INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

A Report submitted in partial fulfilments of the requirements for the Award of Degree of

Bachelors of Science Honours in Agriculture

Submitted To : Mr. Vinay Kumar Submitted By : Akshita Sharma

Roll no : 1906002009
Index
 Certificate of completion
 Abstract
 Acknowledgement
 MARKFED The organisation
 Markfed Agro Chemicals
 Formulations
 Liquid Plant
 Dust Plant
 Wettable Plant
 Quality Control and Testing
 Pollution Control
 Safety
 Conclusion
ABSTRACT
My report is titled ‘MARKFED Agro Chemicals, Mohali’, which
covers in depth the procedure of the said plant. The first part of the
report deals general over view of Markfed as a co-operative
institute. This part covers its present state of the company and its
mission and vision. The second part is concise introduction of
Markfed Agro Chemicals, Mohali. Next part is theoretical details
about three plants, - Liquid, Dry Powder and Wettable Powder.
The third part has quality, pollution control and safety measures.
The last part deals with conclusion.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
During my journey from objective to goal, I have experienced a shower of
blessings, guidance, and inspiration from our teachers, parents, friends all our
well wisher and almighty god who have given me this right direction and made it
to achieve the goal.
At the outset, I would like to acknowledge and extend my heartfelt gratitude to
Mrs. AMITA MAHAJAN , Head Of Department, University School of
Agriculture Sciences, Rayat Bahra University, Mohali for giving us an
opportunity to work in MARKFED Agro Chemicals, Mohali, Punjab for my
project. It would have been possible without his kind support and help.
I would like to extend my sincere thanks to my guide Mr. SANJIV KUMAR
JHA, Deputy General Manager, Mr.S.S BAJWA, Suprintendent, Mrs.
KULPREET KAUR, Quality Control Manager, and Mr. DINESH KUMAR
SHARMA, Production Supervisior , for giving me the opportunity to do my
project work.
Finally, I am thankful to Mr. R.P. SHARMA, Senior Chemist, as he gave me his
precious time and expertise about plant.

MARKFED
Markfed contribution to agriculture and industry has drawn appalause from all quarters and has
borne fruits in many ways. Markfed is Asia’s largest marketing cooperative. Markfed stands for
‘punjab state co-operative supply and marketing federation limited’ .It was registered on 2 nd
September, 1954. At the time of registration, it began with one bicycle, 3 employees, 13 members
and a capatial of Rs. 54000, has now achieved meteoritic volumes and has grown to become the
largest marketing cooperative in Asia with an annual business turnover of over Rs. 22882 crores with
nearly 1935 employees.
Markfed operated through 17 districts offices over 100 branches offices in Mandi towns and 11
processings and trading units. In addition to these, the co-operative also has a mobile soil testing
laboratory.
Markfed net worth as on 31st march ,2015 is 11872 crores and the no. of members has expanded to
3051.Markfed has emerged as a very solid and stable organization commited to the service of farmer
community of the state of Punjab. Markfed has been awarded National Producitivity Awards in
various fields like cooperative marketing activated, food processing, cattle-feed production, etc. to
name a few. Several innovation incentive scheme have been introduced for the benefit of the farmers
and the member co-operative socities. Markfed also contributes to research and development through
the Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana (Punjab). A fair amount is also reinvested in the setting
up of new projects, modernization and diversification of existing plants.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
MISSION
“Promote sustainable development of Punjab Agricultural communitis through supply of
reliable high quality agriculture inputs and service as well as efficient procurement and
marketing of Agri-Produce”.

VISION
“To be a globally renowned cooperative federation this optimizes returns to all
stakeholders and ensures development of agricultural community through operations
across the agriculture value chain”.
The main aim of the market is to safe guard the interest if the interest of farmers in the
post independence period . Markfed played an important role in the “GREEN
REVOLUTION” in Punjab . It helps in stabilizing the market rates of ghe farm products,
help in generation of employment. It has adopted latest techniques in spreading the vital
info marfed has joint hands with Punjab Marketing Board since 1984 to sponsor farmer
info program ‘Mera pind Mera Khet’ on television. Markfed success is true reflection of
the spirit and dynamism of people it represent.

