BAB I

NOUNS

1. Nouns

Noun atau kata benda, biasanya didahului oleh:

a) Articles : a, an, the

b) Pronouns: this, these, that, those, my, your, his, her,
our, their.
c) Numerals : one, two, hundred, etc
d) Adjective : happy, big, good, many, much, some, few,
little, etc

Nouns dibagi dalam dua kelompok besar yaitu Countable Nouns

(kata benda yang dapat dihitung), dan Uncountable Nouns (kata
benda yang tidak dapat dihitung).

Example

A. Countable Nouns
An agreement -- Perjanjian
A company -- Perusahaan
His driver -- Sopirnya
That disease -- Penyakit itu
Many employees -- Banyak pegawai
My experience -- Pengalaman saya
Our library -- Perpustakaan kami
This lecture -- Kuliah ini
Some marks -- beberapa tanda
This occasion -- kesempatan ini
An operation -- operasi
These owners -- pemilik-pemilik
ini
One piece -- Satu potong
Those prices -- harga-harga itu
Your salary -- Gaji anda
A strike -- pemogokan

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A statue -- Patung
Four students -- empat
mahasiswa
Many spies -- banyak mata-mata
That surgeon -- ahli bedah itu
Their wages -- upah-upah
mereka
Few words -- beberapa kata

Note: Di dalam bahasa Indonesia kita mengenal adanya

kata benda abtstrak dan konkrit (abstract and concrete
nouns), tetapi hendaklah hal ini tidak di campur adukan
dengan countable dan uncountable nouns.

Abstract Nouns yang Countble, seperti:

Pikiran - thought - thoughts
Usaha - effort - efforts
Pendapat - opinion - opinions

Abstract Nouns yang Uncountble, seperti:

Rasa hormat - respect - respect
Bantuan - assistance - assistance
Penghargaan - appreciation -
appreciation

Exercise
Study the vocabulary above, then fill in the missing
nouns in the sentences below :
1. Give me a …………………………… of that cake, please.
2.this car …………………………..has many
……………………….
3……………………………… have gone up with 10%
4. He has to take a long rest after his ………………………
5. There good books in that ……………………………………
6. All letters were late because of a
postal……………………
7. The…………………….…..of this villa died a few years
ago
8. How many……………………. Passed the exams?
9. There were no………………..of torture on the dead
body

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 10. He gave a……………………on political science.
11. The ……………..spread rapidly and killed many
people.
12. I wish you all the best on this happy……………..
13. The workers demanded higher……………..
14. His………………… is not big enough to send his son
to the university.
15. The……………….of a beautiful woman was found.

Exercise
Do you recognize the nouns in the sentence below?
Underline them
1. This village has a big population
2. His attended a conference in Singapore
3. Many people watched the demonstration
4. That is your responsibility
5. Try to solve this problem
6. That system is good
7. Some countries produce rice, sugar, etc
8. His wisdom is known all over the world
9. He is doing a research on education
10. His parents agreed to send him to the province
11. He lives in my neighborhood
12. People are attracted by his modesty
13. The detective wore a blue coat
14. This discovery was made a century ago

Exercise

Fill in the missing nouns. Use the ones you have just
learned, or batter still, find your own!

1. Do you know that man in the dark green

…………………………..?
2. The workers organized a ………………….. to get higher
………………….
3. People still buy many things although ………………. Have
gone up
4. Many ……………………… of private cars offered a ride.
5. ………………………... of big buses need much driving
……………………..

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 6. Have you ever travelled by
……………………………………..?
7. He had run so fast that he was out of ………………………
when he arrived.
8. Hospital always need donors of ……………………….
9. Which ……………………………… on TV do you like best?
10. The man on the bridge was wearing a blue
…………………………………….
11. Each country has to solve its own
12. The general …………………….. will start in may 1977
13. The house is old, but situation in a nice
14. I wish you ………………….. and ……………….. in the
year to come.
15. Congratulations on your ……………………………….!
16. The archaeologist discovered a
………………………………………..
17. His wisdom has brought ……………………….. and the
…………………………. To the country
18. Do not mess this ………………………….!
19. A social …………………………… gets in close contact
with the poor people
20. Watch your …………………, please!

A. COUNTABLE NOUNS biasanya mendapat s pada bentuk

jamaknya (drivers, patient). Tetapi ada pula COUNTABLE NOUNS
yang bentuk PLURALnya

1. di tambah –es (box-boxes), jika berakhiran pada huruf desis:

s,sh,ch.

2. berubah huruf akhirnya (company- companies)

3. berubah sama sekali ( mouse – mice)

4. sama dengan singular (sheep- sheep)

5. di tambah – en (ox- oxen)

6. Berubah menjadi ves ( leaf-leaves)

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 7. berubah suku kata akhirnya ( memorandum – memoranda)

B. UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

The air - hawa, udara

His anger - kemarahannya

Her breath - nafasnya

Brown clay - tanah liat coklat

Long drought - musim kemarau

yang panjang

Much dust - banyak debu

The earth - bumi

That food - makanan itu

My hair - rambutku

Patience - kesabaranku

Petrol - bensin

Soil - tanah

Speed - kecepatan

Much tim - banyak waktu

Little water - sedikit air

Some information - sedikit keterangan

Fill in the missing nouns

1. He took a deep……………………
2. Everybody needs fresh………………….
3. Because of the long………………the streets were very dusty.
4. Indonesia’s…………………is very fertile.

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 5. Many cars were waiting to get………………
6. Formerly people did not believe that the……………..was
round.
7. The doctor told the patient to have………………
8. He drove at high……………………
9. The man lost his………………………and shouted at his
employees.
10. A good manager always tries to divide
his…………….carefully.

Banyak NOUN di bentuk dari kata-kata lain dengan

menambah akhiran ness,- ment,- ity,- y,- hood,- dom,- ism,- ion,-
ian,- er,- ence,- ist.

Examples:

Happiness - kebahagiaan

Agreement - perjanjian

Wisdom - kebijaksanaan

Impatience - ketidaksabaran

Lecturer - dosen

Childhood - masa kanak- kanak

Comedian - pelawak

Operation -
pembedahan,operasi

Criticism - celaan

Opportunity - kesempatan

Discovery - penemuan

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Exercise

Fill the gaps with the nouns above

1. They did not have a happy……………..

2. The……………………was signed in 1972.
3. This……………is much liked by his student.
4. A……………………………..makes people laugh.
5. His………………..has saved his son from becoming an
alcoholic.
6. I wish you .……………….. and success in your new life.
7. Because of your ………………….. you did wait for the bus but
took a taxi
8. An important ……………….. was made by the archeologists
9. Take this to …………….. study hard
10. You can expect a lot of ……………..
when you publish that article.ise

BAB II

VERBS

Dalam kalimat berbahasa inggris terdapat kata kerja (Verb),

kata kerja tersebut akan berobah bentuk sesuai dengan
tenses

Examples:

I look at the old man on the bridge

He looks at the old man on the bridge

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 They looked at the old man on the bridge yesterday

Jenis kata kerja sebagai berikut:

1.Regular Verb (Verbs yang beraturan)

2. Irregular Verb (Verbs yang tidak beraturan)

3. Auxiliary Verb (Verbs bantu)

4. Copulas (Verbs penghubung)

Regular dan Irregular Verb mempunyai empat bentuk antara lain:

1. Infinitive
2. Preterete (Past Tense)
3. Present (Participle)
4. Past Participle

I. REGULAR VERBS

Study Studied Studied

Wait Waited waited

Return Returned Returned

Discover Discovered Dicovered

Move Moved Moved

Exchange Exchange Exchange

Work Worked Worked

Talk Talked Talked

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II. IRREGULAR VERBS

Catch Caught Caught

Shoot Shot Shot

Get got got

Draw drew drawn

Speak spok spoken

Put put put

Be was, were been

Do did done

Have had had

III. Auxiliary Verbs

Berbeda dengan REGULAR dan IRREGULAR VERBS,
AUXILIARY VERBS tidak memiliki bentuk PRESENT
PARTICIPLE, dan tidak dapat berdiri sendiri, tetapi selalu
mendahului VERB. AUXILIARY VERB banyak dipakai dalam
NEGATIVES dan INTEEROGATIVES.
Termasuk daklam kelompok ini adalah:
CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, SHALL, SHOULD, OUGHT TO,
USED TO, WILL, WOULD, NEED, DARE, DO, HAVE
Khusus tentang verb “to be”:
VERB ini memiliki tiga fungsi:
1. Sebagai FULL VERB – yang berarti: exist (ada)
God is
2. Sebagai AUXIKIARY VERB (helping verb)
He is writing. They have been killed
We were stopped by rain
3. Sebagai COPULA – (connecting verb)
He is rich. They were students
You are a real genius

Examples
1. Do you know where his documents are?
2. Can you come tonight?

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 3. He could not come to Padang Fair
4. You must always tell the truth
5. Will you hand me that document, please?
6. What may be the reason of his refusal?
7. You ought to do your duty
8. I should have finished writing this paper
9. The chairman used to have meetings in this buildings
10. He might ask you that questions
11. They have forgotten to report to the
chairman
12. He does not have any experience
13. The journalist is writing a report
14. You need finish it to day
15. Would you go to the fair if you could
get tickets?
16. Don’t you dare to come nearer!

Dari AUXILIARY VERBS tersebut diatas WILL, DO, BE , HAVE,

NEED, DARE dapat perlaku juga sebagai VERB biasa.

Examples

1. I willed myself to sleep – Saya memaksakan diri untuk tidur

2. He does his job well – Ia akan melakukan pekerjaannya
dengan baik
3. The director was not in his office – direktur tidak ada
dikantornya
4. I have nothing to say – saya tidak ada sesuatu yang akan
dikatakan
5. These poor people need food – orang miskin itu
membutuhkan makanan
6. I dare you to come nearer – saya menantang anda untuk
mendekat

Satu diantara AUXILIARY VERBS ini, yaitu TO BE, selain dapat

dipakai sebagai FULL VERB dan AUXILIARY VERB, juga dapat
dipakai sebagai COPULA, yaitu yang menghubungkan SUBJECT

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(pokok kalimat) dengan PREDICATE (kata kerja). Perhatikanlah
EXAMPLES dibawah ini:

a. TO BE as FULL VERBS
1. I often visited my grandfather, but now he is no more
2. You are late, the wedding was yesterday
3. Let it be
4. She wanted so much to have a child, but it was not to be.
5. Think what might have been I

b. TO BE as AUXILIARY VERB
1. The date has been fixed already
2. I am studying
3. The man was killed
4. That house is built on a hill
5. We are looking at the men in the boat

c. TO BE as COPULA
1. You are a lawyer
2. The people were angry with him
3. He was a soldier in World War II
4. I have been a journalist for four years
5. The editor is in a difficult position

Exercise

You have studied regular, irregular and auxiliary verbs. Now try to
use them in the sentence below. They are all in the Preterit or
past participle form

1. I ……………………………… to him, but he did not hear me

2. Please ………………….. for me, I will come soon
3. Have you ……………………………. The book for the library?
4. The statue was ……………………………. In 1920
5. He ………………………………. His brown coat for a blue one
6. She does not live there anymore, she ……………………………..
to Bali last year
7. The detective ………………………………… a spy
8. He …………………………………….. a medal for his courage
9. This boat ………………………………… by the river bank
10. What have you ………………………….. all day today?

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11. He …………………………….. nothing important to say
12. Her birthday ……………………………… last week
13. Where have you …………………………….. my jacket?
14. I did not …………………………………. To pass the bridge
15. What you ………………………………………. Is a good rest
16. The police ……………………………… not find her identity
17. My girlfriend used to wear full-length skirts but now she
has ……………………… to minis
18. ……….…………… you have come if I had invited you?
19. I ………………………………… a bad experience yesterday
20. He ………………………….. the broke t the library

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 BAB III

Adjective

Adjective ini disebut juga dalam bahasa Indonesia kata

sifat dan adjective ini mendahului kata benda seperti contoh
berikut ini:

A good teacher

A tall man

A big city

A beautiful girl

A small house

Etc

Pada bentuk Present Continues dapat berfungsi sebagai

adjective, seperti berikut ini:

The smiling girl

A boring discussion

A challenging job

An embarrassing situation

The waiting list

Bentuk Past Continues dapat berfungsi sebagai adjective,

seperti berikut ini:

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An untold story

Written report

The decorated walls

An uninvited guest

The well known writer

Examples

1. A comfortable place
2. A sensible answer
3. Classical times
4. A creative man
5. A careless driver
6. An important discovery
7. Prominent persons
8. A prosperous country
9. An icy wind
10. A graceful woman
11. Tropic island
12. Bigger weapons
13. The poorest village

Exercise

A. Make a list of the adjectives and nouns in the sentences below

1. The journalist failed to send the important information
although the editor sent three urgent messages to him
2. He published the article in its original form
3. A famous archaeological discovered an ancient, precious
statue. It was a beautiful woman.
4. I was getting impatient so I decided to leave the talking
ladies and pumped into a passing bus
5. This is the easiest questions and so you must be able to
give a satisfactory answer

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B. Learn the adjectives below, then complete the sentences that
follow
Urgent -- mendesak
Exact -- tapat
Recent -- baru-baru ini
Latest news -- berita terbaru
Last news -- berita terakhir
Careful -- hati-hati
Similar -- sama
Dense -- padat
Anxious -- cemas
Scientific -- ilmiah
Remarkable -- menakjubkan
Pleasant -- menyenangkan
Professional -- ahli
Convincing -- meyakinkan
Active -- aktif
Better -- lebih baik
Honest -- jujur
Simple -- sederhana
Primitive -- primitif

1. Have you seen the …………………………… fashion?

2. This dress looks ……………………….
3. His ………………………….. words before he died were “take
this letter to my wife, it is ……………….”
4. The lost child was brought back to its ………………………
parents
5. ………………………… tribes have their own way of
communicating with each other
6. He played an ………………….. role in this organization.
7. She is not a very good typist, but she is very
…………………………………
8. In such a ……………………… environment you can forget
your worries
9. A ……………………… experiment you can forget your
worries
10. You must very ………………………… when driving a car
in Jakarta
11. He got the price, because his voice was
……………………….. than his rival’s.

