Nabua National High School

Science Department
San Miguel, Nabua, Camarines Sur

Research Plan

Working Title: Anthelmintic Potentials of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Against Monogenean Infections in Nile
Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Proponents: Lope V. Olaso III, John Paul Rey F. Celiz

Campus: Nabua National High School

Grade and Section: 9 SOC 2

Research Teacher: Mr. Jan Ervin S. Babor

Research Methodology Adviser:

I. RATIONALE

Tilapias have become a staple in dishes because of being affordable, and because of how easy they can be

Raised from anywhere in the world because of its ability to adapt to a variety of climates. Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis

mossambicus) was first introduced in the Philippines during the 1950s but was not well accepted by consumers until the 1970s when
Nile tilapia was introduced and had a successful commercialization Consumers have shown much greater acceptance of the Nile

tilapia

The Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a member of the cichlid and tilapia family. It has a deep-bodied, compressed shape. This

species is bronze to brownish-gray dorsally and laterally, and white ventrically. It has a truncated caudal fin that has many thin black bands and a

pinkish-red posterior margin. Nile tilapia have a small mouth with bicuspid jaw teeth and between two and three small inner rows. According to

Florida Museum of Natural History, breeding males develop a pinkish-red flush on the body and a black edge on the dorsal fin. The black “tilapia

spot” is present anteriorly on the dorsal fin, and is most prominent on juveniles. Nile tilapia can be found in canals, creeks, rivers and lakes,

usually with aquatic vegetation

Monogenea are a group of 6000–7000 species, mainly ectoparasites of gill and skin of fish and more rarely of

amphibians. Monogeneans are common in many seas, and their presence in a range of cultured species has been responsible for

mortality or a reduction in health. This includes gilthead seabream Sparus aurata infections by Microcotyle sp. and Zeuxapta seriolae

infected with Seriola dumerili. Loss of 5–10% of the juvenile stock of the European sea bass in the spring of each year has been

attributed to heavy infections of Diplectanum aequans (Monogenea, Diplectanidae). Reports of pathology inflicted by monogeneans

are extensive. Attachment and feeding by a high number of Monopistocotylea on fish gill and skin can injure epithelial cells, and

heavy skin infection can cause sloughing of epithelium, loose scales, and excess mucus secretion (Whittington, 2012).

Monopistocotylea hamuli, the hooks of the haptor, lead to gill tissue hyperplasia and oedema with atrophy of capillaries and lamellae,

which affects host respiratory function leading to death (Whittington, 2012).

II. QUESTIONS OR PROBLEMS BEING ADDRESSED:

 General problem

How effective are the Anthelmintic potentials of ginger extracts to the monogeneans that cause irritation and excessive mucus

production and can also cause significant mortalities to the tilapia?

1. What will be the effect of ginger extract on monogeneans’ mortality rate in terms of different concentrations?

30% Concentration

60% Concentration

90% Concentration

2. Is there a significant difference between commercial antiparasite and ginger extract in terms of mortality?

III. EXPECTED OUTCOMES

This study aims to evaluate the mortality rate of ginger against monogeneans and develop a new cure to treat

monogenean infections in tilapia that is organic and cost-effective

IV. HYPOTHESES

Null
 There is no significant difference between the tilapia treated with ginger and treated with commercial antiparasite

Alternative

There is a significant difference between the tilapia treated with ginger and treated with commercial antiparasite

V. METHODS AND PROCEDURE

a. CAUSAL DIAGRAM

Amount of concentrations

Linking Variable

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Ginger a. Germination percentage

b. Mortality rate

a. RESEARCH DESIGN

This study will use the experimental method, which will be laid out in a Complete Randomized Block

Design wherein the four treatments willExperimental unit:

be replicated tilapia
4 times.

Extraneous Variable
a. Variety of ginger
b. Temperature
 Tp1 T1 T2 T3

R1 R3 R7 R5

R9 R2 R6 R4
Phase II Phase III Phase IV Phase V

R10 R8 R11 R13

R12 R14 R16 R15

Wherein:

Positive Control 1 (Tp1) = commercial antiparasite

Treatment 1 (T1) = 90% ginger extract concentration

Treatment 2 (T2) = 60% ginger extract concentration

Treatment 3 (T3) = 30% ginger extract concentration

c. Procedures:

The following steps will be followed by the researchers in conducting the experimentation procedure.
 Phase I

Preparation of the Preparation of Experimental Analysis of data Compiling the

ginger to be setup gathered/
fish tanks where the
extracted application and analyzed data of
tilapia will be held
treatment the different
Extraction of preparation treatments done
ginger extracts with tilapias
collection and
randomization of
Treatment infected with
application of monogeneans
tilapia that is positive
with monogeneans to ginger extracts as
Formulating the
undergo well as the Discussion,
acclimatization positive control Conclusion and
recommendation
Observation and
gathering data

d. MATERIALS
1. Fish tank
2. Gloves
3. Dropper
4. Nile tilapia
5. Small container
6. Petri dishes
7. Water filter
8. Ginger
9. Beaker
10. Disposable syringes
11. Ethanol
12. Distilled Water
13. Commercial fish feeds
14. Commercial antiparasite
15. Strainer
16. Mortar and pestle
17. Blender
VI. RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT

RISKS
RISKS MANAGEMENT

The researchers might be hurt  Always wear gloves

Physical Hazards using sharp objects and lab and masks.

apparatuses  Observe the

Laboratory Safety
The researchers might spill
Rules.
Chemical Hazards some chemicals necessary for
 Ask assistance from
extraction
the adults and
 The researchers might

encounter harmful bacteria that

Biological Hazard professionals.
are present in the sample
 Be sure to follow the

usual safety

precautions when

handling the

materials and

VII. FORMS

Checklist for Adult Sponsor

Students Checklist

Risk Assessment Form

Approval Form

Regulated research Institutional/Industrial form

Qualified scientist form

VIII. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

 The gathered data will be interpreted by means of Completely

Randomized Block Design using One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to determine

the significant difference between the four treatments used.

IX. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Van Doan, H., Soltani, E., Ingelbrecht, J., & Soltani, M. (2020). Medicinal Herbs

and Plants: Potential Treatment of Monogenean Infections in Fish. Reviews in

Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 28(2), 260–282.

https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2020.1712325

Froeschke, G., & Von Der Heyden, S. (2014). A Review of Molecular

Approaches for Investigating Patterns of Coevolution in Marine Host–Parasite

Relationships. Advances in Parasitology. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-

800099-1.00004-1

Lim, S., Ooi, A. L., & Wong, W. (2016a). Gill monogeneans of Nile tilapia

(Oreochromis niloticus) and red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) from the

wild and fish farms in Perak, Malaysia: infection dynamics and spatial

distribution. SpringerPlus, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-3266-2

Nile Tilapia. (n.d.). Discover Fishes.

https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/florida-fishes-gallery/nile-

tilapia/#:~:text=The%20Nile%20tilapia%20is%20a,a%20pinkish%2Dred

%20posterior%20margin.