Title:

Chapter 7- Fundamentals of fluids flow

Overview/Introduction
Fluid flow can be classified as steady or unsteady with respect to time. Fluid flow can be classified as
laminar or turbulent. In order for a fluid to flow from one point to another, there must be a difference in pressure
between the two points to cause the flow. With no pressure difference, no flow will occur
Learning Outcome/Objectives
To solve problems about Fundamentals of fluids flow
Learning Content/Topic
Lesson 7 Fundamentals of fluids flow
Lesson 7:
FUNDAMENTALS
OF FLUID
FLOW
𝐅𝐔𝐍𝐃𝐀𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐀𝐋𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐋𝐔𝐈𝐃 𝐅𝐋𝐎𝐖
The previous chapters deals only with fluids at rest in which the only
significant property used is the weight of the fluid. This chapter will deal
with fluids in motion which is based on the following principles;
a. The principles of conservation of mass
b. The energy principle (the kinetic and potential energies)
c. The principle of momentum

Discharge or Flow Rate, Q

Discharge or flow rate is the amount of fluid passing through a section per
unit of time. This is expressed as a mass flow rate (ex. kg/sec), weight flow
𝑚3
rate (kN/sec),and volume flow rate or flow rate (ex. 𝑠 , 𝑙𝑖𝑡/𝑠)
Fluids are a subcategory of the matter which includes gases and liquids. Gases
and liquids called fluids because of their ability to flow, ability to deform when
a force is applied, and high fluidity. At the atomic level, fluids are composed of
atoms or molecules which flow easily; they are not tightly packed and fluid
obtains shape of the container which it occupies. The main difference between
compressible and incompressible fluid is that a force applied to a
compressible fluid changes the density of a fluid whereas a force applied to
an incompressible fluid does not change the density to a considerable
degree. Although almost all fluids are compressible, liquids are known as
incompressible fluids and gases are called compressible fluids.

Fluid flow
can be classified as steady or unsteady with respect to time. Fluid
flow can be classified as laminar or turbulent. In order for a fluid to flow from
one point to another, there must be a difference in pressure between the two
points to cause the flow. With no pressure difference, no flow will occur.
𝐅𝐔𝐍𝐃𝐀𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐀𝐋𝐒 𝐎𝐅 𝐅𝐋𝐔𝐈𝐃 𝐅𝐋𝐎𝐖

Volume flow rate

Weight flow rate
𝑚3
𝐐 = 𝐀𝐕 = 𝛄𝐐 𝑁
s
s
Q= discharge
A= cross-sectional area of flow (𝑚2 )
V= velocity of flow (𝑚Τ𝑠) Mass flow rate
𝑘𝑔 = 𝛒𝐐 𝑘𝑔
𝜌= mass density in ( ൗ𝑚3 )
s
𝛾= weight density in (𝑁Τ𝑚3 )
FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW
Head is the energy content of the flow per unit weight

Kinetic Energy
1 2 E= total head or energy(m)
mv 𝐯𝟐
2 = 𝟐𝐠 (velocity head)
mg 𝐯𝟐 𝐏
𝐄= + +𝐳
Unit Pressure 𝟐𝐠 𝛄

𝐏 (pressure head) Joule/N or N.m/N

𝛄
Potential Energy
mgz
=𝐳 (elevation head)
mg
Continuity Equation
For incompressible fluids: For compressible fluids:

𝑸𝟏 = 𝑸 𝟐 𝝆𝟏 𝑨𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝝆𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝒗𝟐

𝑨𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝜸𝟏 𝑨𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝜸𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝒗𝟐

𝟏
Q
𝟐

Datum
 Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) is the height of fluid would rise in a piezometer
Energy Grade Line (EGL) is the plot of the total energy content (Bernoulli content)

Energy Grade Line Bernoulli’s Energy Equation

𝑣12
2𝑔 𝒗𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟏 𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝟐
𝑣22
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐
𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸
2𝑔
𝑃1
(Theoretical)
𝛾
𝟏 𝑃2
Q 𝛾
𝟐
𝑧1
𝑧2

Datum
 Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) is the height of fluid would rise in a piezometer
Energy Grade Line (EGL) is the plot of the total energy content (Bernoulli content)

Bernoulli’s Energy Equation

𝑣12
𝐻𝐿 𝑣12 𝑃1 𝑣22 𝑃2
2𝑔 + + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
𝑣22
2𝑔
(Theoretical)
𝑃1
𝛾
𝟏 𝑃2 𝒗𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝟏 𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝑯𝑳
Q 𝛾 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸
𝟐
(Actual)
𝑧1
𝑧2