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 12. You can solve that problem in a ………………………….
Way
13. Give me the …………………………. Date of your arrival
14. Jakarta has a …………………………. population

BAB IV

Adverb dan Adverbial Phrase

Adverb atau kata keterangan biasanya menerangkan verb atau

adjective, keterangan itu dapat berupa:

1. Adverb of manner
Contoh:
a. She announce the news officially
b. The thief accepted his punishment quietly

2. Adverb of place
Contoh:
 I did not see him there
 Her class room is upstairs

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 3. Adverb of time
a. He presented his papers yesterday
b. That matter will be discussd to night

4. Adverb of frequency (menunjukan berapa seringnya kita

melakukan kegiatan)
Contoh:
1. They often went there on foot
2. She never comes late

5. Adverb of Degree (menujukan tingkat atau derajat suatu

kegiatan)
Contoh:
1. The ball is too high to get
2. The tea is too hot to drink

Other Examples:

She acted in the same way (manner)

The seminar was held in the hotel (place)

This factory was burn down last year (time)

The football team meets every month (frequency)

Some time ago the statue was found (time)

Exercises

Choose the correct word in brackets

1. (careful, carefully) plans must be made before you can

establish such a project
2. He broke the news (calm,calmy) so that no one was upset
3. Have you understood him ( good, well)?
4. The prime minister cancelled his trp to Europe for
( political, politically) reasons.

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 5. Let us do some (intelligent, intelligently) thinking on the
issue.
6. He explained (patient, patiently) that he was late because
he was caught in the heavy traffic
7. Man has always had four (physical, physically) advantages
which explain why he became a culture-builder
8. The animal’s reaction to life are (main, mainly) instinctive
9. War or flood can produce (Crucial, Crucially) situation
10. The council of older (real, really)
governed the primitive tribes

BAB V

Preposition

Preposition di dalam bahasa Indonesia di sebut juga dengan kata

depan, seperti berikut ini:

AT,IN,ON,UNDER,BETWEEN,
BEHIND,ABOVE,UP,UNTIL,WITH,ABOUT .AFTER,ALONG,AMONG,
BY, UP,TO, BELOW, BESIDE,OF,OFF,OUT OF, IN FRONT OF, OUT
SIDE,TOWARD, WITH, WITHOUT. ETC

Contoh:
1. The old man are sitting under the tree
2. She often talks about you
3. He look at my children
4. We often talked the pas event
5. The student took care of their campus
6. The police hurried toward the place of the accident
7. Her office is not far from here
8. The hotel is next to the bank

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Prepositions up,at dsb yang erat sekali hubunganya debga
verb, ini di sebut verb preposition, seperti bewrikut ini:

1. Please put out the light.

2. The police blew up the bridge and the rebels gave in.
3. Without a word he walked away.
4. Pay back the money you borrowed.
5. Slowly he went backward.
6. Take off your coat, it is hot.

Ada pula ADVERB PARTICLE yang mempunyai lebih dari

satu arti.

Examples:

1. Keep your coat on, it is cold.

2. Keep on talking.
3. Take your shoes off when you enter.
4. The plane took off at 5.

Exercise

Put the adverb particles in brackets in the correct order.

1. I (put down) him as a fool.

2. Do not get mad at him when he shouts at you. Just (put
down) it to this nervousness.
3. Who (took out) you for dinner last night?
4. The stranger (took out) his passport and showed it to the
customs officers.
5. Why should you (take out) it on him for not coming earlier if
you were not there?
6. The retreating troops (blew up) the bridges behind them.
7. When I asked for a day off, my boss (blew up).
8. He (broke up) the bread and gave each child a piece.
9. You cannot (broke up) the meeting before everything has
been discussed.
10. I am sure the spelling of “focused” is
correct; I (looked up) it in the dictionary.

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Bagaimana pentingnya preposition atau adverb particle
dalam menentukan arti, dapat dilihat pada EXSAMPLES di bawah
ini :

1. He is the right man in the right place.

2. At the end (pada akhir) of each chapter you will get a test.
3. In the end (akhirnya) he admitted that what he had done
was wrong.
4. His children are taken care of ( di urus) by the social affairs
department.
5. We looked after (mengirus) the house when the occupants
left it.
6. I am looking for (mencari) a good dictionary.
7. Look at ( lihat pada) it carefully.

Exercise

Learn the above by heart. Then fill in the appropriate

prepositions.

1. I drew a lot of money ……………….. the bank.

2. Why do you refuse to comment ……………. his work.
3. He is complaining …………..the weather, the work, the traffic,
etc.
4. Is the tax included …………..the bill?
5. He congratulated me……………being promoted head of the
department.
6. This burglar alarm will protect you…………………..people who
have come with bed intentions.
7. Did anything emerge……………..your discussion?
8. I dreamt……………….the horror film last night.
9. You can never rely…………………him to be punctual.
10. Nothing will prevent
him……………..carrying out this difficult task.
11. Are you interested
……………………….. politice?

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12. He persisted …………………….. asking
questions and I had a hard time getting rid ………………him
13. Since we were separated
……………………………. The war, we have not heard
…………………….. each other.
14. I insisted …………………………. His
telling me the truth, so he said that my father could only be
cured …………………… his illness if he was operated
15. You can count ………………….. me if
you need help in investing your money ……………….. this
enterprise
16. His report was based ………………….
Wrong information
17. I suspect him ……………………..
having broken …………………… your house, but I can’t
accuse people ………………….. anything until I have some
evidence
18. The government has embarked
…………………… a new educational system and researches
are now concentrating ……………… the curriculum
19. Nowadays we must economize
……………………… many things
20. He failed …………………………. His
attempt to escape …………………… prison
21. I have told him already that we
cannot approve ……………………. Hunting. But he said that is
was unreasonable to demand ………………………. Him to stop
doing so
22. This man delights ………………………..
borrowing money …………….. others. I have warned him
……………. Losing his friends, but he said that he would
never act …………………… my advice and that his friends
consist …………………………. People who are wealthy. He
asked me not to get involved ………………… his business, so

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 from now on I despair ………………. Ever having any
influence on him.

BAB VI

CONJUNCTIONS

CONJUNCTIONS atau kata penghubung kadalah kata-kata

AND,OR, BUT, SO yang tugasnya menghubungkan kata-kata,
kelompok kata dan kalimat yang sejenis (AND, OR) tidak sejenis (
BUT), akibat kalimat pertama (SO).

CONJUNCTONS dapat dikelompokan menuru Janis, misalnya:

A. “and” type. Comjunctions of this type are :

1. Both – and
2. Also;
3. Not0omly – but as well;
4. As well as.

Examples:

The success of this experiment depends on careful observation it

depends on careful thought.

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 a. The success of this experiment depends on careful
observation and thought.
b. The success of this experiment depends both on careful
observation and thought.
c. The success of this experiment depends on careful
observation and also on careful thought.
d. The success of this experiment depends not only on
careful observation but on careful thought as well.
e. The success of this experiment depends on careful
observation as well as careful thought.

B. “or” type. Conjunctions of this type are:

1. Either - or 3. Otherwise
2. Neither - nor 4. Or else.

Examples

You can study in the library, you can study in my room

a. You can study in the library or in my room
b. You can either study in the library or in my room
c. He is either a rich man or the owner of a big hotel
d. She is neither intelligent nor hard working
e. Didi has to study hard otherwise she will fall again.

C. “But” type seperti berikut ini:

1. However 4. Never the less
2. On the other hand 5. Whereas
3. While 6. Although
7. in spite of

Example:
The books in the library are old. They are valuable
a. The book in the library are old but valuable
b. The book in the library are old, however they are valuable
c. The book in the library are old, yet they are valuable
d. Although the books are old, they are valuable
e. He passed the exam, although he had been sick
f. In spite of his sickness, he passed the examination
g. Although they are very poor they are always neatly
dressed.
h. In spite of their poverty, they always neatly dressed
i. The party was a great success, on the other hand it costs
us a lot of money

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 j. He was working on his assignment, while the other
students were watching TV
k. The old teachers used to apply the translation method in
language, teaching, whereas language instructors
nowadays are advocates of the direct method

D. “SO” type. Conjunction of this type are:

1. Therefore 4. That’s why
2. Since 5.because
3. Because of 6.consequenly

Example:

The experiment was a total failure, the expert had to find another
approach

a. The experiment was a total failure, so the expert had to

find another approach
b. The experiment was a total failure, consequently the
expert had to find another approach
c. The experiment was a total failure, that’s why the
expert had to find another approach
d. Because the experiment was a total failure, the expert
had to find another approach
e. Since the experiment was a total failure, the expert had
to find another approach
f. Because of the total failure of the experiment, the experts
had to find another approach

Exercises

A. Join the sentences below using the conjunction in

brackets
1. The teacher accepted the new method of teaching. The
students accepted the new method of teaching. (Both
…………………………………………… and).

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 2. You must tell him the truth. Your sister must tell him the
truth. (Either …………………………………….. or).
3. I did not investigate it carefully. I did not make any
preparations. (Neither …………………………… nor)
4. That proposal is irrelevant. That proposal is vague. (Not
only …………………………………… but …………………………
as well)
5. This city is clean. It is well organized. The people know
their rights and duties. (Not only ………………………. But
…………………………….. as well)

B. Now join the short sentences below to make longer

ones using the conjunctions you have learned.
Yesterday I went to the airport to meet a friend. He was not
on the plane, I went to the information desk. I asked whether
he was on the list of passenger. They told me that he had
missed the plane. His wife missed the plane. They had tried to
pace him. He did not appear. His wife didn’t appear.
I went home. I was disappointed. I was sad. When I arrived
home he was there. His wife was there. They said they had
tried to send me a cable informing that they would take an
earlier flight. They forgot my address. There were only two
things they could do. They could stay away. They could
surprise me.

Exercises

AND
1. He studied English.
He studied Germany
2. John went home by taxi
Mary went home by taxi
3. She dances well
She sings well
4. Rafiah is tall
Rafiah is beautiful
5. Sylvia is a good nurse
Sylvia is a kind burse

25
6. The geography class is interesting
The history clas is interesting
7. She writes the words rapidly
She writes the word correctly
8. Don’t be stupid
Don’t be lazy
9. Mother is a teacher
Mother is a tourist
10. Don’t be careless
Don’t be prodigal

BUT

1. He is a rich man. He is a dishonest man

2. John is poor. John is honest
3. I saw him yesterday. He was not at home
4. We hurried to the station. The train had left
5. I can’t go to the meeting. She can go to the meeting
6. He studied French. She didn’t study French
7. Father usually takes a nap in the afternoon. Mother doesn’t
take a nap in the afternoon
8. They don’t want to go. My sister wants to go
9. She speaks English well. She writes English badly
10. He is smart student. He is a lazy student

NEITHER………………. NOR

1. The car is not blue. The car is not green.

2. I am not for the proposal. I am not against the proposal
3. He could not stand up. He could not lie down
4. She is not likely to be present at the meeting. I am not likely
to be present at the meeting.
5. The house is not big. The house is not comfortable
6. The bag is not mine. The bag is not here
7. I don’t hear it. I don’t see it
8. The first show wasn’t good. The second show was not good
9. His statement is not true. Your statement is not true
10. I don’t like it. I don’t hate it

26
NOT ONLY …………………… BUT ……………………. AS Well

1. The man had been arrested. The man had been sent to the
prison.
2. The poor man was robbed. The poor man was shot.
3. The teacher asked us to learn the conversation. The teacher
asked us to memorized the conversation.
4. He is his teacher. He is his father
5. The passage is long. The passage is difficult
6. He came to see the victims. He gave the victims some money

BOTH ………………………… AND

1. The husband likes living in Jakarta. The wife likes living in

Jakarta.

IF AND UNLESS

Show the relationship between the ideas with “if” or

“unless”

1. I am tired. I usually go to bed early

2. I am very tired. I seldom go to bed early
3. The water is warm enough. I like to go swimming
4. The water is too cold. I like to go swimming
5. Help me. I can’t work these algebra problems.
6. Help me. I can work these algebra problems.
7. Paul’s too busy. He takes a nap every afternoon.
8. Paul has time. He take a nap every afternoon
9. The train is on time. It arrives at 11:10
10. The train is late. It arrives at 11:10
11. I have enough money. I might go to Bali for my vacation
12. A student wants to learn English. He must practice
everyday
13. Lend me some money. I can’t buy any new shoes
14. I finish my homework. I shouldn’t go to the movies
15. People speak slowly. The villager from west java can
understand Indonesian
16. A student knows arithmetic well. It is difficult for him to
learn algebra

27
17. Algebra students know arithmetic well. He must learn it
quickly
18. An intelligent student knows arithmetic. Algebra is not
difficult for him
19. It is raining. We have a picnic every Sunday.
20. John has finished his homework. He usually goes to the
movie.

SO………………..THAT

SUCH…………...THAT

Connect these statements with so……………….that/such

…………………….that

1. The class on philosophy was interesting. I never missed an

assignment
2. The teacher gave many assignments. I was always busy
3. The book was long. I didn’t finish it till 2:00 am
4. The book was written simply. I could read it rapidly
5. I was interesting. I didn’t get sleepy
6. The system of education here is complex. It is difficult to
understand
7. There are many books in the education library. I can never
read all
8. Some of the books are important. I must read them
9. The library has many books. It is difficult to find the ones I
want.
10. There are many librarians. I can always find one to help me
11. He is an interesting speaker. I don’t want to miss him
12. He is about an important problem. They deserve our
complete attentions.
13. I have a lot difficulty with the work. I have to ask many
questions
14. This is an easy exercise. I can do it in two minutes
15. The lecturer gave me a long assignment. I will have to work
late tonight

28
16. Professor A is an interesting teacher. We like to go to his
classes
17. He gives clear explanation. We learn a lot about him
18. Paul is an intelligent young man. He learns more than his
classmates
19. He is a good student. I want to be like him
20. Dutch is an easy language. We can learn it quickly

BECAUSE/BECAUSE OF/SINCE

1. I didn’t go to school. I was sick

2. I stayed at home. It was raining
3. Te doctor wrote the book. He was interested
4. He wrote it. He was interested
5. He went to Florida. The weather was cold in winter
6. He went to the lake. The weather was hot in august
7. Thomas wants the course. The professor is famous
8. He wanted to study business administrations. His father asked
him to
9. He needed help with the letter. His English was not very good.
10. He didn’t answer the letter immediately. He had a lot of
homework to do

29
 BAB VII

PRONOUNS

A. Personal Pronounce yang berfungsi sebagai subject,

seperti: I. WE, YOU THEY, HE, SHE DAN IT

Examples:

1. I am a college student of early childhood Teacher

department of Education and Science Faculty of The State
University of Padang
2. They closed a contract with the company
3. We agreed to admit him to the club as a member

Direct object, seperti:

I - Me
YOU - You
He - Him
She - Her
It - It
We - us
They - them

Examples:
1. I told him about the decision of the director to transfer
him to irian jaya.
2. You promised me to return that record player this week.
3. The dog bit him in his leg when he tried to climb over
the gate.
4. Our T.V was out of order. I took it back to the shop
where I bought it.