FACTORIES AND UNITS

To fulfil the commitment to help the general public, markfed has processing units and
factories at differents location in Punjab.
These are :

 Markfed Vanaspati and Allied Industries, Khanna

 Markfed Refined Oil and Allied Industries, Kapurthala
 Markfed Cotton Seed Processing Plant, Gidderbaha
 Markfed Agro Chemical, Mohali
 Markfed Canneries, Jalandhar
 Markfed Modern Rice Mill, Rajpura

PRODUCTS
Though Markfed manufactures a lot of products such as pesticides, HDPC etc. but the
most famous are its edi ble and food precessing products. Most of these are famous under
the brand name of SOHANA. A few of them are sohna ketchup, honey, sarosoan ka saag ,
pickels, etc
In non edible products, it has agro chemicals, cattle feed etc.
Markfed has 19 Agro Service Centers at different places which sell different products to
consumers. Markfed has 107 branches in different towns of Punjab. Markfed also has 8
soil and water testing labs in service of farmers.

INTRODUCTION
As far as Markfed Agro Chemicals is concerned. It was setup in 1968 in a rented building
at industrial area chandigarh. It was later shifted to its present existed complex in 1972 at
Mohali in an area of 2.5 acre . this was first formulation unit setup by Punjab State Co-
operative Supply and Marketing Federation Limited. Before this all formulation plants
erer owned by private sector parties. With all setup of this units, MNCs have been forced
to reduce their rated to complete with Markfed products.
The plant produces 16 insectides, 6 weedicids and 9 fungicides. It has capacity of
producing 6000 litres liquid, 1500 km wettable powder and 5 metric ton dust powder per
day. It has 10% shares in the total Punjab’s market.

OBJECTIVES
The fundamental motive of unit is to formulate pesticides of the standard quality which
are required by the farmers of the state to protect their crops from weed, insects, fungi and
diseases. The plant strives to supply these pesticides to the farmers in time at their door
steps at reasonable prices. This unit has been quite successful in fulfilment of its
objectives. Further those unit has affected the market to the extent that all other
formulation. Suppliers has been compelled to reduce their prices considerably and to
improve the quality of their products. Due to the activity of the unit farmers are now quite
conscious while making the purchase of the vital inputs.

TYPES OF FORMULATIONS
These are mainly 3 types of formulation namely emulsifiable concentrating, wettable
powders and dusting powders. This plant has a capacity to produce all 3 types of
formulations. All the main pesticides are being produced in this plant. This unit has
registered certificate for the pesticides from Central Insecticide Board, the Govt. of India
to produce as many pesticides.

RAW MATERIAL USED

The raw material include technical, solvents, suspending/wetting agents, emulsifiers and
stabilizers, etc some technical, solvents, emulsifiers, suspending/wetting agents,
emulsifiers and stabilizer, etc. purchased from the other places whereas the other places
whereas the paere material used for packing are locally available.

CAPACITY
The plant has a capacity to produce 10,000litres liquid pesticides, 35 metric ton dusting
powder and 7.8 metric ton wettable powder per day. The production sections are well
equipped with modern formulations and packing equipment and machinery. Presently
about 10.35 litres of liquid pesticides, 46 metric tonn of wettable powder and 1275 metric
ton of dusting powder are being produced annually.

QUALITY MARK
All the major formulations of this unit are ISI marked. License Bureau of Indian Standard
is still in making . these are recommended by the Punjab Agriculture University,
Ludhiana. These products are quite popular for their high quality.

MARKETING
The marketing of the products is done through appointed distribution, dealers, govt.
institution, research organization, national and state cooperative and federations and
through Markfed’s own branches and service centers.

TURNOVER
The annual turnover of the plant is appr. 67.10 crores. It is has been possible due to the
fact that during last 10 years new products have been added, production of major
pesticides has been increased, working has improves, the cost have been controlles to
complete in the market is insured and above all the quality and marketing have been
adapted.

