2W04 Assignment 4 - 2023 Solutions PDF

2W04 Assignment # 3 Solutions February 27th, 2023 (Marked 6, 7, 10)
1. No. This is the case for adiabatic systems only.
2. Warmer. Because energy is added to the room air in the form of electrical work.
3. An automobile moving at a given velocity is considered. The power required to move the car
and the area of the effective flow channel behind the car are to be determined.
Analysis The absolute pressure of the air is
 0.1333 kPa 
P = (750 mm Hg)   = 99.98 kPa
 1 mm Hg 
and the specific volume of the air is
RT (0.287 kPa  m 3 /kg  K)(303 K)
v= = = 0.8698 m 3 /kg
P 99.98 kPa
The mass flow rate through the control volume is
A1V1 (3 m 2 )(90/3.6 m/s)
m = = = 86.23 kg/s
v 0.8698 m 3 /kg
The power requirement is

V 2 − V 22 (90 / 3.6 m/s ) 2 − (82 / 3.6 m/s ) 2  1 kJ/kg 
W = m 1 = (86.23 kg/s)   = 4.578 kW
2 2  1000 m 2 /s 2 
The outlet area is
A2V 2 m v (86.23 kg/s)( 0.8698 m 3 /kg)
m = ⎯
⎯→ A2 = = = 3.29 m 2
v V2 (82/3.6) m/s
4. A room contains a light bulb, a TV set, a refrigerator, and an iron. The rate of increase of the
energy content of the room when all of these electric devices are on is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The room is well sealed, and heat loss from the room is negligible. 2 All the
appliances are kept on.
Analysis Taking the room as the system, the rate form of the energy balance can be written as
E − E out
in 
= dEsystem / dt → dE room / dt = E in

Rate of net energy transfer Rate of change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc. energies
since no energy is leaving the room in any form, and thus E out = 0 . Also, ROOM
E in = E lights + E TV + E refrig + E iron

= 100 + 110 + 200 + 1000 W - Lights
= 1410 W Electricity - TV
Substituting, the rate of increase in the energy content of the
- Refrig
room becomes
dE room / dt = E in = 1410 W
Discussion Note that some appliances such as refrigerators and irons operate intermittently,
switching on and off as controlled by a thermostat. Therefore, the rate of energy transfer to the
room, in general, will be less.
5. No, it isn't. This is because the first law relation Q - W = U reduces to W = 0 in this case
since the system is adiabatic (Q = 0) and U = 0 for the isothermal processes of ideal gases.
Therefore, this adiabatic system cannot receive any net work at constant temperature.
6. Oxygen is heated to experience a specified temperature change. The heat transfer is to be

determined for two cases.
Assumptions 1 Oxygen is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative
to its critical point values of 154.8 K and 5.08 MPa. 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes
are negligible, ke  pe  0 . 3 Constant specific heats can be used for oxygen.
Properties The specific heats of oxygen at the average temperature of (25+300)/2=162.5C=436
K are cp = 0.952 kJ/kgK and cv = 0.692 kJ/kgK (Table A-2b).
Analysis We take the oxygen as the system. This is a closed system since no mass crosses the
boundaries of the system. The energy balance for a constant-volume process can be expressed as
E −E = E system
inout
  
Net energy tra nsfer Change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc. energies O2
Qin = U = mcv (T2 − T1 ) Q
T1 = 25°C
The energy balance during a constant-pressure process (such
as in a piston-cylinder device) can be expressed as
inout
  
Qin − Wb,out = U
O2
Qin = Wb,out + U Q
Qin = H = mc p (T2 − T1 ) T1 = 25°C
since U + Wb = H during a constant pressure quasi-
equilibrium process. Substituting for both cases,
Qin, V =const = mcv (T2 − T1 ) = (1 kg) (0.692 kJ/kg  K)(300 − 25)K = 190.3 kJ
Qin, P =const = mc p (T2 − T1 ) = (1 kg) (0.952 kJ/kg  K)(300 − 25)K = 261.8 kJ

