Core Points - BLOCK1
Core Points - BLOCK1
Core Points - BLOCK1
1‐GENERAL PHYSICS
MEASUREMENT
A student measures the length of the coil using a ruler. His measurement is 3.8cm. There are 20
turns of wire in the coil. The student uses his measurement to calculate the average thickness of the
wire. (i) Show that the average thickness of the wire is about 0.2cm
(average thickness =) 3.8 ÷ 20 C1 (average thickness =) 0.19 (cm) (which is about 0.2 cm)
) The student’s measurement of 3.8cm is inaccurate. Suggest one reason why the measurement is
inaccurate
any one from: wire(s) not touching OR wire stretched (in places) OR ruler not at zero (owtte) OR
wire(s) overlapping OR eye not directly above ruler (owtte)
total volume = number of drops (average) volume of one drop
determine time in s
1
180 + 46.5 =226.5
time for one drop = total time ÷ no of intervals
Volume=84cm3
The volume of the wire in the coil is 16.6cm3 and its mass is 148g. Calculate the density of the metal
used for the wire in the coil
density = mass ÷ volume OR m V ρ = in any form.
(ρ =) 148 ÷ 16.6 C1 ( ρ =) 8.9 (g / cm3)
Describe how the student can determine the volume of the coil by using the equipment shown in
Fig. 1.2
2
measuring cylinder partially filled with water coil submerged in water (owtte) new volume noted
volume of wire = difference or increase in volume(s)
Calculate the area of the metal block in contact with the ground
(area in contact with ground) =length width OR 12 2(.0)
24 (cm2)
The mass of the metal block is 0.84kg. Calculate the weight of the metal block
(weight =) mass g OR 0.84 9.8
=8.2N
PRESSURE
A different metal block has a weight of 24N. The area of this metal block in contact with the ground
is 4.0cm2. Calculate the pressure of this block on the ground (pressure =) force ÷ area
(pressure =) 24 ÷ 4(.0)
(pressure =) 6(.0) (N/cm2)
The total downward force of the suitcase on the ground is 150N. The suitcase has two wheels. Each
wheel has an area of 0.60cm2 touching the ground. Calculate the pressure of the suitcase on the
ground. pressure on the ground = ............................................. N/cm2 [4]
(area = 2 × 0.60) = 1.2 (cm2) B1 (P =) F ÷ A C1 150 ÷ 1.2 OR 150 ÷ 0.60 C1 125 (N/ cm2)
3
Skis are strapped to a skier’s feet and are longer and wider than the skier’s feet. Explain how the skis
prevent the skier from sinking into soft snow.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(skis have) large (surface) area B1 (so) less pressure (on snow / ground)
Force
(i) Fig. 5.1 shows the horizontal forces acting on the suitcase. Calculate the resultant horizontal force
on the suitcase. size of force = ........................................................... N direction
...............................................................
8 (N) B1 forwards
After a short time, the suitcase is moving at a constant speed. Suggest values for the sizes of the two
horizontal forces on the suitcase when it is moving at a constant speed. pulling force =
........................................................ (N) friction force = ........................................................ (N)
same non‐zero values for pulling and friction force
MOMENT OF FORCE
The weight of load M is 2.5N and the weight acts at a distance of 20cm from the pivot of the pulley
wheel. Calculate the moment of the weight of load M about the pivot.
(moment of force =) force (perpendicular) distance (of force from
pivot)
4
2.5 20=50 (Ncm)
A plank balances horizontally on a log of wood, which acts as a pivot.
Calculate the moment of the girl’s weight about the pivot and show that it is close to 480Nm
moment = force × distance (of direction of force from pivot) C1 404 × 1.2 C1 484.8 (N m) (which is
about 480 N m)
The plank balances horizontally when the boy pushes down with a force F at a distance of 1.6m from
the pivot. Calculate the size of force F.
c.w. moment = a.c.w moment OR moment of weight = moment of force/F C1 404 × 1.2 = F × 1.6 OR
(F =) 484.8 ÷ 1.6 C1 (F = ) 300 (N)
A metre rule is balanced on a pivot by three vertical forces, as shown in Fig. 5.1.