PROFIT
During the initial years, the plant remains in the loss or showed marginal profits and the
accumulated profits since its inspection was Rs. 563.74 lakhs till 2003-2006. During the
last decades, considerable increase was achieved years after years. The annual profit now
stands around Rs. 100 crores. The profits showed increase due to addition of new and
improved quality pesticides.

FORMULATION
The pesticides are generally in concentrated from purity ranging up to 90% or above as
such cannot be used directly because it will damage the crops. Moreover these chemicals
are mostly insoluble in water, so same arrangement is to be made to make these chemicals
useable to able applied in the desired quality or percentage of chemicals to the crops so as
to kill the insects without affecting the crop.

DUSTING POWDER (DP)

For this case pesticides is mixed with some insert i.e. soap, clay etc. and then pulverized
to the particle size of 200 mesh. In grinding process not only the pesticides particles are
disturbed among the particles of the diluents but also these get coat by diluents.
Machinery used include Reymond Mill and pulverizer.

GRANULATED FORMULATION
Granulated formulations are widely used for the control of soil inhabiting and above
ground level pests. The most important method of preperation of granulated formulation
are impregnating of prepared granule with liquid pesticides and subsequent screening.
Kaoline and Bentonites are used as diluent. For granulation in addition to diluents and
pesticides various agents base synthesis resin are used. The most widely used
formulations have granite size has 0.2mm. the important examples being the lodgement
the leaf funnel of maize as an ideal means for control of stem-borer. Their application is
less affected by wind and converts them in dusts and liquids.

WETTABLE POWDERS
Powders formulations that on dilutions with water yield stable suspentions are called
wettable powder suspension. These are usually more effective than dust as dust is poorly
retained on the surfaces. Emulsifions are easily absorbed and as a result considerable
amount of residues are retained on fruits.

REQUIREMENTS OF WETTABLE POWDER

Stability in stored and absence of caking.

Rapid formulation of suspension and slow settling of solid particles.
Good wettability and spreading powder.
Retention on sprayed surfaces for more or less prolonged times.
One of the principal conditions guaranteeing the effectivess of suspension is high of
dispersion of the actual ingredients.
In order to increase the retention of prepartions on plants or surfaces, special stickers
addes. The raw material are surface active agents, i.e, dispsersing/suspending agents,
wetting agents and inert filter like silica.

SOLUBLE POWDER(SP)
In this case the insecticide is itself soluble in water. The insecticide is diluted with fillers
which are also soluble in water. In this formulation, suspending wetting agents are not the
required or required in very small quantity. The technical along with fillers are grinded to
the required mesh size, for example Acephote 75% SP.
SOLUTIONS OF PESTICIDES IN WATER AND
ORGANIC AND ORGANIC SOLVENTS (SL)
Compounds that are soluble in water can be used as much after mixing with water soluble
organic solvents or water. Such chemicals are salts or organic acids with different bases
and some organo-phosphorus insecticides and fungicides. Example : Monocrotophos 36%
SL, Paraquet Dichloride 34% SL.

EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE (EC)

One of the convenient types of formulations of pesticides is emulsifiable concentrate that
upon dilution with water gives stables emulsion stable for spraying on plants and
surfaces. However, in some instances this kind of pesticides is suitable for proportion of
such concentrate of active ingredients usually are more effective than corresponding
suspensions.

Example : Malatonin 50% EC, Butachlor 50%EC etc.

Here machinery used include S, Steel mixing tank, solvent storage tanks, pump pipe lines
filters press , filling machines, sealing machines, stamping machines etc.

AEROSOLES
One of the new forms in which pesticides are used in public health and agriculture is the
aerosols. Their basic methods of producing insecticidal and are as under :
 1. Burning various compositions containing that on combustion are sublined and
forms smoke or clouds.
2. Spraying solutions of pesticides is rarely volatile solvent which on evaporation
leave the pesticides in air in the form of fine dispersions.
3. Atomization of solutions of pesticides by mechanical means with the use of special
atomizing devices. Heated solutions of pesticides in organic solvent mainly in
petroleum products are atomized, upon atomization part of solvent evaporates
leading to the storage of drop to a size to that of aerosols.

