Politics, challenging social ideals of both men and women. She argued that cultural norms transmitted through media teach boys to be aggressive and girls to be passive. Women must revolt against male dominance by establishing female discourse and feminist theory. Mary Daly further criticized how Christianity erased female deities and icons, asserting religions normalize patriarchy as God's will and place women in a lowly, subordinate position.

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    Simone de Beauvoir was a French writer and feminist considered the mother of post-1968 feminism. In The Second Sex, she argued that women are not born but become women due to social constructs that define them as "other" and subordinate to men. Kate Millet built on this in her 1970 book Sexual Politics, challenging social ideals of both men and women. She argued that cultural norms transmitted through media teach boys to be aggressive and girls to be passive. Women must revolt against male dominance by establishing female discourse and feminist theory. Mary Daly further criticized how Christianity erased female deities and icons, asserting religions normalize patriarchy as God's will and place women in a lowly, subordinate position.

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    14 views2 pages

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    Javeria Kafeel
    Simone de Beauvoir was a French writer and feminist considered the mother of post-1968 feminism. In The Second Sex, she argued that women are not born but become women due to social constructs that define them as "other" and subordinate to men. Kate Millet built on this in her 1970 book Sexual Politics, challenging social ideals of both men and women. She argued that cultural norms transmitted through media teach boys to be aggressive and girls to be passive. Women must revolt against male dominance by establishing female discourse and feminist theory. Mary Daly further criticized how Christianity erased female deities and icons, asserting religions normalize patriarchy as God's will and place women in a lowly, subordinate position.

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    Simone de Beauvoir(born January 9, 1908, Paris, France) French writer and feminist.

    She was
    considered the mother of post-1968 feminism. Beauvoir: “One is not born a woman, but becomes
    a woman”. This distinction is based on the idea of social construction of the differences between
    men and women. She is known primarily for her work in The Second Sex, a scholarly and
    passionate plea for the abolition of what she called the myth of the “eternal feminine.” It became
    a classic of feminist literature. The second sex is one of the best know work of French
    Existentialist Simone. According to her It matters of what sex one is born Men have better
    chances, have a better position of power Women have less power in politics, in society.Women
    are not as free as men, acc. to Beauvoir It is because women have been defined as being “other”,
    as being different. Women have to define their situation To be a woman is being in a certain
    position Men have not had to define their position in the same manner according to Beauvoir A
    male is “man” Woman is what deviates from being “man” Therefore women have to define their
    position anew,

    Kate millet
    Sexual Politics (1970)
    challenges the social ideological characteristics of both the male and the female.
    “A female is born but a woman is created.”
    One’s sex is determined at birth (male or female)
    One’s gender is a social construct created by cultural ideals and norms (masculine or feminine)
    With the advent of the 1960s and its political activism and social concerns, feminist issues found
    new voices, and prominent among them is Kate Millet. With her publication of Sexual Politics in
    ’69, a new wave of feminism begins. She was one of the first feminists to challenge the social
    ideological characteristics of both the male and the female. challenges the social ideological
    characteristics of both the male and the female.
    Women and men (consciously and unconsciously) conform to the cultural ideas established for
    them by society. Cultural norms and expectations are transmitted through media: television,
    movies, songs, and literature. Boys must be aggressive, self-assertive, domineering. Girls must
    be passive, meek, humble. Women must revolt against the power center of their culture: male
    dominance.
    Women must establish female social conventions for themselves by establishing and articulating
    female discourse, literary studies, and feminist theory.
    Conforming to these prescribed sex roles dictated by society is what she calls “Sexual Politics”

    Mary Daly, following Simone de Beauvoir, asserted that women are subject to a "planetary
    sexual caste system" that was created by the exploitation of women (1968). Daly specifically
    criticized Christianity for erasing all previous religions with strong female deities and replacing
    them with a collection of stories centered on male superiority. The significance of historically
    significant female figures was purposefully minimized, even within Christianity. She used Mary
    Magdalene as an illustration, whose contribution to the propagation of Christianity the Catholic
    Church utterly ignored. Daly asserted that religions, normalize patriarchal structures and men's
    dominant position in society as "God's will." Women ultimately come to terms with their lowly
    station and perceive it as appropriate religious behavior. She concentrated on Christian
    iconography and language and made the observation that God is frequently shown as a male,
    which automatically placed women in a subordinate position. Women need to adopt a distinct
    religious vocabulary from the one that all conventional faiths employ, which is centered on men,
    in order to change this. Feminists like Daly contend that women should look within for
    spirituality rather than seeking divine guidance through religion.

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