5
) Show that the moment of the 5.0N force about the pivot is 200Ncm. [2] (b) Calculate the size of
force F
(moment =) force × distance (from pivot) B1 (moment =) 5.0 × 40
(sum of) clockwise moments = (sum of) anticlockwise moments C1 200 = (2.0 × 10) + (F × 60) C1 F =
(200 – 20) ÷ 60 OR 180 ÷ 60 C1 (F =) 3.0 (N)
HOOKES LAW
Use the graph to determine: (i) the length of the spring without a load length =
.................................................. cm [1] (ii) the length of the spring with a load of 4.0N length =
6
.................................................. cm [1] (iii) the extension due to a 4.0N load. extension =
.................................................. cm [1
6.0 (cm) B1 2(a)(ii) 13.0 (cm) B1 2(a)(iii) (ii) – (i)
Stretching a spring with a load is an example of how a force can change the ....................................
and the .................................... of an object.
shape B1 size
WORK ENERGY POWER
When the electric motor lifts the load, it transfers energy
(useful energy transfers:) kinetic (energy) , gravitational potential (energy)
(wasted energy transfer:) thermal (energy)
7
Describe how a wind turbine generates electricity from energy in the wind.
(moving) air has kinetic energy OR wind has kinetic energy
(moving) air / wind turns turbine/blades
turbine turns generator
(rotating) generator produces/generates electricity
Apart from cost, state two advantages of generating electricity using wind turbines compared
with using a power station that burns coal
(wind is) renewable (energy source) no greenhouse gases / CO2 produced (during operation) no SO2
OR acidic gases produced (during operation) OR no nitrous oxides produced
Apart from cost, state two disadvantages of generating electricity using wind turbines compared
with using a power station that burns coal.
Large(r) area of land needed OR dilute energy source intermittent/inconsistent/unreliable supply OR
cannot work if wind too strong/weak (possible) harm to (migrating) birds difficult to maintain
(particularly if off‐shore)
A country needs to build new power stations to provide electricity for homes and industry. One type
of power station is a coal‐fired power station. (a) Describe how the energy stored in the coal is used
in a coal‐fired power station to generate electrical energy
any four from: (coal/it is) burnt/burned (thermal energy from coal used to) heat/boil water steam
(produced) turns/spins/moves turbine (which) turns/spins/moves generator
Some people in the country argue against building a new coal‐fired power station. They say that the
power station is expensive and not very efficient. Explain the meaning of not very efficient
idea that only a small proportion/fraction of the input energy is usefully transferred OR most of the
input energy is wasted
Apart from cost and efficiency, give two other reasons for not building a coal‐fired power station
any two from: releases sulphur dioxide/nitrogen oxide(s) OR produces acid rain releases
CO2/greenhouse gases OR (contributes to) global warming idea of need to transport coal idea of
environmental impact of mining non‐renewable fuel water pollution
8
MOTION GRAPH
During part of a race, a skier travels a distance of 200m in a time of 6.4s. Calculate the average speed
of the skier.
(s =) d ÷ t in any form C1 (s =) 200 ÷ 6.4 C1 (s =) 31 (m / s)
P – (constantly) accelerates (from 5 m / s) B1 Q – constant speed (of 17.5 m / s) B1 R – (non‐
constant) decelerates (from 17.5 m / s to rest) B1 S – at rest or stationary
MOTIONGRAPH
9
10
11
Describe the motion of the car from 0 to 50s, as shown in Fig. 1.1
constant speed/velocity OR (moving at) 6 m / s B1
Describe the motion of the car from 50s to 90s, as shown in Fig. 1.1
1(a)(ii) (constant) deceleration/decelerating OR (then) slows OR decreasing speed
Calculate the distance travelled by the car between 50s and 90s. distance travelledCalculate the
distance travelled by the car between 50s and 90s. distance travelled(distance =) area under graph
OR ½ × b × h C1 40 × 6 × 0.5 C1 120 (m)
A motorcycle travels at a constant speed. (i) The motorcycle travels 710m in 87s. Calculate the speed
of the motorcycle and show that it is close to 8m/s
(speed =) distance ÷ time C1 710 ÷ 87 C1 8.2 (m / s)
12
The motorcycle in part (b)(i) travels at a constant speed for 87s. On Fig. 1.1, draw the speed–time
graph for the motorcycle.