30
 5. The doctor informed her that she had to take a good
rest.

INDIRECT OBJECT (pelengkap penyerta) PRONOUNS

biasanya di dahului TO atau FOR.
Example:
1. This experiment is very interesting for him.
2. He contributed a lot of money to them.
3. I don’t know what I have said to him.
4. You have everything for her and yet she still grumbles
about you.
Ada kalanya INDIRECT OBJECT tidak didahului TO atau
FOR.

Example:

1. I gave him the answers to his questions.

2. They made her a delicious wedding cake.
3. We promised them10% of whatever we sold.
4. Tell me how you arrived at such a decision.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUN (kata ganti punya). Bentuknya

berubah menjadi berikut:
1. Yang diikuti oleh NOUN.

I -- my
You -- your
He -- his
She -- her
It -- its
We -- our
You -- your
They -- their

Examples:

1. This is my typewriter
2. May I use your paper to type on?
3. You better get his ballpoint to correct the mistakes.
4. After that, go into her room and find carbon paper.
5. Put everything on our desk in the office

31
 2. Yang tidak diikuti Noun

I - Mine
You -- yours
He -- his
She -- hers
It -- its
We -- ours
You -- yours
They -- theirs

Examples:

1. That statement of mine cause many problems

2. This part is yours, take it !
3. Although the car is her, she never used it
4. The decision is his, so let us wait and see

B. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN seperti:

This
These
That
Those

Examples:

1. Look, this building next to you is the library.

2. That man over there has just graduated.
3. These documents have been sent by airmail.

C. RELATIVE PRONOUNS

RELATIVE PRONOUNS merupakan bagian yang penting

sekali dalam statement Karena menentukan subject karena tidak
menimbulkan keraguan lagi.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS adalah

32
 Who dan whom -- menerangkan orang

Whose -- menerangka
kepunyaan orang

Which -- menerangkan
benda

That -- menerangkan
benda, binatang dan orang.

Examples:

1. The man who wrote that article was put in prison.

2. The book that is lying on the table is about
administration,
3. The girl who came in the blue car had an accident.

Sekarang perhatikan EXAMPLES berikut:

1. The man in the batik shirt, who was here last night, is a
doctor.
2. My eldest son, who is in grade III of primary school.
3. The book with the black cover, that lies on the table.

Exercise:

1. The instructor…………………….dissertation was accepted

became famous overnight.
2. The journalist………………failed to write a report was fired.
3. Where is the man……………..daughter was kidnapped?
4. After a while the plane …………… was hijacked took of

D. INTEROGATIVE PRONOUNCE adalah kata Tanya seperti:

Who, Whom, Whose, Which, What, How, When, Where, ETC

Examples:

33
1. Who won the Nobel prizes for chemistry?
2. Who did you refer to when you said that?
3. Whose paintings do you like best?
4. What is today’s news about the changes he made in his
office?
5. How did you overcome your financial problems?

BAB VIII

WORD ORDER

WORD ORDER dalam bahasa Indonesia di sebut

urutan kata, karena ini dapat merobah arti. Kata sifat yang
di pakai sebagai keterangan diletakan di depan kata
benda,seperti berikut ini:

 Bus station
 Station bus
 Chocolate cooking
 Cooking chocolate
 Blue sky
 Sky blue
 Pocket watch
 Watch pocket

Kata sifat (kata benda)yang dipakai sebagai PREDICATE

di letkkan di belakang kata benda.
Examples:
1. The child is asleep.
2. Life on a desert island is simple.

34
 3. The statue was very graceful.
4. The country becomes prosperous.

Dalam SIMPLE SENTENCE kalimat tunggal WORD ORDER dala

kalimat Bahasa inggrisnya biasanya SUBJECT –PREDICATE –
COMPLEMENT(OBJECT)- ADVERBIAL QUALIFICATION.

SUBJECT: pokok kalimat (orang atau benda) yang melakukan

suatu pekerjaan PREDICATE apa di kerjakan oleh pokok kalimat.
Kata yang paling penting dalam PREDICATE ialah kata keja
(VERB)

Bila VERBnya INTRANSITIVE, yang berarti tanpa OBJECT, maka

OBJECT dig anti dengan COMPLEMENT. (SUBJECT – VERB –
COMPLEMENT)

COMPLEMENT adalah kata (kelompok kata) untuk

memperlengkapi PREDICATE, supaya mempunyai sebuah
pengertian.

Exercise:

Put subject, predicate and complement or object in the correct

order.

1. The radio broadcast listened We to.

2. From the past All of us must learn.
3. To the brim The cup is full.
4. He unconscious became.
5. A good type of modern athlete is He.
WORD ORDER dapat juga merubah STATEMENT menjadi
INTERROGATIVE. Khususnya kalimat yang memakai
“auxiliary”

Examples:

1. Where were you last night?

2. Was the governor present?
3. Is the announcer tired ?
4. Am I correct?

35
 WORD ORDER dalam EXCLAMATION (kalimat seru) juga
SUBJECT +PRIDICATE.

Examples:

1. What a powerful king he is ?

2. What complicated problems we are facing?
3. What a fool you are !
4. How nice the weather is!

Exercise:

Rewrite the following sentences using “what” and “how”

at the beginning.

1. Those are interesting topics.

2. It is a terrific program.
3. She is an intelligent.
4. She is a narrow-minded person.
5. This is a complicated program.

Dalam suatu kalimat mungkin ada 2 objects, yaitu

indirect objek dan direct object.

Exercise:

1. Will tell/an interesting story/her grandmother/she.

2. Twice a week/a letter/john/her/sent.
3. The treasurer/a large check /at the bank/cashed.
4. Prescribed/the doctor/medicine/me.
5. Jono/his mother/much trouble/caused.

Beberapa TRANSITIVE VERBS memerlukan COMPLEMENT

bersama OBJECTnya.

Exercise:

1. We/the storm/saw/approaching.
2. Your gift/happy/will make/the boy.
3. Found/him/I/ working at his desk.
4. Felt/we/the house/shake.

36
 5. The matter/we/rest there/cannot let.

BAB IX

TENSES

I. PRESENT TENSE
Simple Present Tense
Untuk 3rd PERSON SINGULAR yaitu: he, she, dan it. VERB
ditambah “s” atau “es”, dan bagian VERB yang akhirannya
bersuara es diucapkan sebagai iz

Examples
Produces - produces
Publish - publishes
Analyze - analyzes
Organize - organized
Apologize - apologizes
Advice - advises
Abolish - abolishes
Memorize - memorizes

Present Continuous Tense

Present continuous tense adalah TO BE dalam bentuk Present
Tense + VERB + ING

am/is/are
Present + verb
Continuous Tense+dipakai
ing
a. Untuk suatu kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung sekarang
Sering dipakai dengan kata-kata: now, right now, at the
moment, nowadays, at present
Mis: is john reading the newspaper? No, he is writing letters
at the moment
b. Untuk kegiatan yang belum selesai tetapi tidak sedang
berlangsung pada waktu itu
Mis: I am writing a new novel. (I haven’t finished it yet)
c. Untuk suatu kegiatan dalam masa depan yang dekat (near
future)

37
 Sering dengan kata kerja yang menunjukkan gerakan
seperti come, go, travel, fly, leave, take, etc. (biasanya
disertai keterangan waktu)
Mis: my ucle is coming to see us tomorrow
He’s flying to New York next week for a conference

Present Perfect Tense

Rumusnya ialah:

have/has + Past
Seperti terlihat dari namanya, maka kegiatan itu
Participle
berhubungan dengan Present Tense. Biasanya dijelaskan
dengan kata-kata seperti: FOR, SINCE, NEVER, EVER,
ALREADY, YET, RECENTLY, THIS MORNING, THIS YEAR, THIS
MONTH, LATELY, Etc
Bentuk ini digunakan apabila kita ingin menunjukkan
bahwa suatu kegiatan berlangsung di masa lampau, atau
suatu keadaan asal mulanya di masa lampau dan ada
hubungannya dengan masa kini. Saat di masa lampau itu
tidak penting, mungkin baru saja berlalu. (I have just finished
my dinner), mungkin sudah agak lama berlalu atau sama
sekali tidak dipastikan (I have lived in Europe). Yang penting
ialah hubungannya dengan masa kini.
Yang harus diingat ialah bahwa present perfect tense ini
tidak boleh dipakai bersama kata atau keterangan waktu yang
menunjukkan saat masa lampau yang pasti. Kalau ada kata
yang demikian kita harus memakai Simple Past Tense.
Mis: I saw that film last week (bukan: I have seen that film last
week)

Bentuk present perfect tense ini digunakan:

a. Untuk suatu kegiatan yang mulai di masa lampau dan
masih berlangsung sekarang juga
Mis:
We have known each other for the past ten years
I have never seen a zebra

38
b. Untuk suatu kegiatan yang berlangsung di masa lampau
tetapi saat terjadinya tidak dipastikan
Mis:
I have lost my driver’s license
He has been a teacher, a sales representative, a book-
keeper, and now he is a journalist

c. Untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu kegiatan telah selesai

dijalankan di masa lampau – baru saja atau sudah lama –
dan hasil atau akibat dari kegiatan itu terlihat sekarang
Mis:
I have had my lunch
You have told us that already
I has rained during the night
Someone has called while we have been out

d. Untuk suatu kegiatan yang baru saja selesai dikerjakan,

sering disertai kata just, recently
Mis:
I have just finished my work
He has just gone out

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Rumusnya ialah:

have/has + been
Penggunaan dari + verb Perfect Continuous Tense ini sama
Present
+ ing
dengan Present Perfect Tense, hanya dalam tense ini kita lebih
megutamakan CONTINUITY dari kegiatan itu.
Example
- I have been living in Jakarta since 1980
(means: I have been living here for 7 years uninterruptedly)
- She has been waiting for him for two hours
(means: waiting for him for two hours without interruption)

Note:
Present Perfect Contonuous Tense ini banyak digunakan
dengan VERBS OF STATIC NATURE, seperti: STAND, STUDY,
LIVE, REST, SIT, etc.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense ini digunakan untuk

menunjukkan:

39
 a. Bahwa suatu kegiatan dimulai di masa lampau dan masih
berlangsung sekarang juga
Mis:
He has been sleeping for hours. (and is still sleeping)
I have been looking for a job for months (and I haven’t
found one yet)
b. Bahwa suatu kegiatan yang baru saja selesai memakan
waktu yang lama
Mis:
I have been working hard all morning, and now I feel tired.
It has been raining all day
c. Bandingkan dengan Present Continuous dengan Present
Perfect Continuous

John is talking to the teacher John has been talking to the teach
for two hours
Ini menunjukkan apa yang john Ini menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan
kerjakan sekarang dimulai di masa lampau dan
sekarang masih berlangsung

II. PAST TENSE

Simple Past Tense
Dipakai untuk emnyatakan, bahwa sesuatu terjadi pada
waktu lampau. Yang diutamakan disini adalah waktu
kejadiannya. Biasanya dijelaskan dengan keterangan waktu
seperti: AGO, YESTERDAY, LAST NIGHT, LAST YEAR, LAST, etc
Examples
- The plane landed safely this morning
- Last year the two countries agred to exchange information
on the latest economic development
- The report in the newspaper said that ten people lost their
lives in the demonstration last wee
- Yesterday the Rector selected some people to be the
leaders of the coming discussions groups
- A few years ago, we assisted the government with the
selection of appropriately qualified trainees

Simple Past Tense digunakan:

40
a. Untuk menunjukkan suatu kegiatan yang berulang atau
menjadi kebiasaan dalam waktu yang lampau
Mis:
School started at seven o’clock in those days
In the middle ages people believed that the earth was flat

b. Untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu kegiatan berlangsung

pada saat tertentu di waktu yang lampau
Mis:
The rain arrived late yesterday
John left the library at ten o’clock last night

c. Untuk menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan berlangsung berturut-

turut di waktu yang lampau, dan merupakan kegiatan
utama dalam suatu cerita
Mis:
He hurriedly put the letter in an envelope, stamped
It and ran out to find the nearest pillar box

Past Continuous Tense

Rumusnya ialah: Past Tense TO BE + VERB + ING

PastWas/Were + Tense
Continuous VERB dipakai:
+
a. Untuk menunjukkan
ING bahwa suatu kegiatan sedang
berlansung pada saat tertentu diwaktu lampau
Mis:
At ten o’clock last night I was reading a book
Where were you sitting at the meeting las Friday?
b. Untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu kegiatan di masa lampau
berlangsung untuk waktu yang lama
Mis:
People were rushing about the house all morning, trying to
get everything ready for the wedding
We were playing cards all night last night
c. Untuk latar belakang suatu cerita
Mis:
A cold wind was blowing and only a few people were
walking in the streets when peter left the house
d. Apabila ada suatu kegiatan yang berlangsung untuk waktu
yang lama, dan dipotong oleh kegiatan yang lain, maka
untuk kegiatan yang lebih lama berlangsung digunakan

41
 past continuous tense, sedangkan untuk kegiatan yang
memotongnya dipakai simple past
Kata penghubung yang dipakai: when dan while
Mis:
I was eating sandwiches in a café whan I first saw her
We were living in London when the war broke out
e. Apabila ada dua kegiatan berlangsung pada waktu yang
sama diwaktu yang lampau. Dalam hal ini sering dipakai
kata penghubung while
Mis:
John was writing when I was reading
While Nero was playing the fiddle Rome was burning

Past Perfect Tense

Rumusnya ialah:

Had + Past
Participle
Seperti halnya present perfect tense berhubungan dengan
present tense, maka past perfect tense hubunganny ialah
dengan past tense, maka past perfect tense hubungannya ialah
dengan past tense. Past perfect tense ini dipakai untuk
menyatakan bahwa suatu kegiatan telah selesai berlangsung
sebelum saat di masa lampau yang sedang dibicarakan. Sering
juga disebut dengan istilah DOUBLE FAST.