LIQUID PLANT
PREFACE
The liquid plant forms the heart of the company in the case of emulsifying
concentrates (EC). Here the liquid pesticides are formulated throughout the year
and it keeps on changing from formulating one pesticides to another depending
upon the demand of the market.

FEEDSTOCK
 Technical used in liquid state.
 Emulsifier is for uniformity.
 Solvent provides continuous medium.

DESCRIPTIONS OF MACHINERY
Construction and working of different equipments installed in liquid plant.

Underground storage tanks

The liquid plant starts with eight undergrounds storage tanks. These tanks are
arranged in two pairs of four each.
Material of construction
Capacity
Inlet line
Outlet line
Mild steel
15000 litres
1
2(1 for output&1 for vent)

Storage tanks are used, for collecting different solvents in them.

One pair of four storage tanks is used for :

TANK NUMBER COMPOUND NAME

1 C IX
2 C IX
3 KEROSENE OIL
4 C IX
Other pair of four storage tanks is used for:

TANK NUMBER COMPOUND NAME

1 C IX
2 C IX
3 KEROSENE OIL
4 KEROSENE OIL

Stainless steel mixing tanks

In side the liquid plant there are three mixing tanks. The specifications of these are:
Material of constructions
Agitation
Capacity
Inlet line
Outlet line
Stainless steel
Centrally propeller mounted with provision of motor with a gear box in all three tanks
3000 litres
1 from outside of plant
2(1 to storage tank\filler & 1 to vent)

Gate valve, centrifugal pump & pipe line fitting

Gate valve
Gate valve attached with pipe line of 2”, three fourth” and1” are mainly used
according to the requirement.

Centrifugal pump
Centrifugal pump is used for lifting the solvent from desired underground storage tank
into the mixture tank. Only one pump is used to withdraw liquid from all the tanks using
proper valve and pipe combination.

Pipeline fitting
Filter press is attached after the mixing tanks to filter the liquid pesticide product before
fitting the product into battles. Filter press has got nine plates and on each plate filter
media is cloth. The run of one filtration is of nine hours and after which filter is cleared.

Semi automatic volumetric filling machine

The filling machine has capacity to fill 1 litre per stock cycle. It works on the principle of
air pressure. In first half cycle set quantity (maximum one litre) is filled in the machine
cylinder and in the second half cycle this liquid is pushed into the container kept under
the nozzle(outlet).

Sealing machines
There are two sealing machines namely tin capping and induction capping.
In tin capping, after filling the container a simple tin cap is put manually on it. Then the
bottles is held still against the blade of the tin capping machine. This rotates around the
cap and hence sealing it.
On the other hand, for induction capping special type of caps are used. These are plastic
caps with aluminium foil on the inside attached to a cardboard base. After fitting the cap
on the container mouth, it is kept on the belt. The height of the induction plate of the
machine is adjusted such that it is just 2 to 3 centimetre above the cap of the container.
This plate attains a temperature of around 88 degree celsius. The speed of the belt is
optimised such that as the container moves pass the plate, the aluminium foil address to
the mouth of the bottles resulting in air-tight packing.

DESCRIPTION OF PROCESS
Filling up process of the storage tanks
The liquid plant starts with eight underground storage tanks. These are used to collect
different solvents in them. These tanks are arranged in two pairs of four each.
Specifications of these are given earlier in the machinery section.

Drawing process from storage tanks

The second stage is drawing of solvent from storage tanks. First of all the inputs valves
are closed. Then the output valve of the tank, from which solvent is required is opened.
After this the pump is started.

Mixing process
The input that is coming from the outside the liquid plant (i.e. from storage tanks)
includes technical and solvent in a fixed ratio as desired. Tanks and valves are there on
each of the tank, are such that as and when desired, the desired tank can be filled with
help of gate valve.
For chloropyriphos 1 litre machine is in operation. The machine uses a reciprocating
piston for filling up the bottles of 1 litre. On the each side, there is one casing containing a
reciprocating piston. This piston is one cycle does two operation

 Filling its casing with 1 litre of pesticides from storage tank.