horizontal line on Fig. 1.1 M1 horizontal line only at 8.2 m / s OR 8.0 m / s (by eye) to at least 80 s
Determine the total distance travelled by the train on this part of the track. area under line OR three
areas indicated OR (dist =) (av.) speed × time OR 1/2 (b + h) × L 1 1 3.5 4.0 2 × × OR 7 (m) seen OR 6 ×
3.5 OR 21 (m) 1 6 × 3.5 OR 21 (m) AND { 1 2 × 3.5 × 4.0 OR 7 (m)} OR 14 (m) 1 (21 + 14 =) 35 (m)
13
A faster train takes 54s to travel from Station A to Station B. The distance between the stations is
120m. Calculate the average speed of this train.
(average speed =) distance ÷ time 1 120 ÷ 54 1 2.2(2) (m / s)
During part of a race, a skier travels a distance of 200m in a time of 6.4s. Calculate the average speed
of the skier. average speed =
(s =) d ÷ t in any form C1 (s =) 200 ÷ 6.4 C1 (s =) 31 (m / s)
The length of the track is 250m. Another cyclist goes around the track four times (four laps). This
takes 80.0 seconds. (i) Calculate the average speed of this cyclist.
(average speed =) (total) dist ÷ (total ) time C1 (250 × 4) C1 1000 ÷ 80 C1 12.5 (m / s)
A teacher investigates the reaction time of five students. A 0.50m ruler is held above the hand of a
student before being allowed to fall. T
As soon as the ruler falls the student closes their hand, catching the ruler. The further the ruler falls,
the greater the reaction time of the student. T
14
calculate the average distance that the ruler drops
(67 ÷ 5 =) 13.4 (cm)
) List the students in order of their reaction times, with the shortest reaction time at the top of the
table. One has been done for you
15
C 1st ; A 2nd;
B1 D 4th; E 5th
In a similar investigation, a ruler drops a distance of 11.0cm and has an average speed of 16cm/s.
Calculate the reaction time
speed = distance ÷ time in any form OR (t = ) distance ÷ speed C1 11 ÷ 16 C1 0.69 (s)
car decelerates from a speed of 16m/s to a speed of 13m/s. It then continues at a constant speed of
13m/ s for 3.0 seconds.
On Fig. 2.1, plot the speed–time graph for the motion of the car during these 9.0s.
A motorcycle accelerates as shown in Fig. 2.2. Calculate the distance the motorcycle travels while it
is accelerating. Use information from Fig. 2.2.
first section and third section horizontal straight lines B1 second section line with negative gradient
B1 first section horizontal line at 16 m / s AND third section horizontal line at 13 m / s at correct
times
16
distance travelled = .................................................... m
(d =) 1 2 × (a + b) × t OR area under graph C1 1 2 × (24 + 30) × 2.5 OR (24 × 2.5) + ( 1 2 × 6 × 2.5) C1
67.5 (m)
17
Describe the motion of the skier at each point P, Q, R and S on the graph.
P ...........................................................................................................................................
Q ...........................................................................................................................................
R ...........................................................................................................................................
S ...........................................................................................................................................
P – (constantly) accelerates (from 5 m / s) B1 Q – constant speed (of 17.5 m / s) B1 R – (non‐
constant) decelerates (from 17.5 m / s to rest) B1 S – at rest or stationary
18
Some cyclists are racing around a track
Tick the box that represents the cyclist travelling at constant speed.
Calculate the distance travelled by the cyclist in the first 5 seconds.
2nd box ticked section B B1 2(a)(ii) distance = area under graph or line or 0.5 × base × height C1 20 ×
5 × 0.5 C1 50 (m)
19
20