Biasanya disertai dengan kalimat atau bagian kalimat

(phrase) dalam past tense, dan jarang past perfect tense berdiri
sendiri. Sering pula dipakai dalam indirect speech.

Example:

- When we arrived, we found that they had prepared everything

for our coming
- I had learned French long before I went to france
- She knew that the boy had stolen the money
- She told me that the man had tried to deceive her

42
 - He said that he had studied for the exam

III.FUTURE TENSES

Present Future Tense

Rumusnya adalah:

Shall/ will
To be going to verb (ini lebih pasti daripada
shall/will + verb

Present future tense dipakai untuk mengatakan kegiatan

yang akan dilakukan dalam waktu yang akan datang.

Biasanya tense ini:

1. Disertai dengan keterangan waktu,seperti: tomorrow,

today, the day after tomorrow, next week, next year, next
Tuesday, next day, dan lainnya.
2. Dipakai dalam CONDITIONALS (lihat chapter VII)
3. Berbentuk GOING TO + VERB
Bentuk future dengan GOING TO ini yang paling mudah dan
sederhana, tetapi hanya digunakan apabila pembicaraan
ingin menunjukan niat dan kepastian.
Apabila niat itu direncanakan maka harus dipakai GOING
TO; apabila niat itu tidak direncanakan sebelumnya harus
dipakai SHALL/WILL. Bentuk SHALL/WILL ini juga dipakai
apabila ada kata IF.

Example:

1. The government will provide doctors and medicine for the

victims of the flood
2. The government is going to provide doctors and medicine
needed for the victims
3. The scientist will explain the efficiency of using computers

43
 4. The scientist is going to explain the efficiency of using
computers
5. Tomorrow the manager will analyze the constraints of the
new project
6. Tomorrow the manager is going to analyze the constraints
of the new project
7. He will join the study tour, if his mother gives permission
(conditional)
8. I will fetch her to the graduation, if she asks me
(conditional)

Ada beberapa cara untuk mnunjukkan masa depan dalam bahasa

inggris. Yang paling biasa adalah menggunakan bentuk
SHALL/WILL+VERB atau bentuk BE GOING TO+VERB.

Kita bisa katakana misalnya:

I shall decide tomorrow

I will decide tomorrow, atau

I am going to decide tomorrow

Masa depan yang dekat juga bisa ditunjukkan dengan

menggunakan Present Continuous Tense seperti telah
diterangkan pada bagian Present Continuous Tense.

I. SHALL/WILL+VERB
Biasanya penggunaan bentuk ini diterangkan sebagai
berikut:
a) Untuk orang pertama “SHALL”, untuk orang kedua
dan ketiga “WILL”. Ini dipergunakan untuk ‘pure
future’ (masa depan sempurna) tanpa tekanan
khusus.
Misalnya : I shall hear more about it tomorrow
He will tell you the news himself next
week

44
 b) Untuk orang pertama “WILL”, untuk orang kedua dan
ketiga “SHALL”. Ini dipergunakan untuk menunjukkan
niat atau janji pada orang pertama, dan keharusan
atau larangan pada orang kedua dan ketiga.
Misalnya : I will write to you everyday
You shall do the work, whether you like it
or not (keharusan)

Akan tetapi, dalam percakapan kita gunakan “ I’LL,

YOU’LL “ dsb. Baik untuk “SHALL” maupun “WILL”
(SHAN’T dan WON’T dalam bentuk negative).
Biasanya keharusan juga dinyatakan dengan bentuk
lain, misalnya dalam contoh diatas, sebagai
pengganti
You shall do the work ………………… kita bisa
katakana
I am going to make you do the work
…………………………………………………….
Perbedaan utama antara SHALL dan WILL ini harus
diperhatikan sekarang, keterangan lebih lanjut akan
diberikan kemudian. Untuk sementara waktu, kalau
ragu-ragu tentang penggunaannya, pakailah WILL.

Exercise:

A. Underline the Simple Future Tense

Next June my brother Tom will be a psychiatrist. Then he
will work in a hospital, curing people who are mentally ill or
mentally unbalanced. Now he is in Holland and he will be
back in Indonesia after he has finished his study. We will
meet him at the airport, then we are going to arrange a big
party to celebrate his success. We are going to ask my
sister’s school band to play. I think everyone will have a
very enjoyable time. I am sure, he will always remember
this day.

45
B. Put the verbs between brackets in the Simple Future Tense
by using WILL or GOING TO
1. Tomorrow the architect (finish) the plan of the
building.
2. He (study) Linguistics at the University of Michigan
next year.
3. The length of the work days (affect) productivity.
4. The (analyze) the problems of this community.
5. Next Tuesday the project leader (discuss) the matter
with the committee.
6. The secretary (file) the documents.
7. I hope the leader of the party (approve) the new
working conditions.
8. You (feel) better soon, if you take those capsules.
9. He (give up) his old trade and (work) in a factory.
10. The government (provide) adequate funds for
the operation of the project.
11. The director of the agency (act) as the leader
of the debating group.
12. Three-month training in the factory (give)
enough experience.
13. We (explore) the possibilities of increasing
productivity with modern equipment.
14. To reduce the population explosion the
Government (launch) a family planning campaign.
15. Tomorrow my friend (fetch) me to go to his
inauguration.
16. I (drop) by the bank to cash my traveler’s
cheques on Tuesday.
17. If you attend the seminar at the student center,
you (learn) about the local problems.
18. If the proposal as accepted, the new method
(be apply) soon.
19. Next week the voters (go) to the poll.
20. If I have the money I (visit) Bali.
21. You (become) a member of this political party,
if you sign this form.
22. I (persuade) him to finish his study before
looking for a job.

46
 23. He (make) a lot of money by teaching
traditional dances.
24. The Dean (explain) the situation, at the coming
press conference.
25. Next year he (teach) a new subject.

Future Continuous Tense

Bentuk future dengan SHALL/WILL ini juga mempunyai

bentuk continuous.

Misalnya: I shall be waiting for you outside the school

This time next year he will be studying in New York. Bentuk

ini digunakan untuk suatu kegiatan yang belum selesai pada saat
tertentu dimasa depan, dan arena itu hampir sama dengan
continuous tense yang lain.

11. Present Future Perfect Tense

Rumusnya adalah :

Shall/Will + have + Past Participle

Seperti namanya Present Future Perfect Tense berhubungan

dengan Present Future, yaitu untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan
yang akan telah selesai pada suatu saat di waktu mendatang.
Karenanya TENSE ini dibarengi dengan suatu kalimat atau
PHRASE dalam waktu yang akan datang

Example :

1. Before his next visit here, he will have returned from a

world tour
2. What grammar patterns will you have mastered by the end
of this course?
3. How long will you have lived in Jakarta by the end of this
year?

47
 4. By the end of this month the maintenance cost of this
machine will have reached Rp. 5.000.000
5. He will have heard the news this evening, so we can
expect him tomorrow

Compare :

11 I have read three of Shaw’s plays

(I know about them now)
12 I shall have known seven of Shaw’s plays by the end of the
year
(I shall know about them then)

Exercise

A. Underline the present future perfect tense

last Sunday three students left to climb Gunung Gede. The
last time they were seen was when they passed the first
base camp early Sunday morning. They have not been
seen ever since. By tonight they will have been lost for
almost a week, and members of the SAR team will have
searched for them for four days. Their friends are
determined to keep looking for them although they are
afraid that Tom, the least experienced of the three, will
have collapsed by now, as it has been cold and raining for
the last few days. Their food will have last them for a few
days only as they didn’t bring very much with them.

B. Put the verb between brackets in the Present Future Perfect

Tense
1. By the end of this century, the Indonesian population
(increase) about 200 million.
2. By the end of PELITA II all important roads (be
repaired).
3. I hope you (not forget) all this by tomorrow.
4. By the end of this semester, he (teach) English for 3
years at the Faculty of Social Sciences.

48
 5. If you stay in New York until December, do you think
you (spend) more money than you planned to?
6. By the beginning of the next century, astraunots
(land) on Venus.
7. If a train starts at 8 a.m. and travels at an average
speed of fifty miles an hour, how far it (travel) by
noon?
8. Before sundown tomorrow afternoon, my sister (get
back) from Australia.
9. Weather permitting, by the end of next month the
construction work (come) to an end.
10. Before you arrive tomorrow evening the
cocktail party (be) over.

Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Rumusnya:

Shall/Will + have + been + verb

+ ing
Shall/Will have been living

Seperti Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense yang

menyatakan, bahwa pada suatu saat mendatang sebuah
kegiatan akan sudah selesai, maka dalam Present Future Perfect
Continuous ini kegiatan itu berlangsungnya dalam jangka waktu
yang lama dan hasilnya akan sudah tampak sementara kegiatan
itu masih berlangsung.

Example :

1. By the end of this month he will have been living in Jakarta

for fifteen years

49
 2. By December Tono will have been attending school for five
years

Past Future Form

Digunakan untuk :

1. Untuk memperhalus suatu kalimat : STATEMENT dan

REQUEST

Example :
 I would appreciate receiving a prompt reply
 I am sure she would like to join our discussion
 I would prefer improving the quality of teachers
to building more schools

Request :

 Would you come to the meeting tonight?

 Would you hand in your papers on time?
 Would you mind repeating that question?

2. Untuk menyatakan keinginan atau harapan (WISH)

yang tidak/ belum dilakukan
Example :
 I wish you would join the study tour
 I wish you would say something
 I wish you would stop arguing

3. Dalam CONDITIONAL (Lihat Chapter VII)

Example :
 The director would make a business trip if it
were necessary
 He would come if you invited him
 He would implement it if he were asked to do
so
 He would ask for assistance if he needed it

4. Dalam menyatakan pengutamaan

Example :

50
  I would rather work for a very large company
than for a small one
 He would rather live in a big city than in a
village
 I would rather tell him about the problem my
self

Exercise

A. Underline the Past Future Form

Would you mind listening to me? I would explain it more
clearly if I knew you would listen. I wish you would look at
me while I’m talking to you. But I am not surprised, I knew
you would behave like that. If you were younger I would put
you on my knees and spank you.

B. Put the verbs between brackets in the Past Future Form

1 (will) you mind helping me to mail the letters
2 I wish you (will not) repeat what you have heard
3 I wish the doctor (will) visit the patient more often
4 If I had a choice of life, I (will) like to fill every day
with pleasure
5 (will) you sit by me, so that I could work better
6 Suppose you weren’t allowed to join this exciting trip.
How (will) you feel?
7 I wish he (will) stop that noise
8 If he said that, (will) you believe him?
9 Papa (will) recover soon, if he followed the doctor’s
advice
10 If I had the money, I (will) pay you
11 It (will be) a pity, if he didn’t see her before she left
12 I wish you, (will) tell the truth
13 If he delivered a speech, everybody (will) listen
attentively
14 Do you think he (will) apply for a job soon?

C. Complete the following sentences by using Present Future

Perferct Tense
1 If you start by now
……………………………………………………………………

51
 2 By seven o’clock tomorrow morning
………………………………………..
3 By the time he returns to the village
………………………………………..
4 By the beginning of next century
……………………………………………..
5 By the end of this month
………………………………………………………….
6 By the weekend
………………………………………………………………………
..
7 By the end of this decade
………………………………………………………….
8 If you start saving money now
…………………………………………………..
9 If we don’t get there before seven
……………………………………………
10 By the end of summer
……………………………………………………………….

D. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Tense, using

shall/will
1. I (know) the result in a week
2. You (be) able to drive after another five lessons
3. Do you think that he (recognize) me?
4. Newspaper announcement : The President (drive)
along the high street in an open carriage
5. Her mother (send) her to France next year
6. You (feel) better when you’ve had a meal
7. I wonder if he (succeed)
8. Notice: The management (not be) responsible for
articles left on the seats
9. What your father (say) when we hears about this
accident?
10. You (have) a cigarette? No, thanks, I don’t
smoke

E. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Continuous

Tense, to show near future

52
 1. She (come) out of hospital next week
2. We (have) dinner early tonight as we (go) to the
theatre
3. The committee (meet) next Monday
4. How you (get) to the party Tomorrow? I (go) by car.
Who (drive)?
5. I (catch) the 6.30 plane tomorrow. Where you (leave)
your car? I (leave) it at the airport
6. Her mother (send) her to France next years
7. You (do) anything tonight? Yes, I (go) to a talk by the
head of the government………
8. We’ve bought a new house and (move) in very soon
9. I (lend) him my car for the holidays
10. The strikers (return) to work next week

F. Put the verbs into the correct future form, using shall/will +
Ist form of the verb or the Future Continuous
1. There is going to be a bus strike. Everyone (walk) to
work next week
2. You’ve just missed the last bus! Never mind, I (walk).
3. I’ll ring you tomorrow at six. No, don’t ring at six; I
(have) visitors then. Ring later
4. You’ve left the light on. Oh, so I have. I (go) and turn
it off
5. Before you leave the office you (hand) the keys of the
safe to Mr. Pitt. Do you remember?
6. Are you nearly ready? Our guests (arrive) any minute
now
7. I’ve just been appointed assistant at the local library.
Then you (work) under my sister. She is head
librarian there
8. Will you have lunch me on the 24th? I’d love to, but
I’m afraid I (do) my exams then
9. Loud speaker announcement: This ship (leave) in a
few minutes all persons not travelling are asked to go
ashors
10. Guest: May I use your phone to ring for a taxi?

