Task 2 - Electromagnetic waves in bounded media

Individual work

Sergio David Vargas Duarte

203058_97
1019023502

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2023 16-01
 Exercises development

Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
1. The propagation of an electromagnetic wave can be subjected to reflection
effects,
Refraction and diffraction, complying in these cases with the general laws of
optics.
2. There is reflection when a wave hits a surface and is total in the case that the
wave is reflected 100% and does not cross the surface
3. Refraction is the change of direction that a wave undergoes when passing
from one material medium to another
4. Snell's law governs refractive phenomena. It establishes that the relationship
between the Breasts of the angles of incidence and refraction is equal to the
inverse relationship of the indices of Refraction of both means.
Application exercise:

For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to

the group number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the last 3 digits of the identification number.

1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 𝐺𝐺 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 travels

through the air (𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺 ≅ 377𝛺) and collides perpendicularly on a
plane wall of intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 = (𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 20)𝛺. Calculate the
reflected power 𝑃1− and the transmitted power 𝑃2+ at the wall.
Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.
Attention, for the calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.

𝑓 = 502𝑀ℎ𝑧

𝑃+ 1 = 200𝑚 𝑤/𝑚2
𝜂1 = 120𝜋 = 377Ω
𝜂1 = 522𝛺
coefficient de reflation
𝑛2 − 𝑛1
𝑟=
𝑛2 + 𝑛1
522 − 377
𝑟=
522 + 377
 𝑟 = 0.1613

reflectance

𝑅 = |𝑟|2 = |0.1613|2
𝑅 = 0.0260 = 2.6%

transmittance

𝑇 = 1 − |𝑟|2
𝑇 = 1−𝑅
𝑇 = 1 − 2.6% =0.9740
𝑇 = 97.40%

Potency reflected.

|𝑃1− | = 𝑅 ∗ 𝑃1+
|𝑃1− | = 0.0260 ∗ 200𝑚 𝑤/𝑚2
|𝑃1− | = 5.2029𝑚 𝑤/𝑚2

|𝑃2+ | = 𝑇 ∗ 𝑃1+
|𝑃2+ | = 0.9740 ∗ 200 𝑚 𝑤/𝑚2
|𝑃2+ | = 194.7971 𝑚 𝑤/𝑚2
 Interpretation: According to the power concepts, explain the meaning of
the value obtained for 𝑃1− and 𝑃2+ .

We can say that P1 is the reflected power which is the one that is lost
when the wave changes from medium to the wall and P2 is the power that
is transmitted through the wall which will disappear since the wall does
not end.

2. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 𝐺𝐺 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 is

emitted by a generator through the air (𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 120𝜋 𝛺 ≅ 377𝛺) and
collides perpendicularly on a wall of intrinsic impedance 𝜂𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
(𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 20 )𝛺 and 30𝑐𝑚 thick.

Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection 𝚪 and transmission 𝝉 seen by the

generator.
b. Determine in [%] and [𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 ] the power 𝑷𝒕 that is transmitted to the
receiver.

𝐹 = 502 𝑀𝐻𝑍
𝑤
𝑃1+ = 200𝑚 2
𝑚
𝜂1 = 120𝜋𝜋 = 377𝛺
𝜂2 = 522𝛺
𝜂3 = 120𝜋𝜋 = 377𝛺
𝑥 = 30 𝑐𝑚
Phase constant.
𝑾𝜂1
𝜷=
𝑪𝟎 𝜂2
(𝟐𝝅 ∗ 𝟓𝟎𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟔 )𝟑𝟕𝟕
𝜷=
(𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟖 )𝟓𝟐𝟐
𝜷 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝟗𝟑𝟑 𝑹𝒂𝒅/𝒎
 Input impedance
𝜂3 + 𝑗𝜂2 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛽𝑥)
𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 𝜂2 =𝛺
𝜂2 + 𝑗𝜂3 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛽𝑥)

377𝛺 + 𝑗 ∗ 522𝛺 ∗ 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝟕. 𝟓𝟗𝟑𝟑 𝑹𝒂𝒅/𝒎 ∗ 0.3𝑚)

𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 522𝛺 =𝛺
522𝛺 + 𝑗 ∗ 377𝛺 ∗ 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝟕. 𝟓𝟗𝟑𝟑 𝑹𝒂𝒅/𝒎 ∗ 0.3𝑚)

𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 521.0430𝛺 − 170.4619𝑗𝛺

Reflection coefficient
𝜂𝑖𝑛 − 𝜂1
Γ1 =
𝜂𝑖𝑛𝑖 + 𝜂1
521.0430𝛺 − 170.4619𝑗𝛺 − 377𝛺
Γ1 =
521.0430𝛺 − 170.4619𝑗𝛺 + 377𝛺
Γ1 = 0.1896𝛺 − 0.1538𝛺𝑗