 Emptying this 1 litre from casing into the bottles at the lower end.
 The advantages of using this machine are :
 No manual handling of dangerous pesticides.
 Makes the process of filling faster.
 Once the capacity 1 litre or 5 litre is fixed then there is no need of measurement for
subsequent filling.
It is fully automatic and there is very less chance of error. After filling the bottles the
following processes are followed:

Capping
In this process, caps are put on the bottles manually.

Screwing
In this process the caps are sealed and screwed onto the bottles heads by the help
screwing machine. This can be done in two ways namely induction packing and tin
packing.

Cleaning
The bottles are cleaned and labels are wrapped around with an adhesive manually.

Stamping
Stamping of batch number, date of manufacturing, date of expiry, and cost is done by
screen printing.
Then these are packed in the cardboard boxes transportation
DUST PLANT
PREFACE
In this case pesticides are mixed with some inert carrier i.e. soap stone, clay etc. and them
pulverized to a particles size of 200 mesh. In the grinding process the pesticides particles
are not only distributed but also coated with the diluent. The powder is dusted over
required surface. The examples include methyl parathion 2% DP, Melathion 5% DP.

FEEDSTOCK
 Technical in liquid state
 Soap stone as a filler
 China clay to adsorb moisture

DESCRIPTION OF MACHINERY
Blender- ribbon type mixer
This type of mixer is used to mix or blend solid when they are dry and free flowing.
A ribbon blender consists of horizontal through containing a shaft and helical ribbon
agitator. Two counter acting ribbons are mounted on the same shaft. One ribbon moves
slowly in one direction and the other quickly in the other direction. Mixing results from
the turbulence induced by the counter acting agitator. Ribbon blender operates batch
wise , with the technical and filler charged and mixed until satisfaction is reached. The
capacity of ribbon blender is 5-8 tons/hr. The material is then collected at the bottom.

CYCLONE SEPERATOR
This is used for removing unwanted dust particles from exhaust stream coming out from
the mill. The feed of the cyclone separator is fine particles that are taken in by the exhaust
bent by creation of slight vacuum.
It consists of vertical cylinder with a conical bottom, a tangential inlet near the top and an
outlet for dust at the bottom of cone. The inlet is usually rectangular and the fines rotate at
100/120 RPM. Fines are collected as waste and air send out is within permissiable
pollution limit.

DISCRIPTION OF PROCESS
The soap stone and china clay which is used as filler and moisture adsorbent respectively
in the dusting powder comes in the form of powder. Hence there is no beed to further
crush them. These 2 are mixed with liquid technical. In the ribbon-blender this mixing
process is done. The blender batch size is of one ton and capacity is of 5-8 tonn/shift of
hrs.
In this blender a batch of requisite quaninity of soap stone is added and the liquid
technical is sprayed with a pair of pipes having pores at regular intervals. This ensures
uniformly. Later china clay is mixed to adsorb moisture from the mixture. After this
process of mixing in the blender, the product is then collected from the bottom in bags.
These bags are then weighted to standardize their weights.
In addition to this, pollution control process is also carried out in the plant. There are
vents lines are drawn out of the plant and packing outlets. All the vent lines are drawn out
of the plant and they passed through a larger cyclone separator which is run on an internal
draft motor connected to it. The particles are collected at lower end of the cyclone hopper
and the rest of the air is vented in the atmosphere which is under the pollution limit.
WETTABLE POWDER PLANT
PREFACE
Powdered formulation that on dilution with water yield rather stables suspension are
called wettable powder suspension usually are more effective than dust as latter is poorly
retained on the surface. Emulsions are easily adsorbed and a as result considered amount
of residue are retained on fruits.

FEEDSTOCK
 Technical used is in powdered form.
 Wetting and suspending agents.
 China clay is used to adsorb moisture
 Synthetic silica.

REQUIREMENTS OF WETTABLE POWDER

 Stability in storage and absence of caking.
 Rapid formation of suspension and slow settling out of solid particles.
 Good wettability and spreading powder.