Datum
Problem No. 1
A 250-mm dia. Pipe 2750m long supplies water at a velocity of 2.4 m/s.
a. What is the discharge in gpm?
b. What is the discharge in mgd?
c. What is the weight flux?
d. What is the mass flux
e. Calculate the slope of the energy grade line if the headloss is 20 times the velocity head.
f. Estimate the population that can be served assuming a per capita consumption of 150 liters per day.
𝛱 3 60𝑠 1000𝐿
2
𝑚 1𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 0.25 2.4 = 0.1178 x x 3 x
4 s min 𝑚 3.785𝐿
𝑄 = 1867.53𝑔𝑝𝑚

𝑔𝑎𝑙 1440𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑄 = 1867.53 x = 2.689 × 106 𝑔𝑎𝑙/𝑑𝑎𝑦
min day
𝑄 = 2.689𝑚𝑔𝑑
Problem No. 1
A 250-mm dia. Pipe 2750m long supplies water at a velocity of 2.4 m/s.
a. What is the discharge in gpm?
b. What is the discharge in mgd?
c. What is the weight flux?
d. What is the mass flux
e. Calculate the slope of the energy grade line if the headloss is 20 times the velocity head.
f. Estimate the population that can be served assuming a per capita consumption of 150 liters per day.

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 = 𝛾𝑄 = 9810(0.1178)

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 = 1155.62 𝑁ൗs

mass 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 = 𝜌𝑄 = 1000(0.1178)

𝑘𝑔Τ
mass 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 = 117.8 s
Problem No. 1
A 250-mm dia. Pipe 2750m long supplies water at a velocity of 2.4 m/s.
a. What is the discharge in gpm?
b. What is the discharge in mgd?
c. What is the weight flux?
d. What is the mass flux
e. Calculate the slope of the energy grade line if the headloss is 20 times the velocity head.
f. Estimate the population that can be served assuming a per capita consumption of 150 liters per day.

(2.4)2 𝐿
𝑣2 20 10177920
𝐻𝐿 20 2𝑔 2(9.81) day
𝑆= = Population =
𝐿 = 2750 𝐿
𝐿 150
person. day
𝑆 = 0.00214
𝑚3 1000𝐿 86400𝑠 Population = 67852
Q = 0.1178 x 3
x
s 𝑚 day
𝐿
Q = 10177920
day
Problem No. 2
The head loss from section 1 to section 2 in the pipe system shown is 2.1 and the head loss from section 2 to 3 is 4.9m.
If the velocity of flow at 1 is 1.8 m/s and the pressure is 180 kPa:
a. Find the discharge.
b. Find the velocity at point 3
c. Find the pressure at point 3.

𝛱 2
𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 0.35 1.8
𝟏 4
𝑚3
𝑄 = 0.173
𝑠
𝟐
7.2 𝑄 = 𝐴3 𝑣3
5 𝟑 𝛱
0.173 = 0.25 2 𝑣3
4
3.4
𝑚
𝑣3 = 3.52
Datum 𝑠 𝑷 𝟑 = 𝑷𝟏
Problem No. 2
The head loss from section 1 to section 2 in the pipe system shown is 2.1 and the head loss from section 2 to 3 is 4.9m.
If the velocity of flow at 1 is 1.8 m/s and the pressure is 180 kPa:
a. Find the discharge.
b. Find the velocity at point 3
c. Find the pressure at point 3.

𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝐵. 𝐸. 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 1 𝑡𝑜 3
𝟏
𝑣12 𝑃1 𝑣32 𝑃3
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧3 + 𝐻𝐿
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾

1.82 180
𝟐 + + 7.2
7.2 2(9.81) 9.81
𝟑
3.522 𝑃3
5 = + + 3.4 + (2.1 + 4.9)
2(9.81) 9.81
3.4

𝑃3 =144.03 kPa
Datum
Problem No. 3
A 50mm dia. Siphon is drawing oil (sg=0.82) from an oil reservoir, as shown. The head loss from point 1 to point 2 is 1.5m
and from point 2 to point 3 is 2.40m.
a. Calculate the exit velocity
b. What is the discharge?
c. Calculate the pressure at point 2.
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝐵. 𝐸. 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 1 𝑡𝑜 3
𝟐