7. A piston-cylinder device contains air. A paddle wheel supplies a given amount of work to the
air. The heat transfer is to be determined.
8. An insulated cylinder initially contains CO2 at a specified state. The CO2 is heated electrically
for 10 min at constant pressure until the volume doubles. The electric current is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The cylinder is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are
zero. 2 The CO2 is an ideal gas with constant specific heats. 3 The thermal energy stored in the
cylinder itself and the resistance wires is negligible. 4 The compression or expansion process is
quasi-equilibrium.
Properties The gas constant and molar mass of CO2 are R = 0.1889 kPa.m3/kg.K and M = 44
kg/kmol (Table A-1). The specific heat of CO2 at the average temperature of Tavg = (300 + 600)/2
= 450 K is cp,avg = 0.978 kJ/kg.C (Table A-2b).
Analysis We take the contents of the cylinder as the system. This is a closed system since no
mass enters or leaves. The energy balance for this closed system can be expressed as
E − Eout = Esystem
in
  
We,in − Wb, out = U

CO2
We,in = m(h2 − h1 )  mc p (T2 − T1 )
200 kPa
since U + Wb = H during a constant pressure quasi-equilibrium
process. The final temperature of CO2 is W
e
P1V1 P2V 2 P V
= ⎯
⎯→ T2 = 2 2 T1 = 1  2  (300 K) = 600 K
T1 T2 P1 V1
The mass of CO2 is

P1V1 (200 kPa)(0.3 m 3 )
m= = = 1.059 kg
RT1 (0.1889 kPa  m 3 /kg  K)(300 K)
Substituting,
We,in = (1.059 kg)(0.978 kJ/kg.K)(600 - 300)K = 311 kJ
Then,
We,in 311 kJ  1000 VA 
I= =   = 4.71 A
Vt (110V)(10  60 s)  1 kJ/s 
9. An iron whose base plate is made of an aluminum alloy is turned on. The minimum time for
the plate to reach a specified temperature is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 It is given that 85 percent of the heat generated in the resistance wires is
transferred to the plate. 2 The thermal properties of the plate are constant. 3 Heat loss from the
plate during heating is disregarded since the minimum heating time is to be determined. 4 There
are no changes in kinetic and potential energies. 5 The plate is at a uniform temperature at the
end of the process.
Properties The density and specific heat of the aluminum alloy plate are given to be  = 2770
kg/m3 and cp = 875 kJ/kg.C.
Analysis The mass of the iron's base plate is
m = V = LA = (2770 kg/m 3 )(0.005 m)(0.03 m 2 ) = 0.4155 kg
Noting that only 85 percent of the heat generated is transferred to the plate, the rate of heat
transfer to the iron's base plate is
Q in = 0.85  1000 W = 850 W

Air
We take plate to be the system. The energy balance for this
closed system can be expressed as 22C
inout
   IRON
1000 W
⎯→ Q in t = mc(T2 − T1 )
Qin = U plate = m(u 2 − u1 ) ⎯
Solving for t and substituting,

mcTplate (0.4155 kg)(875 J/kg.C)(140 − 22)C
t = = = 50.5 s
Q in 850 J/s
which is the time required for the plate temperature to reach the specified temperature.
10. An egg is dropped into boiling water. The amount of heat transfer to the egg by the time it is
cooked is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The egg is spherical in shape with a radius of r0 = 2.75 cm. 2 The thermal
properties of the egg are constant. 3 Energy absorption or release associated with any chemical
and/or phase changes within the egg is negligible. 4 There are no changes in kinetic and potential
energies.
Properties The density and specific heat of the egg are given to be  = 1020 kg/m3 and cp = 3.32
kJ/kg.C.
Analysis We take the egg as the system. This is a closes system since no mass enters or leaves
the egg. The energy balance for this closed system can be expressed as
E − Eout = Esystem
in
   Boiling
Qin = U egg = m(u2 − u1 ) = mc(T2 − T1 )

Water
Then the mass of the egg and the amount of heat transfer become Egg
D 3
 (0.055 m) 3
m = V =  = (1020 kg/m 3 ) = 0.0889 kg 8C
6 6
Qin = mc p (T2 − T1 ) = (0.0889 kg)(3.32 kJ/kg.C)(80 − 8)C = 21.2 kJ

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2W04 Assignment # 3 Solutions February 27th, 2023 (Marked 6, 7, 10)

1. No. This is the case for adiabatic systems only.

The power requirement is

E in = E lights + E TV + E refrig + E iron

6. Oxygen is heated to experience a specified temperature change. The heat transfer is to be

Qin, P =const = mc p (T2 − T1 ) = (1 kg) (0.952 kJ/kg  K)(300 − 25)K = 261.8 kJ

We,in − Wb, out = U

The mass of CO2 is

transfer to the iron's base plate is

Q in = 0.85  1000 W = 850 W

Solving for t and substituting,

Qin = U egg = m(u2 − u1 ) = mc(T2 − T1 )

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