53
 Hostess: Oh, there’s no need for that: my son (drive)
you home,

G. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Perfect Tense

1. In 1980 I (live) here twenty-five years
2. I (finish) this book by tomorrow evening
3. By the time he leaves hospital his parents (spend)
more than Rp 500.000. on his illness
4. The police (hear) of the theft by this time
5. By midnight he (be) unconscious for fourty-eight
hours
6. The treasure said, “By the end of the year all our
debts (be paid) off.
7. When we reach Valparairo we (sail) all round the
world
8. I’ll still be here next summer but Tom (leave)
9. When you come back I (finish) all the housework
10. If we don’t hurry the train (go) before we reach
the situation

Past Future Perfect Form

Rumusnya :

Should/Would + have + past

participle

Tense ini banyak digunakan dalam CONDITIONALS yang

menyatakan IMPOSSIBILITY (ketidak mungkinan) atau PAST
POSSIBILITY yaitu kemungkinan yang telah lampau. (lihat
CONDITIONALS type 3)

Example :

 He would have come if you had called him

(You didn’t call him. So he didn’t come)
 If I had the time I would have visited all the museums
(I didn’t have time. So, I didn’t visit all the museums)

54
  If I had asked for directions I wouldn’t have taken the
wrong road.
(I didn’t ask for directions. So, I took the wrong road)

Exercise

A. Underline the Past Future Perfect Tense

The students were discussing their examination. Anto and
Jono had not been able to complete it and it seemed that
they had found it too difficult. Anto said that if he had
known that so many questions would have been asked of
comprehension, he would have concentrated on reading
rather than on vocabulary. Jono argued that if he had gone
more carefully through the material he would not have had
so many difficulties with the grammar. All students agreed
that if they had made good notes they would have been
more successful.

B. Put the verbs between brackets in the Past Future Perfect

Tense
1 If you had done as I told you, you (succeed)
2 If she hadn’t answered the telephone, she never
(hear) the good news
3 If I had the courage I (answer) him back
4 Everything (be solve) if you hadn’t said that
5 If you had got up earlier, you (not miss) the train
6 If the committee had arranged the programs earlier,
no one (feel disappointed)
7 If the proposal had been accepted, there (be) more
domestic tourists from Sumatra
8 I (help) you if I had heard about your trouble
9 If I had known you didn’t have the key, I (not lock)
the door
10 We (not dispatch) the goods if they hadn’t been in
good condition

C. Complete the following sentences

55
 1 If it hadn’t been raining
……………………………………………..
2 If I had plenty of money
……………………………………………..
3 If I had known he was there
……………………………………….
4 If you had worked harder
…………………………………………..
5 If your message had not come
……………………………………
6 If the Seine had overflowed its banks
…………………………
7 If the director hadn’t signed the contract
…………………..
8 If you had reached the station a bit earlier
…………………
9 If I hadn’t lost my savings
……………………………………………
10 If you had reminded him
…………………………………………….

Tense Revision

1. I (always have) trouble with my carburetor these days

2. He (be born) in London but (spend) most of his childhood in
the country
3. At present he (read) a biography it is the third biography he
(read) this year
4. If you start now and save twenty dollars a month, including
this month, how much you (save) by the end of December?
5. He (go) away for a change as soon as the holidays begin
6. The more money he had the more he (want)
7. Though he is a poor man he never (do) anything dishonest
8. It was very unlikely that he (reach) home before 6.00 p.m.
9. Tomorrow you (do) what I (do) today, and today you (do)
what I (do) yesterday
10. I wish you (promise)
me that such a thing never (happen) again

56
11. There was a rumor
that he (perish) in the fire, which (break) out in the village
yesterday
12. If he had come
earlier, he (get) a ticket
13. I hope that you
(return) home soon
14. I admitted that I
(act) foolishly
15. Every leap year,
February (have) 29 days
16. I (go) to the zoo
tomorrow. You ever (be) there?
Yes I (be) there Sunday, I (go) nearly every week end
17. You (like) bridge?
Yes, but I (not play) for many years thought at present I
(live) with a good bridge player
18. (will) you mind
rewriting this application letter again?
19. If he had taken my
advice, he (not get) into his trouble
20. He is disappointed
with the result that he (decide) to give up all further
attempts
21. I (not see) him for
years
22. I’m sorry that I
(keep) you waiting so long last night
23. He told me that he
(win) the first prize at motor racing last week
24. They already
(renovate) some of the old houses and (make) them more
healthy and comfortable
25. I gave no answer
because I was afraid I (make) him more angry than ever

57
NEGATIVES

Untuk membuat NEGATIVES dari STATEMENT yang

memakai VERBS digunakan bentuk dari AUXILARY DO + NOT +
INFINITIVE.

Subject Verb Object/Complem

ent
I like Detectives
stories
The prosecutor Investigated The case
The case Came Before the court
The Jury Tries to be Objective

Verb
Object /
Subject Do/does/did + not +
Complement
infinitive
I Do not like Detective
stories
The prosecutor Did not The case
investigate
The case Did not Before the judge
come
The jury Do not try Objective
to be

58
Apabila kalimat itu memakai salah satu bentuk dari BE atau
suatu AUXILARY, maka NEGATIVES itu dibuat dengan memakai
kata NOT dibelakang AUXILARY itu.

Subject Verb Object/Complement

He Is A lawyer
They Were At the meeting
I Can, drive A car
He Must, do That
The doctor May, be able to Come
They Might, have been In the accident
injured
They Will, be taken To the hospital
He Has, had A blood transfusion

Subject Verb Object/Complement

He Is , not A lawyer
They Were , not At the meeting
I Cannot , drive A car
He Must , not , do That
The doctor May , not , be able to Come
They Might , not , have been In the accident
injured
They Will , not , be taken To the hospital
He Has, not, had A blood transfusion

Apabila didalam kalimat ada lebih dari satu AUXILARY maka

NOT ditempatkan sesudah AUXILARY pertama (lihat example
diatas).

CANNOT ditulis sebagai satu kata, tetapi COULD NOT

sebagai dua kata, kecuali dalam bentuk singkatan, yaitu
COULDN’T.

Dalam percakapan digunakan bentuk singkatan yaitu :

Is not -- isn’t had not --

hadn’t

59
I am not -- I’m not can not -- can’t

Are not --aren’t could not --

couldn’t

Were no -- weren’t must not -- mustn’t

Was not --wasn’t need not -- needn’t

Do not -- don’t ought not --

oughtn’t

Did not -- didn’t shall not --

shan’t

Has not -- hasn’t should not -- shouldn’t

Bentuk MAYN’T and MIGHTN’T kadang-kadang terdengar juga,

akan tetapi karena agak sukar untuk mengucapkannya, bentuk
ini jarang dipakai.

Exercise :

A. Make the following sentences negatives

1. A journalist leads an exciting life
2. In the course of his job he meets kinds of people and
experiences the most interesting things
3. Journalists compete with each other to be the first with the
latest news and in so doing often risk their own lives
4. He knew how to shoot but at that time he only shot
animals with his camera
5. Last year a journalist friend of mine accepted an
assignment to go to Africa with a hunting party
6. He ran for his life when a lion attacked the party
7. Natives thought they had hostile intentions and used
poisoned arrows to frighten them away
8. Twice he fell into a wild rushing river, the first time he
broke three ribs, the second time he broke his leg
9. He had to leave the party and travelled two days before
he arrived at the nearest hospital

60
 10. The doctor advised him to fly home immediately
11. Leaders can make decisions that change history
12. These decisions may lead to success or failure
13. A leader might insist that there was no alternative
14. He could have taken another decision
15. A leader must rely on certain groups for support
16. The author selected twenty-three persons for his
study of the young delinguent
17. They were interviewed by the author with their
consent
18. These stories were checked by discussing them
with the staff
19. However, the author left many important facts
unverified
20. Later he discovered that some of them told him lies

B. Instead Of
He doesn’t have books, we usually say : He hasn’t
got any books
He doesn’t have money He
hasn’t got any money
We don’t have time We haven’t got
time

a. Now rewrite the following sentences

1. The children’s home doesn’t have funds to meet
all its expenses
2. The members of the board do not have time to
discuss the problems in detail
3. The home takes care of children who do not have
relatives
4. Some of the children do not have problems
adjusting to life in an orphan’s home
5. They are happy to be there as they do not have a
place to go

C. Instead of
he hasn’t got any money, we can say : He has no
money

61
 there aren’t any relatives, he hasn’t got
any money
1. The delinquent boy didn’t have any relatives
2. The court doesn’t have any proof of his being the murderer
3. The scientist won’t have any opportunity to try out their
theories
4. The student’s should not have problems with the subject
5. They haven’t had any difficulty raising the money
6. There isn’t any room for doubt
7. There hasn’t been any rain for months
8. He didn’t have any questions about that matter
9. There won’t be any time to discuss the problem with the
others
10. There aren’t any reasons to distrust him

INTERROGATIVE

62
 Untuk mengubah STATEMENT yang memakai PREDICATE
menjadi INTERROGATIVE dipakai bentuk dari AUXILIARY DO +
SUBJECT + INFINITIVE

Subject Verb Object/Complement

The united nations Convene Once a year
Minister malik Goes There every year
He Spoke At the conference last
year
They Discussed The documents

INTERROGATIVE

Do/does/did Verb Object/Complement

(Infinitive)
Do the united Convene Once a year?
nations
Does Minister Go There every year?
malik
Did he Speak At the conference last
year?
Did they discuss The documents?

Exercise:

1. Manual workers receive far more money than clerks who

work in offices
2. Many people often sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of
becoming white collars workers
3. They feel that the rise in status is well worth the loss of
money
4. Alfred bloggs worked as a dustman for the Tilesmere
Corporation
5. He succeeded in letting his wife believe that he was an
office worker
6. He felt too embarrassed to say anything to his wife about
his job

63
 7. His fellow dustmen kept his secret
8. Every morning he left home dressed in a fine black suit
9. Then he changed into overalls
10. Finally he found a job as a junior clerk in an office

Apabila STATEMENT itu memakai salah satu bentuk dari BE

atau suatu AUXILARY, maka STATEMENT itu menjadi
INTERROGATIVE dengan mengubah susunan kalimat SUBJECT –
VERB menjadi VERB/ FIRST AUXILARY – SUBJECT .

Examples:

STATEMENT

Subject Predicate Object/

Complement
They Are Representative
They Were At the meeting
He Ought to have Immediately
started
The lawyers Could help Him
His Will sue Him
competitors
They Might have been Right
He Should have To his advisers
listened

A. INTERROGATIVE

Are Subject Predicate Object/Complem

ent
Ought They Representative?
Were They To have Immediately?
started
Could They At the meeting?
Will The lawyers Help Him?
Might His Sue Him?
competitors
Should They Have been Right?
Be/go He Have listened To his advisors

64
Exercise:

a. Make the following sentences interrogative

1. Up to now, historians have assumed that calenders
came into being with the advent of agriculture.
2. Recent scientific evidence seems to indicate that this
assumption is incorrect
3. Historians have been able to read the markings left by
early nomads
4. Freedom of the press can easily be abused
5. Stories about people will often attract far more public
attention than political events
6. The story of a poor family that acquired fame and
fortune overnight, illustrates the power of the press
7. With five children, life was a perpetual struggle against
poverty
8. If they only had one more child, the fact would have
passed unnoticed
9. They would have continued to live in obscurity
10. But they suddenly became the parents of quintuplets

b. SHORT FORM RESPONSES USING AUXILIARIES

AUXILIARIES sangat penting untuk member SHORT
RESPONSES (jawaban pendek)
Dalam jawaban pendek itu dipakai PERSONAL PRONOUN
untuk SUBJECT dan AUXILARY yang dipakai dalam
INTERROGATIVE itu.

Example:
Are you his secretary? Yes, I am
(bukan Yes, I’m)
No, I am not (I’m
not)
Does John always listen to your advice? Yes,
he does
Has the doctor arrived on time? Yes, he has

65
 No, he hasn’t
Should the universities take part in the program? Yes,
they should
No they shouldn’t

Please compare

English: can’t you go with me? No, I

can’t
Indonesian: tak dapatkah kamu ikut dengan saya?
Ya, saya tidak bias
English: you don’t like it, do you? No, I
didn’t
Indonesian: kamu tidak suka itu, bukan? Ya,
saya tidak suka

Exercise:
a. Give the short answer to these questions. Use personal
pronouns (you,it,they, etc) or there in the short answer. Use
contracting only for short answer with no.
QUESTION SHORT
ANSWER
1. Do you know where professor Ali is? No,
…………………………………………………….
2. Is he in the conferences room? Yes,
……………………………………………………
3. Is there going to be a meeting tonight? Yes,
……………………………………………………
4. Will you attend the meeting? No,
…………………………………………………….
5. May we smoke in the room? Yes,
……………………………………………………
6. Do you have to go now? Yes,
……………………………………………………
7. Were there many people at the concert? Yes,
……………………………………………………
8. Did your music enjoy the music? Yes,
……………………………………………………

66
 9. Weren’t they interested in meeting the speaker? No,
…………………………………………………….
10. will there be money enough to cover all the
expenses? Yes, ……………………………………………………
11. would he be willing to support the project?
Yes, …………………………………………………
12. was this assignment too difficult to do?
No, ………………………………………………….
13. Won’t you come and watch the game with me?
No, ………………………………………………….
14. Will it rain this afternoon? No,
………………………………………………….
15. Have you given him our telephone number?
Yes, ………………………………………………….

2. Kata- kata seperti LITTLE,FEW, HARDLY, SCARCELY,RARELY,

SELDOM dianggap NEGATIVE dan mendapat POSSITIVE TAG.

Example:

 Few people knew the answer, did they?

 Little progress has been made, has it?
 We could scarcely hear what he said could we?
 We seldom see them nowadays, do we?