2𝑚
𝑣12 𝑃1 𝑣32 𝑃3
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧3 + 𝐻𝐿
𝑂. 𝑆. 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
𝟏
𝑣32
𝑂𝑖𝑙(𝑠𝑔 = 0.82) 5= + 1.5 + 2.4
2(9.81)
5𝑚
𝑚
𝑣3 = 4.645
𝑠
𝟑
Problem No. 3
A 50mm dia. Siphon is drawing oil (sg=0.82) from an oil reservoir, as shown. The head loss from point 1 to point 2 is 1.5m
and from point 2 to point 3 is 2.40m.
a. Calculate the exit velocity
b. What is the discharge?
c. Calculate the pressure at point 2.
𝟐
𝑄 = 𝐴3 𝑣3
2𝑚 𝛱
Q= 0.05 2 (4.645)
𝑂. 𝑆. 4
𝟏
𝑚3
Q= 0.00912
𝑂𝑖𝑙(𝑠𝑔 = 0.82) 𝑠

5𝑚

𝟑
Problem No. 3
A 50mm dia. Siphon is drawing oil (sg=0.82) from an oil reservoir, as shown. The head loss from point 1 to point 2 is 1.5m
and from point 2 to point 3 is 2.40m.
a. Calculate the exit velocity
b. What is the discharge?
c. Calculate the pressure at point 2.
𝟐 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝐵. 𝐸. 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 1 𝑡𝑜 2

2𝑚 𝑣12 𝑃1 𝑣22 𝑃2
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + 𝐻𝐿
𝑂. 𝑆. 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
𝟏

4.6452 𝑃2
𝑂𝑖𝑙(𝑠𝑔 = 0.82) 0= + + 2 + 1.5
2(9.81) 0.82(9.81)
5𝑚

𝑃2 =-37 kPa

𝟑
Problem No. 4
Water enters the mixing device shown in the figure at 160 L/s through pipe A, while oil (SG = 0.8) is forced in at 40 L/s
through pipe B. The liquids are incompressible and from a homogeneous mixture of oil globules in water. The diameter
of outlet pipe C is 36 cm.
1. What is the weight flow rate of oil enetering at B in N/s?
2. What is the average velocity of the mixture leaving at C in m/s?
3. What is the density of the mixture leaving at C in kg/m3 ?

𝑊 = 𝛾𝑄

𝑊𝐵 = 0.80 (9810)(0.4)

𝑾𝑩 = 𝟑𝟏𝟑. 𝟗𝟐 𝑵/𝒔
Problem No. 4
Water enters the mixing device shown in the figure at 160 L/s through pipe A, while oil (SG = 0.8) is forced in at 40 L/s
through pipe B. The liquids are incompressible and from a homogeneous mixture of oil globules in water. The diameter
of outlet pipe C is 36 cm.
1. What is the weight flow rate of oil enetering at B in N/s?
2. What is the average velocity of the mixture leag at C in m/s?
3. What is the density of the mixture leaving at C in kg/m3 ?

𝑄𝐴 + 𝑄𝐵 = 𝑄𝐶
𝜋
0.16 + 0.04 = (0.36)2 𝑣𝑐
4

𝒗𝒄 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 𝒎/𝒔
Problem No. 4
Water enters the mixing device shown in the figure at 160 L/s through pipe A, while oil (SG = 0.8) is forced in at 40 L/s
through pipe B. The liquids are incompressible and from a homogeneous mixture of oil globules in water. The diameter
of outlet pipe C is 36 cm.
1. What is the weight flow rate of oil enetering at B in N/s?
2. What is the average velocity of the mixture leag at C in m/s?
3. What is the density of the mixture leaving at C in kg/𝐦𝟑 ?

𝑀𝐴 + 𝑀𝐵 = 𝑀𝐶
313.92
(1000)(0.16) + = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑥 (0.16 + 0.04)
9.81

𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒙 = 𝟗𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑊 = 𝑀𝑔
Problem No. 5
Oil (sg = 0.84) is flowing on the pipe under the conditions shown in Figure.
1. What is the value of 𝑸𝟐 𝐢𝐧 𝐋/𝐬?
2. Find the pressure (kPa) at point 2 neglecting head loss.
3. If the head loss from point 1 to point 2 is 1.2 m, find the pressure at point 2 in kPa.
4. If the pressure at point 2 is 436 kPa, what is the head loss in meters?