One of the principal conditions guaranteeing the perfectiveness of suspension is high

degree of dispersion of the actual ingredient.
In order to increase the retention or preparations on plant or surfaces, special stickers are
added. The raw material are surface active agents, i.e. dispersing/suspending agents,
wetting agents and inert filler like silica and hydropholic diluent i.e. hydrated aluminium
oxide, synthesis calcium silicates.

DESCRIPTION OF MACHINERY
Machinery implicated in the plant is Jet Mill, Air Classified Mill ACM, and Micro
Pulvilizer.

JET MILL
A jet mill having grinding chamber of 500mm in diameter, having grinding capacity of
200kg/h of pesticides formulations like 50% and 75% carboxin to the fineness of 350
mesh. All parts coming in constant with material compete with basic micronizing unit,
primary cyclone, secondary cyclone, and dust collector, filter bag being, feeding hopper,
ventuary feeder valve and pressure gauge.
VARIABLE SPEED SCREW FEEDER
The variable speed screw feeder to feed the material to feeding hopper complete with
screw conveyor, sprockets, gear box, motor starter and variable speed mechanism. The
material of construction is mild steel.

RIBBON BLENDER
It has as useful capacity of 1000 and a total volume of 1500 litres. It is made in mild steel
construction with trough of 5mm thickness and plates of 8mm extra inlet hopper for
manual charging, a connection for air barleen, and side outlet chute for bagging fixed
with it.

DESCRIPTION OF PROCESS
PRODUCTION OF COMPRESS AIR
Compressor is a reciprocating type. It is a unit containing a series of impellers on single
shaft rotating at high speed in a massive casing. This machine compress enormous
volume of air or process casing. There are two working stages. In first stages the air is
compressed upto 1.5 kg/cm2 and in second stage the air is compressed upto to 8 kg/cm2.
The working part of this compressor is 8 kg/cm2. Hence the temperature is lowered by
conduction process. And then this compressed air is stored or is sent to air receiver having
then this compressed air is stored is sent to air reciever.

PRODUCTION OF WETTABLE POWDER

Firstly material is fed to the pre-mixing ribbon blender of capacity 1MT. in pre-blender,
technical, china clay, synthetic silica and wetting and suspending agents are put and
blended for 2-3 hours.
Then compressed air from compressor at 8 kg/cm2 is passed through the safety valve
provided for grinding in the grinding in the grinding disc, where grinding is done with
fried compressed air in different stokes. As the material to be introduced to jet mill is in
semisolid form, and external driving force is required to push the same into the jet mill
chamber.
Then material through jet mill enter to cyclone and after that it is connected in bah. Then
it enters into mixing grinders. For removing access test from the plant has exhaust fan and
pollution control.
In the wettable powder section, the air is compressed with the help of the safety valves.
Jet mills consists of 3 rollers inside the disk the particle size of product obtained is of
300-400 mesh very fine particle size. Jet mill has a capacity of 2f00kg/h and the batch
size is of 1MT
QUALITY CONTROL AND TESTING
ROLE OF CENTRAL INSECTICIDE BOARD
Government of India, department of Plant Protection, Quality and Storage has constituted
Central Insecticides Board and registered from committee the office of which is located at
Faridabad. It controls the manufacturing of all types of pesticides in India as per
Insecticide Act, 1968.
The insecticides Board also lay down provisions for the checking of quality of the
pesticides manufactured in the country for the samples are drawn and for independent
testing at central Insecticides Laborities.
As far as staring the production of fresh items, except granular formulation, markfed has
arranged for the formulation of all types of dusty powder, liquid and wettable powders.

ISI CERTIFICATION MARKING SCHEME

The consumers constitute the largest unorganised public body country and protection of
their interest and rights is of vital importance. This calls for establishment of well
regulated and utilities to the satisfactory of consumer.
The BIS the national standards body is looking after Consumers Interest through its two
major activities namely Standard Forumulation and Certifications marking. The product
standard prescribed opoinion levels of quality, safety and performance of relevant
products and methods of their practical evaluation.
Out of 25 products being formulations by Markfed ,19 are ISI Markfed.