Meskipun few dan little itu negative, a few dan a little adalah
positive dan memerlukan negative tag.

Example:

 A few people supported the theory, didn’t they?

 A little progress has been made, hasn’t it?

67
3. Jika subject dari statement itu adalah suatu personal pronoun,
maka personal pronoun itu diulang sebagai subject dari tag
question. Begitu pula apabila kata there menjadi subject.
Apabila subject dari kalimat itu buka personal pronoun maka
yang menjadi subject dari tag question itu ialah he,she,it atau
they sesuai dengan pokok kalimat dalam statement itu.
One sebagai personal pronoun dalam suatu statement diulang
dalam question tag.

Examples:
 He is an interesting person, isn’t he?
 Mrs. Hassan isn’t a psychiatrist, is he?
 The campus bookstore is very well stocked, isn’t it?
 The students don’t seem very enthusiastic, do they?
 One can’t always ne enthusiastic, can one?

C. Tag Question

Tag question adalah pertanyaan yang ditambahkan pada

suatu statement untuk memberi tekanan pada statement itu
atau untuk menarik perhatian orang pada statement itu.
Meskipun pada hakekatnya tag question itu meminta pendapat
orang yang diajak bicara, sesungguhnya sipembicara itu
menganggap orang yang diajak bicara itu setuju dengan apa
yang dikatakannya. Tag Question ini dipergunakan dalam
percakapan antara kawan atau dalam surat-menyurat antara
kawan. Perhatikan cara membuatnya :

1. Suatu Possitive Statement mendapat Negative Tag, dan

suatu Negative Statement mendapat Positive Tag
Examples:
 The lecture is very interesting, isn’t it?
 It is not at all boring, is it?
 We have plenty of time, haven’t we?
 We hadn’t much time, had we?

Suatu Negative Statement tidak selalu dinyatakan dengan

Negative Verb. Kalimat itu mungkin mempunyai positive

68
 verb dengan negative subject, object atau complement,
atau suatu negative adverb yang mempengaruhi verb.
Selama kalimat itu mempunyai arti negative , maka
kalimat itu adalah kalimat negative dan memerlukan
positive tag.

Examplea:

 None of the food was wasted, was it?

 We saw no-one we knew, did we?
 A little disadvantage like that is nothing, is it?
 Money goes nowhere nowadays, Does it?

D. INTERROGATIVE sebagai QUESTION WORD

WHO, WHOM - untuk menanyakan orang

WHOSE - untuk menanyakan milik

WHAT - untuk menanyakan benda

- untuk menanyakan orang/benda

(berfungsi sebagai adjective)

WHICH - untuk menanyakan orang/ benda

apabila ada pilihan

WHEN - untuk menanyakan waktu (bila)

WHERE - untuk menanyakan dimana atau

kemana

WHY - untuk menanyakan mengapa

WHO/ HOW - untuk menanyakan cara

Examples:

 Who introduced the speaker of the evening?

 Who did you meet during the meeting?

69
  Whose suggestion was accepted?
 What did he suggest?
 What reason did he give for his absence?
 Which of the representatives seconded the motion?
 Which library do you usually go to?
 When will the meeting be closed?
 Where did he study for his Master’s degree?
 Why did he choose that particular university?
 How did he solve the problem?

Exercise:

a. WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, WHAT, WHICH

Study the following questions and short answer carefully.
Notice that some of the questions have STATEMENT WORD
ORDER. Indicate with a check (v) the questions with statement
word order, and then answer the question.
QUESTION ANSWER
1. Who introduced the speaker of the evening?
……………………………………………………………
2. Who (m) did Mr. Sumadi introduce?
……………………………………………………………
3. What did he talk about?
……………………………………………………………
4. What happened after the meeting?
……………………………………………………………
5. Whose guest will he be during his stay in Indonesia?
……………………………………………………………
6. Which color did you use the most?
……………………………………………………………
7. With whom did he go to that conference?
……………………………………………………………
8. What kind of car does Mr. Hartono have?
……………………………………………………………
9. Which model does he have?
……………………………………………………………
10. What is the national language of your country?
……………………………………………………………
b. QUESTION WITH HOW

70
 Study the following with how Notice the short answers
1. How did you open that lock?
……………………………………….
2. How did you like that play?
……………………………………….
3. How is the weather today?
……………………………………….
4. How often do students go on a fieldtrip?
……………………………………….
5. How did he get here this morning?
……………………………………….
6. How much English does he know?
……………………………………….
7. How long will he stay in English?
……………………………………….
8. How was the lecture?
……………………………………….

Use adjectives (big, long, cold, etc) or many/much offer ‘How’

in the following Questions and answer the Questions.

QUESTION
ANSWER

1. How ………. Will the trip last?

…………………………………
2. How ………. Is the hospital from the University?
…………………………………
3. How ……… scholarship are there available?
…………………………………
4. How ………. Do you have to pay for board and lodging?
…………………………………
5. How ……… credit points do you have to get during the first
semester? …………………………………
6. How ……… are Professor Suleiman’s assignments?
…………………………………
7. How ……… students attend his lectures?
…………………………………

71
 8. How ……… is the conference hall in square feet?
…………………………………
9. How ……… does it get in the North Pole?
…………………………………
10. how ……… cups of coffe do you drink to stay awake all
night? …………………………………

C. Read the answer to thee question. Then supply the

appropriate question word (why, when, which, etc) in the blank
space

QUESTION
ANSWER

1. ……… are the students going now?

…………………………………..
2. ……… English dictionary is this?
…………………………………..
3. ……… time does the lecture start?
…………………………………..
4. ……… paint do you need?
…………………………………..
5. ……… do you like his talks?
…………………………………..
6. ……… is his address then?
…………………………………..
7. …….. is his telephone number?
…………………………………..
8. …….. does he want to know all this?
…………………………………..
9. …….. do you like my new dress?
…………………………………..
10. …….. kind of materials is it madfe of?
…………………………………..

D. Write a question about the underlined part of the sentence.

Begin each question with a question word (where, what, etc)

72
Examples:

 They will stay there for two week How Long will they stay
there?
 Mr. Sidik is in change of a project. Who is in change of
this project?

Exercise:

1. One of the greater advance of modern technology has

been the invention of computers
2. They are already widely used in industry and
universities
3. Soon ordinary people will be able to use them as well
4. Computers are capable of doing extremely complicated
work in all branches of learning
5. Computers can solve the most complex mathematical
problems

73
 BAB X

PASSIVE VOICE

Suatu kalimat dikatakan dalam susunan PASSIVE VOICE,

bila SUBJECTnya bukan pelaku. Jadi kebalikannya dengan ACTIVE
VOICE dimana SUBJECT menjadi pelaku.

Examples

ACTIVE VOICE : The Rector opened the Seminar

PASSIVE VOICE : The Seminar was opened by the Rector

Passive voice tidak banyak digunakan dalam bahasa

inggris, jelas tidak sebanyak seperti dalam bahasa Indonesia.
Susunan ini kadang-kadang dipakai sekedar untuk variasi gaya
bahasa saja. Secara tatabahasa active voice selalu bias dialihkan
ke passive voice, bila persyaratannya terpenuhi. Tetapi hal ini
akan mengakibatkan tersusunnya alimat-kalimat yang janggal
dalam bahasa inggris.

74
 Namun demikian ada kalanya passive voice dipakai dalam
keadaan-keadaan tertentu, seperti berikut ini:

a. Bila tidak diketahui siapa pelakunya.

Examples

1. The book was printed in Jakarta

2. He was shot right in his head
3. This device was made in France.
4. The participant has been booked for flight of 724
5. The book he borrowed from the library had been
written in Bali

b. Bila dianggap lebih baik untuk tidak menyebut pelakunya.

Examples

1. The applicant was told that his English was

satisfactory for the course
2. The report had been reviewed several times
3. Discussions were held to solve the problem
4. A new way of introducing modern technology into
agriculture is being tried out.
5. Dr. Tuaga was brought up from the R and D Center to
assist the task force.

c. Bila object lebih dipentingkan daripada pelakunya

Examples

1. The cause of failure of the new system must be

discovered.
2. The consultant had been given a new assignment.
3. Education is considered the key to success
4. After World War II most colonies were replaced by
independent countries.

75
 5. The research is sponsored by many donor agencies.

d. Bila hasil dari sesuatu usaha lebih terkenal dari yang

melakukannya, atau setidak-tidaknya setara seperti kejadian-
kejadian menonjol dalam sejarah atau masyarakat.

Examples

1. Indonesia raya was composed by W.R. Supratman

2. twilight in Jakarta was written by Moechtar Lubis
3. the v-1 and v-2 were invented by the Germans
4. Indonesia’s independence was proclaimed by
Soekarno and Hatta
5. Electricity was invented by Edison.

Kalimat-kalimat sepeti tersebut dalam EXAMPLES a. dan

b. tidak pernah menyebutkan pelakunya. EXAMPLES dalam c.
pelakunya dapat disebutkan dapat pula tidak, sedangkan
kalimat-kalimat dalam EXAMPLES d. harus menyertakan
pelakunya. Pelakunya dalam hal ini ditempatkan sesudah VERB
dan didahului oleh BY

Seperti dapat dilihat dari susunan kalimat dalam passive voice

seperti tersebut dalam EXAMPLES terdahulu, maka dalam setiap
kalimat selalu terdapat suatu bentuk be diikuti oleh verb dalam
bentuk PAST PARTICIPLE. Bila ada kata-kata AUXILIARIES, maka
kata-kata tersebut ditempatkan sebelum BE.

SUBJECT AU BE VERB OBJECT-PLACE

X (PAST TIME AGENT
Participle)
The book Mus Was Printed In Jakarta.

76
The cause t Be Discovered
of failure Was Composed By w.r.
Indonesia Had Been Given supratman
raya being Tried out A new
The is assignment
consultant
A new
technique

Exercises

a. Mention five names of famous pieces of literature and their

authors. Use a passive construction
b. Do the same for famous pieces of musical compositions
c. Similarity try also for famous discoveries and inventions

Note:

People say -- it is said

People say that girls do better than boys in studying foreign

languages

it is said that girls do better than boys in studying foreign

languages.

Girls are said to do better than boys in studying foreign

languages

Exercises

Here are some more sentences for you to make passive

77
1. people have to obey the law
2. you must write your thesis on one side of the paper only
3. no one has ever beaten Indonesia at badminton
4. they fought a big battle there a few years ago
5. he made this desk himself
6. they still deny women the right to vote in some countries
7. the director asked the rest of us to come at 8 o’clock
8. the principal told the new students where to sit
9. this company offers a job with a good salary
10. someone ordered the soldier to shoot
11. She was asking the students difficult questions.
12. They told me to go away
13. Can anybody repair my TV?
14. What ought we to do about this?
15. Nobody may make mistakes
16. People should not speak about such things in public
17. The police could arrest the journalist for writing such
an article
18. Somebody must have brought this child up very
badly
19. You have to do something for these poor men
20. They asked me why I went out with him
21. We have asked some friends of her to join me
22. You must not throw away empty bottles
23. People will laugh at you if you do that
24. They read prayers after the ceremony
25. Why do you talk to me as if I were a child?
26. They will tell us the results by the end of next week
27. People say tortoise live longer than elephant
28. The police would arrest you for speeding on Savanna
Street
29. Could you prepare some sate for the social evening?

78
 30. The government was not going to adopt another
school system
31. They spent their holidays by being helpful to people
in the rural areas
32. Do you have to do all the work on your own?
33. He can’t find his watch anywhere
34. I was making the necessary revisions, when the dean
calling me
35. Did he do the work as he was supposed to?

Cross the number of sentences which are passive

1. tickets for band performances are usually easily sold out

2. our understanding of the solar system occurred over many
centuries
3. planned parenthood is gradually accepted
4. currently, there are limited school facilities available
5. concerted efforts were made to strengthen the program
6. the data in the report were wrongly interpreted
7. usually, small libraries do not have special encyclopedias
8. the chairman will give his report in the next meeting
9. the “world almanac” is published each year
10. traditional views have given way to more modern
ones
11. the suffering during the Japanese occupation was
intense and widespread
12. traditional views have given way to more modern
ones
13. experienced teachers have found that most students
tend to make the same kinds of mistakes
14. handicapped people are excused from military
services

79
15. it is anticipated that the world champion will retain
his title
16. there are many reasons why university students
should study English
17. in many cases people in the rural areas were
neglected and exploited lot
18. impromptu speeches are usually delivered only by
experienced speakers
19. the future secondary schools shall adopt an
integrated curriculum, combining academic and vocational
subject
20. several activities were carried out to effect the inter-
country transfer of innovative experience

BAB XI

80
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Yang dinamakan CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ialah kalimat

yang mengandung suatu syarat. CONDITION berarti syarat.
Biasanya dalam bahasa Indonesia kalimat semacam ini
memakai : jikalau, jika, kalau, andaikan, dsb

Dalam bahasa inggris kata-kata itu biasanya diterjemahkan

dengan if. Ada tiga macam CONDITIONAL SENTENCES:

1. future conditionals
2. present conditionals
3. past conditionals

A. FUTURE CONDITIONAL
yaitu kalimat yang mengandung persyaratan yang berlaku
untuk waktu yang akan datang

Ecample

1. if it rains tonight, I will not attend the meeting

2. if he passes all his crams, he will graduate in junr
3. my cousin will study law, if he finishes high school

Tense yang dipakai untuk kalimat semacam ini ialah :

PRESENT TENSE dalam IF-CLAUSE (anak kalimat if) – dan
PRESENT FUTURE TENSE (WILL, CAN, MAY + INFINITIVE) dalam
MAIN CLAUSE (kalimat tunduk).

I will not attend , if it rains

lectures
Nana can pass , if she does well on her final exams
What will you do , if you need help

81
 Dalam CONDITIONAL SENTENCES, tidak selalu if cause harus
diletakkan dibelakang

Examples

1. if you lend me your motorbike, I will be very grateful

2. You will soon be able to swim, if you practice hard.
3. Will he try it once again, he fails this time?

Exercise

1. If you invite me …………………………………………………

2. If the weather is nice ……………………………………………
3. If you need help ………………………………………………..
4. If the prices go up ………………………………………………
5. If you work hard …………………………………………………
6. What will you do, if …………………………………………….?
7. The book will be published soon, if …………………….?
8. I will put more sugar in the tea, if ……………………….?
9. I will answer your questions, if ……………………………?
10. If you read the instructions
………………………………….