𝑄1 = 𝑄2

𝑸𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟎 𝑳/𝒔
Problem No. 5
Oil (sg = 0.84) is flowing on the pipe under the conditions shown in Figure.
1. What is the value of 𝑄2 in L/s?
2. Find the pressure (kPa) at point 2 neglecting head loss.
3. If the head loss from point 1 to point 2 is 1.2 m, find the pressure at point 2 in kPa.
4. If the pressure at point 2 is 436 kPa, what is the head loss in meters?

𝑄
v=
𝐴
2.3𝑥10−3
𝑣1 = 𝜋 = 0.4089 𝑚/𝑠 2
(0.15)2
4

2.3𝑥10−3
𝑣2 = 𝜋 = 0.1472 𝑚/𝑠 2
(0.25)2
4

𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟖𝟗𝟐 𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟐𝟐 𝑷

( + + 𝟑. 𝟓 )𝟏 = ( + + 𝟏. 𝟐)𝟐
𝒗𝟐 𝑷 𝒗𝟐 𝑷 𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) 𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)
( + + 𝒛 )𝟏 = ( + + 𝒛 )𝟐
𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟒𝟔𝟗. 𝟎𝟏 𝒌𝑷𝒂
 Problem No. 5
Oil (sg = 0.84) is flowing on the pipe under the conditions shown in Figure.
1. What is the value of 𝑄2 in L/s?
2. Find the pressure (kPa) at point 2 neglecting head loss.
3. If the head loss from point 1 to point 2 is 1.2 m, find the pressure at point 2 in kPa.
4. If the pressure at point 2 is 436 kPa, what is the head loss in meters?
𝑣1 = 0.4089 𝑚/𝑠 2

𝑣2 = 0.1472 𝑚/𝑠 2

𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟖𝟗𝟐 𝟒𝟓𝟎
( + + 𝟑. 𝟓 − 𝟏. 𝟐 )𝟏
𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)
𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟐𝟐 𝑷
= ( + + 𝟏. 𝟐)𝟐
𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)

𝑷𝟐 = 𝟒𝟓𝟗. 𝟏 𝒌𝑷𝒂
𝒗𝟐 𝑷 𝒗𝟐 𝑷
( + + 𝒛 − 𝑯𝑳 )𝟏 = ( + + 𝒛 )𝟐
𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸
 Problem No. 5
Oil (sg = 0.84) is flowing on the pipe under the conditions shown in Figure.
1. What is the value of 𝑄2 in L/s?
2. Find the pressure (kPa) at point 2 neglecting head loss.
3. If the head loss from point 1 to point 2 is 1.2 m, find the pressure at point 2 in kPa.
4. If the pressure at point 2 is 436 kPa, what is the head loss in meters?
𝑣1 = 0.4089 𝑚/𝑠 2

𝑣2 = 0.1472 𝑚/𝑠 2

𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟖𝟗𝟐 𝟒𝟓𝟎
( + + 𝟑. 𝟓 − 𝑯𝑳 )𝟏
𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)
𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟑𝟔
= ( + + 𝟏. 𝟐)𝟐
𝟐(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏) 𝟎. 𝟖𝟒(𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)

𝑯𝑳 = 𝟒 𝒎
𝒗𝟐 𝑷 𝒗𝟐 𝑷
( + + 𝒛 − 𝑯𝑳 )𝟏 = ( + + 𝒛 )𝟐
𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸
Teaching and learning activities
To solve problems about Fundamentals of fluids flow.
Flexible Teaching Modality (FTLM) adapted
Module,Lecture,
Assessment Task
Quiz about To solve problems about Fundamentals of fluids flow
Reference:
1. Mays, Larry W. 2004. Water Resources Engineering, 2005 Edition, USA
2. Robert L. Daugherty, Joseph B. Franzini and E. John Finnemore. 2002 Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications SI Metric
Edition, USA
3. Linsley, Ray K.: Franzini, Joseph B. Freynerg, David L. Tchobanoglous, David L. 1992. Water Resources Engineering, Fourth Edition.
McGraw-Hill.
4. John J. Cassidy & M. Hanif Chaudhry. 1988. Hydraulic Engineering Second Edition, USA
5. H.W. King, J. O. Wisler and J.G. Woodburn. 1980. Hydraulics, 5th Edition R.E. Krieger Publishing Compay.