TESTING
Pesticides formulations is controlled by following 2 Govt. India agencies:
Central Insecticides Board
Bureau of Indian Standard
CIB recommendation registration of various product to be formulated by formulating unit
while BIS lays down specification for the products. On the basis of the specifications the
formulating unit bound to formulate the product according to the specifications. Though
there are number of methods of testing formulations, but the general ones are as follows:
Test for water dispersible powder:
 Sieving test
 Suspensibility test
 Acidity /alkalinity test
 Wettability test
 Active ingredients

Test for Emulsifible concentration:

 Cold test
 Test for emulsion stability
 Flash point
 Acidity /alkalinity test

GENERAL METHODS OF TREAT FOR

PESTICIDAL FORMULATIONS
The pesticidal formulation, which are commonly used as waters dispersible
powders, dusting powder, emulsifible concentrates and granules.

Methods of test for water dispersible powder

Sieving test :
Apparatus
Beaker, part assembly, test sieve, rubber hose
Procedure
Weigh about 20+0.5gm of material in a beaker. Level the surface of material in a beaker
with help of a paper strip. Place the part assembly over the surface of material in beaker
and place it in oven at 54degree celcius for 24 hours.
Sieving
At completion of 3 hours of cooling weight accurately about 10gm of treated material into
a wide open mouth bottle and add 100ml of tap water. Transfer residue retained on sieve
to tare good curability, dry to constant mass in an open at a temperature not exceeding 55
degree Celsius and cool and the weight. Find mass of dry residue.
Calculations
IS sieve % by mass = 100(1-m/M)
Where,
M= mass in g of material taken for test
m = mass in g of dry residue obtained

Qualitative test

Procedure
Take out 0.5g of material in a test tube and mix with about 1ml of water. Test
the mixture for acidity or alkalinity with a fitness paper.

Determination of Acidity
Reagents
Standard sodium hydroxide solution, phenolphthalein indicator/methyl red solutions,
acetone mix

Procedure
Weigh 10g of material in a dry conical flask; add 25ml of acetone and mix. Warm the
flask to affect the sol of active ingredient present. Add 75ml of water and let it stand for
an hour. Filter the supernatant agitation extract and take 50ml filtrate. Titrate immediately
with standard solution hydroxide (NaOH)solution using indicator. Alternatively, the end
point may be determined on an aliquot of 50ml made from 25ml acetone and 75ml water.
Calculations
Acidity (as H2SO4)percent by mass = 4.9*2(v-u)N/M
Where,
V = volume of standard Na0H required for test with material
U = normality of standard NaOH solutions
M = mass in g of material taken for test
Note : for sample to pass acidity test, its acidity should not be more than 0.5%

Determination of alkalinity
Reagents
Methyl red indicator solutions / bromocresol purple indicator solution, acetone, standard
hydrochloric acid (HCL), standard sodium hydroxide (NaOH)solution.

Procedure
Weigh accurately 10g of material in a conical flask; add 25ml of acetone and mix. Warm
the flask gently to affect the solution of active gradient present. Add 75ml of water and let
it stand for an hour.
Carry out blank determination on 50ml aliquot made from 25ml acetone and 75ml water.
Calculations
Alkalinity (as NaOH) present by mass = 4*2(V-u)N/M
Where,
V = volume of standard HCL required for test with material
u = volume of standard HCL required for blank determination
N = normality of standard HCL solution
M = mass in g of material taken for test
Method of test for water dispersible powder
Wettability test
Apparatus
Beaker
Procedure
Weigh accurately 2g of material and pour uniformly and quickly in the beaker containing
100ml of standard hard water. Start the stop watch simultaneously. Note the time when
the whole material is completely submerged into water.

Method of test for dusting powder

Test for sieving requirement for particle size

Procedure
Dusting powder: weigh accurately 10g of material and transfer it to test sieve. Cover the
sieve and screen the material in a Ro-Tap for 20min. Two small square rubber cubes are
introduced along with material on the sieve to facilitate breaking up of any lump of
material.
Granules:

weigh accurately 100g of material and transfer it to deck sieve screen for 15 min. collect
separately the fractions retained on sieves. Determine the oversize on sieve of upper
declared limit and that passing the sieve of lower declared limit.