B. PRESENT CONDITIONAL
Ialah kalimat yang mengandung suatu pengandaian yang
berlaku untuk waktu sekarang

Examples

1. if I had time, I would visit him at the hospital

2. if father had money, he would buy me new scooter
3. if he finished his assignment, he could attend the social
function

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 TENSE yang dipakai di sini ialah SIMPLE PAST dalam IF
CLAUSE, dan PAST FUTURE TENSE (WOULD, COULD, MIGHT +
INFINITIVE) dalam MAIN CLAUSE.

He would help her If he only knew

The professor might give his If you asked him
approval
He could take social sciences If he wanted

Dalam hal ini, AUXILIARY BE dalam IF CLAUSE menjadi WERE

untuk siapapun.

Example

1. if I were you, I would leave college

2. they would understand things better, if they were given
laboratory experience
3. she might look down upon me, if she were a VIP
4. if he were in my place, he could not escape

IF I WERE dan IF I HAD – dapat juga disingkatkan menjadi

WERE I

Example

1. if I were in his place, I would forget everything

2. were I in his place, I would kill that man
3. were you me, you would say something else
4. were he an engineer, he would not hire a mechanic
5. had I the time, I would join you

Untuk memberi tekanan atau untuk menyatakan suatu

harapan (WISH) IF dapat diikuti oleh ONLY

83
 Example

1. If only were richer, dear, I would buy you a nice car

2. My tutor would certain correct my mistakes, if only he
had more time.
3. He would gave me his support, if only he knew I am in
danger
4. If only Noes passed her matriculation-test, she would
not be that depressed

Exercises
1. If I had not said that,
………………………………………………….
2. He would have come, if ……………………………………………..
3. If I were him,
……………………………………………………………..
4. If that accident did not happen, ………………………………..
5. If he were here,
…………………………………………………………
6. If only he had the money, ………………………………………….
7. If only the teacher encouraged her, ………………………….
8. They might call you, if
………………………………………………..
9. The children would listen to him ……………………………….
10. If you were not ill,
……………………………………………………..

C. PAST CONDITIONAL
Yaitu kalimat yang mengandung suatu pengandaian yang
berlaku untuk waktu lampau

Example

84
1. if I had known it was going to rain, I would have taken
my umbrella with me
2. You would have passed your exam long ago, if you had
studied better.
3. Mother could have some earlier, if only she had not
missed the train.
4. We should not have discarded the goods, if they had
been in good condition.
5. If only they had been honest and cooperative,
everything might have turned out allright.

TENSE yang dipakai dalam PAST CONDITIONAL ialah PAST

PERFECT dalam IF CLAUSE dan PAST FUTURE PERFECT
(WOULD, COULD, MIGHT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE) dalam
MAIN CLAUSE.

The student council would have If the board had lowered the
been grateful tuition fee
The meetng might have If they had had full authority
prolonged the discussions
Exercise

1. If I had known you were here, ………………….

2. He would not have borrowed your book, if
…………………………
3. The police would not have discovered his secret, if
………………..
4. If you had given me your phone-number,
………………………….
5. If you had asked that questions earlier,
………………………………….
6. What would you have done, if
…………………………………………..

85
7. If you had told me that story
………………………………………………
8. If he had given us the correct address
………………………………………
9. If that accident had not happened
…………………………………………..
10. If I had enough time
……………………………………………………………….

Example

1. If he had been a psychiatrist, he would have offered her

his services.
Had he been a psychiatrist, …………

2. If the demands had not increased, …………..

Had the demands not increased, …………….

3. If father had noticed this before, ………….

Had father noticed this before, ……………

Meskipun lazimnya kata if yang dipakai untuk menunjukkan

suatu syarat atau pengandaian, namun sering juga dipakai
UNLESS = (IF NOT, PROVIDE THAT, ON CONDITION THAT, IN
CASE, SUPPOSE, dsb). TENSE yang dipakai sama sekali tidak
mengalami perubahan.

Example

1. If you meet him, tell him the truth

In case you meet him, tell him the truth

86
2. Provided that he concentrates on his study. He will pass
his entrance test .
3. Unless you want to discuss things at some other place, I
will meet you in the auditorium tonight.
4. Suppose there were a rapid population growth, what
steps would then be taken by the government.
5. She will sacrifice her holidays, on condition that she
allowed to do her research

Now compare the three different conditionals below and try to

understand the different ideas.

1. If you make all your assignments today, you will have

nothing to do tomorrow.
2. If you made all your assignments now, you would not be
able to attend today’s lectures.
3. If you had made all your assignments, you would not have
got a reminder from the professor.

Exercise

a. Underline the future conditional in the

passage below
Father worries about the poor marks that my sister gets in
criminology quizzes. “What will you do if you don’t pass
criminology” father asked her. “If I don’t pass it, I will take
it again. It’s a required subject in my field”. After a little
while she added: “Professor Salim says that my work is
improving and that I can still pass if I do well on the exam. I
will still be promoted, unless I fail in another subject”.
“Well, I am sure, that you will succeed if you do your
utmost”, her father said.

b. Put the verbs in the correct form

1. If you (ask) the Dean politely, he (help) you.

87
 2. I (stop) smoking, if prices (go) up again.
3. You (be late) for the enrolment, if you (not hurry).
4. If the equipment (work) all right, we (not have) any
stagnation.
5. He never (succeed), unless he (listen) to some good
advice.
6. What the social scientist (do), if he (not have) enough
data?
7. Can a tatement (be) reliate, if there (be not) enough
proof
8. If the survey (not produce) enough data, what steps
(take) by the team
9. In case I (miss) this opportunity, I (look) for another job
10. If the team (win), the (quality) for the finals.

c. Combine the two sentences, using “if”

Example
Perhaps it will rain. He’ll get wet.
He’ll get wet, if it rains

1. I may go to the hospital. I will see john

2. Perhaps he makes a goal. The team will give him some
reward
3. The group will go on a study tour. I will join them
4. The freshman may need some advice. He will go to his
tutor
5. He may break the law. He will be arrested.

Exercises

a. Underline the present conditional

Nana lived with her aunt near the campus. If nana didn’t
have an aunt she would live in a dormitory. One day her
aunt asked her, whether she needed transportation. She
said that if the faculty were not on the bus route, her aunt
would take her in her aunt car. If her aunt had no car, nana
would probably buy a push-bike. If she had money, she
would perhaps purchase a scooter.

88
b. Put the verbs in the correct form!
1. If they (plan) the arrangement carefully, no one (make)
any complains.
2. You (catch) the train, if you (be) earlier.
3. If the long paragraph (be) divided into three, if (be)
much easier to comprehend.
4. Suppose they (run out) of money, he (borrow) from me.
5. The situation (improve) if only the government (take)
strict measures.
6. If he (be) an expert, he (have) a different view of the
topic.
7. Unless the author (give) a supplementary explanation,
nobody (understand) the purpose of the book.
8. Provided that the unit costs of education (remain)
constant, the ministry (not make) many alterations in
the budget.
9. In case we (not accomplish) anything, what approach
you (suggest) ?
10. If that newly established company (ask) for a loan,
the bank (agree) ?

c. Underline the past conditional in the paragraph

below
My friend told me that she wouldn’t have chosen
criminology if she had known how difficult the discipline
was. If only her father had not insisted, it would never have
come up in her mind to study criminology. She would have
taken public administration instead, if he had approved.

d. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form

1. If they (follow) the rules strictly, the research (be) a
success.
2. The intuition (conduct) the survey, on condition that the
government (give) full authority.
3. In case the educational objectives (prove) to be
irrelevant, they (apply) another system

89
 4. The board (take) another strategy, unless their new
policy (be) effective.
5. Unless he (show) more responsibility, hiss boss only
(entrust) to him a part time job
6. The clerk (not open) the filling-cabinet unless he (look)
for some important documents
7. Sanur beach (be) ideal for a holidays, if only people (can
afford) the cost
8. The insane man (be killed), if the rain (not stop) quickly
9. The judge (not mention) these clauses to him, if the
accused (not deny) the crime
10. If she (not answer) the telephone, she never (hear)
the news

e. Read the following sentences carefully and say what

kind of conditional each sentence is
1. You would be sick, if you ate too much
2. Will you help me, if I need help?
3. If you were the dean, what would you do in this case?
4. In case you can’t find him tonight, who will you speak
to?
5. If only men were most reasonable, there would be no
more conflicts!
6. The curriculum would be a failure in the end, unless it
was preceded by a try-out.
7. The project should be conducted by experts, if the
department wanted to expect satisfactory results.
8. I would have come sooner, if I had know you were there
9. It would be easy to draw picture, if one know how to
10. I should have lost my money, if I had invested it in
some real-estate
11. If you wanted me to help, why didn’t you say so?
12. If it is convenient, let us meet at nine o’clock
tomorrow
13. You will take a great risk, if you work with that
concern
14. The developing countries would make progress right
away, if they did everything cooperatively

90
 15. Had I been in his place, I would have looked at the
matter from a different angle
16. The employer would have given her raise, if only that
girl had enough talent.
17. Were the sample people illiterate, the team would
apply another method.
18. Provided the numbers of facilities are increased,
there is little hope for success.
19. Had I known he had committed a crime, I would have
reported him to the police
20. If only the poor boy had enough courage to speak up,
the matter would take a different course.

f. Complete the following conditionals!

1. If you want everything to be ready on time,
……………………………………………..
2. Why didn’t you listen to him, If
…………………………………….…………………………….
3. Had the company ordered the google earlier,
…………………………………………..
4. Will you do the same, if
…………………………………………………………………………
……
5. Were you in my place,
…………………………………………………………………………
……..
6. The boy would have won the price, if
………………………………………………………..
7. In case he doesn’t accept the proposal,
……………………………………………………..
8. I am sure he would sacrifice everything, if
…………………………………………………
9. Get ready quickly, if
…………………………………………………………………………
…………
10. Unless the lecture used less technical terms,
…………………………………………….

91
 11. If the rain keeps falling,
…………………………………………………………………………
…..
12. The office would give him as increase, on condition
that ………………………….
13. If I know the details night,
………………………………………………………………………….
14. If only I had known the decision yesterday,
………………………………………………
15. If only I knew the answer,
………………………………………………………………………….
16. Had you told me the real story,
………………………………………………………………….
17. Suppose ha had not been a hardworkinh guy
…………………………………………..
18. Would be planning the tracers feel rewarded, if
………………………………………
19. If the panning bard agreed with the proposal,
………………………………………….
20. The dances would be much more nicer, if
………………………………………………..
21. If the department did not increase the number of
vocational schools, ……
22. In case they don’t make the necessary changes in
the curricula ………………..
23. The students would have more credits points, if
………………………………………..
24. Would the audiences remain patient, if
………………………………………………………
25. Provided they increased the budget, ,
……………………………………………………......

BAB XII

REPORTED SPEECH (INDIRECT SPEECH)

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 Yang dinamakan reported speech, ialah kalimat tidak
langsung. Report = melaporkan, speech = ucapan. Jadi
reported speech ialah melaporkan apa yang diucapkan oleh
seseorang.

Reported speech dibagi dalam:

1. REPORTED IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

IMPERATIVE = perintah. Yang dilaporkan disini ialah suatu
peritah. Karena suatu perintah biasanya tidak mengenai
SUBJECT, maka VERB dalam DIRECT IMPERATIVE tidak
mengalami perubahan. VERB dan INDIRECT IMPERATIVE
menjadi INFINITIVE PHRASE.

Example

“Go away !” -- He told me to go away

“Don’t do that!” -- She asked him not do that
“Be on time!” -- The chairman told us to be on
time

REPORTING VERB yang dipakai dalam REPORTED

IMPERATIVE SENTENCES ini biasanya : TELL, ASK, ORDER,
COMMAND, SUGGEST.

Exercises

Put the following sentences into the reported speech using

the verb indicated

1. “Study harder!”. Mother keeps telling me

…………………………………………………………………..
2. “Follow the directions strictly!”. The doctor said
…………………………………………………………

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 3. “Be alert!”. He ordered
………………………………………………………………………
………………………..
4. “Leave me alone!”. She begged him
………………………………………………………………………
…….
5. “Hold tight!”. The bus conductor asked the
passengers ………………………………………………
6. “Don’t turn left but go straight ahead !” The
policeman advised us……………………………..
7. “Let’s start the work all over again !” She suggested
……………………………………………………
8. “Be careful and don’t spill anything on the clean
tablecloth !” I told her ………………………
9. “Don’t clean your dirty shoes on my clean carpet !”
The landlady told him ………………….
10. “Don’t be silly and get ready for work !” We
told him …………………………………………………..

2. REPORTED STATEMENTS
A. Disini yang dilaporkan bukan suatu “perintah”
melainkan suatu STATEMENT.
- beda dengan REPORTED IMPERATIVE,
maka dalam REPORTED STATEMENTS ada perubahan
PRONOUN, dan di dalam hal ini dipakai kata
penghubung that, REPORTING-VERB dalam
STATEMENTS ialah: SAY, TELL, REMARK, etc
- Apabila REPORTING-VERB dalam bentuk
PRESENT TENSE atau PRESENT PERFECT atau
FUTURE TENSE, maka DIRECT STATEMENT tidak
megalami perubahan TENSE

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 “I am very sorry”

He says that he is very sorry

“I can’t help you”

Mother has told me that se can’t help me.

“It is certainly not your fault”

Father will tell them that it is certainly not their

fault.

“You are not working hard enough”

The boss keeps saying that I am not working

hard enough.

Exercises

Put the following sentences in the reported speech

1. Elly has to give a lecture” – He says ……………

2. “I have been smoking too much” -- John always tell
me ……………
3. “My cultural background is different from yours” – the
guide has told the tourist ………………
4. “The program on TV has been changed” – They say
…………..
5. “You will miss the opportunity” – My adviser says
…………….