Transmittance 1
𝑇1 = 1 − |Γ1 |2

𝑇1 = 1 − |0.1896𝛺 − 0.1538𝛺𝑗|2
𝑇1 =0.9404

𝑇1 =0.9404*100

𝑇1 =94.04%
Transmission coefficient 1:
𝑡1 = 1 + Γ1
𝑡1 = 1 + 0.1896𝛺 − 0.1538𝛺𝑗
𝑡1 = 1.1896 − 0.1538𝑗

Reflectance 1

𝑅1 = 1 − 𝑇1
𝑅1 = 1 − 0.9404
𝑅1 = 0.05960
𝑅1 = 0.0596 ∗ 100
𝑅1 = 5.96%
 SIDE 2
coefficient de reflation 2
𝜂3 − 𝜂2
Γ2 =
𝜂3 + 𝜂2
377𝛺 − 522𝛺
Γ2 =
377𝛺 + 522𝛺
Γ2 = −0.1613

Transmittance 2
𝑻𝟐 = 𝟏 − |Γ2 |𝟐

T2 = 1 − |−0.1613|2

T2 = 0.9740

T2 = 0.9740 ∗ 100

T2 = 𝟗𝟕. 𝟒𝟎%

Reflectance 2

𝑅2 = 1 − Γ2
𝑅2 = 1 − 0.9740
𝑅2 = 0.0260
𝑅2 = 0.0260 ∗ 100
𝑅2 = 2.60%
Power transmitted to the receiver in percentage.
𝑻𝒇= 𝑻𝟏 ∗ 𝑻𝟐

𝑻𝒇= 0.9404 ∗ 0.9740

𝑻𝒇= 0.9159

𝑻𝒇= 0.9159 ∗ 100

𝑻𝒇= 91.59%

Power transmitted.
|𝑷+ +
𝟑 | = 𝑻𝒇 ∗ 𝑷𝟏

|𝑷+
𝟑 | = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟏𝟓𝟗 ∗ 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒎 𝒘/𝒎
𝟐

|𝑷+
𝟑 | = 𝟏𝟖𝟑. 𝟏𝟖𝒎 𝒘/𝒎
𝟐
 Interpretation: according to the concepts explored, explain the meaning
of the value obtained for Γ, 𝜏 and 𝑃𝑡 .

The value obtained from the Reflection Coefficient Γ is that

portion of the wave that is reflected at the moment it changes
the medium through which it is traveling.

The transmittance is the percentage value of the amount of

power of the wave that passes to the other medium, so the final
transmittance that this case was 183.18% is the percentage of
what was received from the initial power.

P_t is the value in mW/m^2 of the total power. This value

means that the amount of power referring to the initial was the
one that reached the receiver to obtain it we must know how
much remained on the road where the wave was traveling.

3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several mediums as shown

in the graph.
 Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.

Initially the wave travels through the air and strikes the surface of the
𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑜
sweet water at an angle of 𝜃𝑎 = ( + 20) with the surface. Using
20
Snell's Law, calculate step by step the total path of the wave until you find
the value of the angle 𝜃𝑏 .

𝜃𝑎 = 45. 10
𝑛1 = 1.0002926
𝑛2 = 1.33
𝑛3 = 1.5
𝑛4 = 1.0002926
𝜃1 = 90 − 45.1 = 44. 90
𝑫𝑶𝑻 𝑩

𝑛1 sin(𝜃1 ) = 𝑛2 sin(𝜃2 )
𝑛1
𝜃2 = sin−1( sin(𝜃1 ))
𝑛2

1.0002926
𝜃2 = sin−1 ( sin(44. 90 ))
1.33
𝜃2 = 32.06𝑜
 𝑫𝑶𝑻 𝑪
𝑛2 sin(𝜃2 ) = 𝑛3 sin(𝜃3 )
𝑛2
𝜃3 = sin−1( sin(𝜃2 ))
𝑛3

1.33
𝜃3 = sin−1( sin(32. 060 ))
1.5
𝜃2 = 28.07𝑜

𝑫𝑶𝑻 𝑫
𝑛3 sin(𝜃3 ) = 𝑛4 sin(𝜃4 )
𝑛3
𝜃4 = sin−1( sin(𝜃3 ))
𝑛4

1.5
𝜃3 = sin−1( sin(28. 070 ))
1.0002926
𝜃4 = 44.88𝑜
𝜃𝑏 = 90𝑜 − 44.88𝑜
𝜃𝑏 = 45.12
 Video link

URL: https://youtu.be/Xyditn_eyHs

References

Reference 1:

• Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Academic Press. (pp. 519-524).
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519

• Wiley, J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed Broadband
Wireless. (pp. 25-70).
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=ehost-live

VIO (Virtual information objects)

• Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Snell Law. VIO [Virtual Information Object].

http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13140

• Leyton, O., & Miranda, J. (2022). Perpendicular incidence of electromagnetic waves.

VIO [Virtual Information Object]. https://repository.unad.edu.co/handle/10596/50161