Calculations
Material passing through specified sieve % by mass = 100 (1-m/M)
Where,
m = mass in g of material retained on sieve
M = mass in g of material taken for test
Test for bulk density
Apparatus
Graduated cylinder of 100ml capacity funnel
Procedure
Rest the funnel over the top edge of granulated cylinder. Fill the cylinder to 100ml mark
by pouring the material through the funnel and level the powder with minimum of
disturbance. Weigh the weight (WI). Leave the cylinder untouched for 5min. then level
again with minimum of disturbance. This can be done by dropping the cylinder from a
height of 15cm five time between fingers. Weight the filled cylinder again(W2).
Calculations
Bulk density = mass of material/volume occupied by material
Calculate the bulk density in two cases D1 for W1 and D2 for W2. If increase in D2 from
D1 is more than 60% of the D1, then the sample fails.

METHOD OF TEST FOR EMULSIFIBLE

CONCENTRATION OF WATER SOLUBLE
CONCTRATION
COLD TEST
PROCEDURE
Take 50ml of material in 100ml transparent glass container and close it with a cork fitted
with thermometer. Cool the material to 10 degrees C by placing the container in ice
water. When the required temperature is reached, add to it a small seeding crystal of
pesticides. Generally stir the material in the container at 10 degree C at end of one hour.
Check the material for any turbidity or suspended particle.

TEST FOR EMULSION STABILITY

Method shall be employed for the material which is required to be added to standard hard
water for preparations of diluted emulsion.
Apparatus
Beaker of capacity 250ml, Mohr type pipette, glass rod, graduated cylinder.
Reagent
Standard hard water
Procedure
Pour 75-80ml standard hard water brought to a temp of 30 degree C in the beaker. By
means of pipette add 5ml of concentrate it meant for public health use and 2ml if it is for
agricultural use. Make up to 100ml with continous stirring and immediately pour into
clean and dry cylinder. The stirring time should be 3min from beginning of addition of
concentrate until emulsion is poured into 100ml cylinder. Keep at 30 degree C for 1hr and
examine for any creaming or separation.
Note : The total volume in ml of creamed matter at top and sediment at bottom of
cylinder. This should not exceed more than 2ml in each case.
The cyclone fulfils 3 basic operation:

 Separation of the gas-borne particle form the gas stream by deposition on a

collecting surface.
 Retention of the deposit on the surface.
 Removal of the deposit from the surface for recovery or disposal.
Scrubbers, used in liquid plant

Cyclone, used in dry and wettable powder plants.

SAFETY
The plant follows proper safety norms. All the workers are given gloves, protecting
glasses and mask. Gloves are for dealing manually with chemicals. Glasses are to protect
eyes against fine particle and fumes. Marks prevent entering of fumes and fine particles
into respiratory system of workers.
To deal with fire situation the plant has proper fire extinguisher supplies. These are
placed at critical location where anybody can easily access them. These include locations
like entry and exit of each manufacturing unit. Here both the carbon dioxide and dry
powder extinguisher are handy.
In addition to this, underground pipelines network for fire extinguisher purpose are spread
all over the plant with openings near all office and manufacturing areas. These pipes lines
carry water. A separate pump house is maintained as per proper norms. This structures
would be very adjuvant to deal with any unforeseen situation leading with fire hazard.
 CONCLUSION
This report is to assay and summarize operations of Markfed Agro Chemicals, Mohali. To
put in words the plant is not only for profit making but also has to regulate prices. It
serves farmers of Punjab by making available the quality pesticides at reasonable prices at
their door steps. The plant follows proper ISI regulations and has an excellent quality
control laboratory equipped with appropriate instrumentation. It also follows conventions
for maintaining safety of both assets and workers. However, to further improve fire safety
system instead of eater pump house, form pump house can be maintained as form is more
effective in controlling fire in case of liquid flammable substances. To end, appreciable
work is done by the plant to improve productivity of crop in the state of Punjab.