B. Apabila reporting verb itu dalam bentuk past

tense atau past perfect, maka verb dalam direct
statement berubah sebagai berikut:
Direct Speech Indirect (Reported Speech)

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 1 Present Tense Past Tense (Simple/cont.)
. (Simple/Cont.)
-- He told me that he was a
“I am a doctor” -- doctor
“Prices go up” -- The butcher said that prices
“We are doing fine” went up
They said that they were doing
fine
2 Present Perfect/Pres. Pf. Past Perfect/Past Pf. Cont.
. Cont.
Becaks have become -- Mother told us that becaks
scarcer lately had become scarcer lately
The mission has been -- They had told us that the
making necessary changes mission had been making the
necessary changes
3 Past Tense Past Perfect Tense/Past Pf.
. (Simple/Cont.) Cont.
--
We decided to The local people told us that
transmigrate -- they had decided to
transmigrate
The group was making a lot The board had stated that the
of progress group had been making a lot
of progress

ADVERBS OF TIME AND PLACE berubah pula sebagai

berikut:

Direct Indirect
Here There
Now Then
Yesterday The day before
This That
These Those
Next week The following week

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Last week The week before
Ago Before
Tomorrow The following day, the next day

Meskipun biasanya kata penghubung that dipakai

dalam REPORTED STATEMENTS, namun boleh juga that
itu diabaikan, seperti dalam Example berikut ini:

He told me that he was a lawyer

He told me he was a lawyer

Mother reminded me that I had been working too hard

Mother reminded me I had been working too hard

Exercises

Put the following statements in the reported speech,

putting the reporting verbs in the past tense

1. The archaeologist explored a temple in an ancient

city three centuries ago
2. The man was dressed in a light, grey jacket last
night.
3. I am awfully sorry but I really didn’t intend to hurt
her
4. by the time we arrive at the station, the train will
have left
5. you can gain a lot of experience while you are here
6. the new clerk is very industrious but she doesn’t
have common sense
7. father has been piling up logs in the back yard since
yesterday
8. my brother is working hard on his dissertation right
now

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 9. you must follow the directions strictly or else you will
get into a lot of trouble
10. If you don’t want to listen to me, I won’t help
you any longer.

3. REPORTED QUESTIONS
Dalam hal ini perubahan tense sama dengan perubahan
yang berlaku untuk REPORTED STATEMENTS. Namun
berbeda dengan REPORTED STATEMENT, maka REPORTED
QUESTIONS ini mengalami INVERSION dalam word order;
reporting-verb dalam questions ialah: ASK, INQUIRE, WANT
TO KNOW, WONDER, dsb

Example

“Where can you keep your money safely?”

The old lady asked her grandchild where she could keep
her money safely.

“How would you solve the problem?”

The professor asked the students how they would have

solved the problem.

“Why did you go out last night?”

The judge asked the thief why he had gone out the night
before

Exercise

Put the following questions in the reported speech, putting

the reporting verb in the past tense

1. Where can you obtain these application forms?

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2. Why didn’t you attend lectures in this morning?
3. Since when have you received financial aid from this
institution?
4. Who told you all that nonsense?
5. Whose responsibility is it to clear up this terrible mess?
6. Who seconded the motion at the meeting yesterday?
7. In what way can I be of any help to you?
8. Which foreign languages have you studied?
9. When does the student council start publishing the
journal?
10. How will the debate be conducted?

Jikalau QUESTION itu tidak dimulai dengan QUESTION

WORD, tetapi berupa pertanyaan yang harus dijawab
dengan YES or NO (Open Questions) makan dalam hal ini
dipakai kata penghubung IF, atau WHETHER dalam
REPORTED QUESTION.

Example

“Have you under stood the topic thoroughly?”

My tutor asked me if/whether I had understood the topic

thoroughly

“Is that the only thing you can do?”

She asked me whether that was the only thing I could do

“Do you usually take a nap?”

The doctor asked me whether I usually took a nap

Exercise

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 Put the following questions in the reported speech, putting
the reporting verb in the past tense

1. Was he chosen as leader of the base ball team?

2. Will the crowd be satisfied with such an
acknowledgement?
3. Has he told her bluntly that he works for the
corporation?
4. Did the editor read the article but refuse to publish it?
5. Can you immediately set out to check the truth of this
news?
6. Didn’t the police arrest the thief?
7. Isn’t there any urgent need to take strict measures in
this case?
8. Shall I show you the original text or are you satisfied
with this carbon copy?
9. Must we keep this sort of medicine in a cool dry place?
10. Do you need to worry, if you have been told that
everything is fine?

4. REPORTED REQUESTS
Karena REQUESTS pada dasarnya susunan katnaya serupa
dengan OPEN-QUESTIONS, maka perubahannya dalam
REPORTED SPEECH juga sama dengan OPEN-QUESTIONS

Example

1. “Could you help me please?” She asked me

whether I could help her.
2. “Would you mind joining us our debate?” The
chairman asked the professor whether he would mind
joining them in their debate

5. EXCLAMATION IN REPORTED SPEECH

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 EXCLAMATIONS sering tidak dipergunakan dalam
REPORTED SPEECH.

“What a lovely garden this is!”

He remarked what a lovely garden it was.

Example

“Good gracious! I’ve made the same mistake again!”

She exclaimed that se had made the same mistake again.

“What on earth are you aiming at!”

He cried out what I was aiming at.

6. REPORTED SPEECH (MIXED TYPES)

Jika IMPERATIVES, STATEMENT, QUESTIONS atau
EXCLAMATIONS dicampur dalam suatu percakapan, maka
tiap jenis kalimat dalam REPORTED SPEECH harus
diperlakukan menurut peraturan-peraturan yang berlaku
untuk masing-masing jenis kalimat.

Reporting-verb untuk jenis statement dan imperative ialah:

TELL, SAY, EXPLAIN, REMARK, COMMAND, ORDER, etc.
sedangkan untuk questions AND REQUEST mis: ASK,
INQUIRE, WANT TO KNOW, WONDER, etc. Jangan lupa
menambahkan “AND” sebagai penghubung.

Example

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 1. “Please, accept that job!” the rise in status is well worth
the loss of money”.
We advised John to accept the job and told him that the
rise in status was well worth the loss of money”.
2. “You really look beautiful in your new dress. Does the
full length skirt come back into fashion now?”
He said that she really looked beautiful in her new
dress and asked her whether the full lengths skirt came
back into fashion then.
3. “Good heavens! I split some turpentine on my new
overall. What shall I do?”
He exclaimed that he had split some turpentine on his
new overall and wondered what he should do.
4. “Why don’t you take a shower and change your
clothes? It’s certainly very refreshing after a hard day
work”
Mother asked him why he didn’t take a shower and
change his clothes and said that it was certainly very
refreshing after a hard day work.
5. “Oh, how nice you all are! Do you think I deserve such a
great reward?”
He remarked how nice all of us were and asked whether
we thought he deserved such a great reward.

7. “MUST” in REPORTED SPEECH

A. POSITIVE MUST menjadi HAD TO, jika REPORTING
VERB dalam waktu lampau
“You must be a little more accurate”

She said I had to be a little more accurate

B. THE NEGATIVE MUST NOT MENJADI WOULDN’T

HAVE.
“You mustn’t do your own way.”

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 She said I wouldn’t have to do my own way

C. THE NEGATIVE MUSN’T MEANING NEEDN’T

menjadi DIDN’T HAVE
“Your needn’t worry, dear”

He told his wife that she didn’t have to worry

D. MUST yang artinya RULE, PROHIBITION, NATURAL

LAWS dan ETERNAL TRUTH, tetap dalam bentuk SIMPLE
PRESENT.

Examples

“We must help others who are in need”

Mother said that we must help others who are in need

8. SHALL IN REPORTED SPEECH

a. Shall in statements, denoting pure
future  would.
“I shall finish this assignment by the end of the second
semester”

He said he would finish that assignment by the end of

second semester.

b. Shall in questions/requests  should

‘Shall I lend you a hand in your business?”

He asked me politely whether he should lend me a hand

in my business

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Exercise

Change the sentences below into the Reported Speech,

putting the reporting verbs in the PAST TENSE

1. They have built a sea-side cottage on the promontory of

Pulau Alor in Bali. Do you feel like paying a visit to it?
2. What are you going to do with that badly damaged car?
3. Wouldn’t it be better to go there yourself? You will have a
better idea of the situation
4. As long as he is not able to do his work, everything will be
my responsibility
5. Did you see the fire last night? Two shops were burnt to the
ground
6. Shall I break the news to him or is it better to wait for a
more suitable situation?
7. How many times have you stayed away from lectures this
week? Don’t you think it will harm your reputation?
8. What is the doctor telephone’s number? The maid has
fallen downstairs and broken her leg.
9. Oh, how I hate the dirty business! Won’t be possible for
you to look for more a respectable job?
10. Did you ring me up last night? Sorry, I wasn’t in,
because I had to attend a meeting.
11. Mr. Kasim wants to be an insurance agent. Do you
think it’s a good idea?
12. Have you ever been to the Jonolon-Caves? The piles
of limestone glittering in all the colors of the rainbow are
really spectacular.
13. Don’t behave like a child! You are old enough to
stand on your own
14. What time is the library open? I need some books for
my paper
15. Which of those two systems will be applied in our
country? Do you think it’s the right time to start with it?

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 BAB XIII

GERUND

Gerund adalah VERB berbentuk ING yang berfungsi sebagai

NOUN dan mempunyai sifat sama dengan NOUN biasa.
Pemakaiannya adalah sebagai berikut:

d. Sesudah SUBJECT dan OBJECT

Examples

1. the members of parliament like lobbying

2. Arguing can sometimes be very interesting.
3. being a professor is every lecturer’s ambition

105
e. Sesudah PREPOSITION
Examples

1. the government now is in the middle of reforming the

educational system
2. the participant submitted his working paper before joining
the meeting
3. in judging other countries’ matters, the Government has to
consider several political aspects.

f. Sesudah PERSONAL/POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

Ecamples

1. the magistrates prefers his leaving the townhall

2. I cannot bear his being rude
3. The ambassador is afraid of their getting into difficulties.

g. Sesudah VERBS tertentu, seperti misalnya

MIND, KEEP, LIKE, LOVE, GIVE, UP, PREFER, STOP, HATE, NEED,
HELP
Examples

1. My driving license needs renewing

2. My boss keeps telling me to concentrate on my work
3. why do not give up drinking?

h. Sesudah PHRASES tertentu

Examples

1. it’s no use trying to convince him

2. it’s worth starting the work right now
3. it’s no use doing the work all over again

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Exercise

a. Put the word in brackets in the correct form

1. please, stop (play) chess all the time
2. we really enjoy (watch) the beautiful scenery
3. the audience prefers (he) (leave) the convention hall
4. some people still imagine (fly) to be more dangerous than
(travel) by train
5. they postponed (build) a new student centre until they had
collected enough money
6. the crowd remembered (he) (make) trouble during the
orientation week sometime ago
7. I wonder, if you would mind (allow) (I) to leave the work
8. The witness denies (have seen) (he) before
9. I hate (they) (mention) bygones
10. Few youngsters realize that (take)
drugs will lead (they) to destruction

b. Complete these sentences

1. He has just given up
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………..
2. Why do not you stop
………………………………………………………………………………
……………………….
3. Do you like
………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………….
4. Do you really enjoy
………………………………………………………………………………
………………
5. We do not mind
………………………………………………………………………………
……………………
6. I hate
………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………

107
7. You really ought to start
………………………………………………………………………………
……….
8. Shall I stop
………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………….
9. He really prefers
………………………………………………………………………………
……………………
10. I wonder if you would mind
………………………………………………………………………………
…..
11. You had better continue
………………………………………………………………………………
………..
12. It’s no use
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
13. Do you think it’s worth
………………………………………………………………………………
…………..
14. They cannot help
………………………………………………………………………………
…………………..
15. Can you imagine me
………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………..
16. I really need
………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………….
17. Does he remember
………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………….

108
 18. He very much loves
………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………….
19. My mother keeps
………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………….
20. The lab equipment needs
………………………………………………………………………………
…………………..

c. Put the words between brackets in the correct form or

add “to” if necessary
1. Do you object to (we, study) in the library?
2. I am sorry (disturb) you with my continual questions, but I
am really at loss
3. Let (we, watch) the actors (rehearse)
4. If you don’t like (peel) onions try (hold) (they) underwater
while (do) so
5. The manager has his employee (do) all the dirty work
6. We regret (say) that the lectures were very dull and
weren’t worth (listen) to
7. There was a little incentive (work) harder
8. I advise you (wait) before (decide) (accept) the job
9. Why does he want so much (buy) that old dilapidated rocky
chair?
10. Now that he has failed, the student
means (work) harder next year
11. (have ) a party tonight means (work)
extra harder tomorrow
12. You can be sure, that I’ll make (she
leave) the house as soon as possible
13. (realize) that he has lost the game,
he doesn’t mind (pay) all the bills
14. The dean let the demonstrators (do)
what they want to (do)
15. Please, allow (they, make, they) own
decision!

109
16. Stop (make) a fool of yourself by
(keep on) (repeat) the same question
17. I would love so much (have) the
chance of (meet) (he) again
18. It’s no use (go) all the way back just
for such dull play
19. Please, excuse (we come) a little late
without (let you, know)
20. Will it be worth (allow, they) (do) the
work all over again?
21. I heard (they all, come) downstairs
and (go) into the dining room
22. Let (we both) (have) a try!
23. He tries (make) the best of
everything, though his parents (hate, he) (start) this new
project
24. The poor girl began (look)for the
missing papers a few days ago, but now she must stop (try)
to find them.
25. His failure has made (he, think)
seriously of his future
26. Mother doesn’t like the idea of (he,
join) the army
27. It certainly won’t be of any help
(provide, he) with some supplementary support
28. We can’t let (she, make) her own
choice
29. I can’t imagine (they, refuse) to pay
for it
30. The nasty weather won’t stop (we,
play) in the match

110