Class 10 Concise Chemistry Chemical Bonding Solutions
Class 10 Concise Chemistry Chemical Bonding Solutions
Class 10 Concise Chemistry Chemical Bonding Solutions
Chemistry
Chapter 2 - Chemical Bonding
Intext Questions
1. How do atoms attain noble gas configuration?
Ans: To attain noble gas configuration, atoms share, lose or gain electrons.
2. Define
(a) a chemical bond
Ans: A chemical bond can be defined as the force of attraction between any two
atoms in a molecule that keeps the molecule stable.
(b) an electrovalent bond
Ans: Electrovalent bond is defined as the bond formed between the two atoms by
the transfer of one or more electrons from an electropositive atom to an
electronegative atom. An electrovalent bond is also known as an ionic bond.
(c) a covalent bond
Ans: Covalent bond is formed due to the sharing of electrons.
4. An atom X has three electrons more than a noble gas configuration. What
type of ion will it form? Write the formula of its (i) Sulphate (ii) Nitrate (iii)
Phosphate (iv) carbonate (v) Hydroxide
Ans: It will form a cation: M3+
Sulphate: M2(SO4)3
Nitrate: M(NO3)3
Phosphate: M3(PO4)3
Carbonate: M2(CO3)3
Hydroxide: M(OH)3
5. Mention the basic tendency of an atom that makes it combine with other
atoms.
Ans: Atoms combine with other atoms to form a noble gas configuration.
Ans: Element X has the electronic configuration 2,8,18,8,1 and so has a tendency
to lose one electron and complete an octet, resulting in the formation of an X+ ion
with a charge of +1 in general.
b) Write whether X will be an oxidising agent or reducing agent and why?
Ans: X will be a reducing agent because it has the tendency to form cation.
9. Explain with the help of the ionic equation and electron dot structural
diagram the formation of the following electrovalent compounds.
(i) NaCl
Ans:
(iii) CaO
10. Compare:
(a) Sodium atom and sodium ion
(b) Chlorine atom and chlorine ion
With respect to
(i) Atomic structure
(ii) Electrical state
(iii) Chemical action and
(iv) toxicity
11. The electronic configuration of fluoride ions is the same as that of a neon
atom. What is the difference between the two?
Ans: Fluorine atoms gain one electron to form fluoride ions or to attain noble gas
configuration. So fluorine ions are negatively charged while neon is neutral.
13. What do you understand about redox reactions? Explain oxidation and
reduction in terms of loss or gain of electrons.
Ans: Redox reactions are defined as the reactions where oxidation and reduction
takes place simultaneously.
Oxidation is defined as the loss of electrons while reduction is defined as the gain
of electrons.
14. Divide the following redox reactions into oxidation and reduction half-
reactions.
i. Zn+Pb2+→Zn2++Pb
Ans: Zn→Zn2++2e- (Oxidation)
Pb2++2e-→Pb (Reduction)
ii. Zn+Cu2+→Zn2++Cu
Ans: Zn→Zn2++2e- (Oxidation)
Cu2++2e-→Cu (Reduction)
iii. Cl2+2Br-→Br2+2Cl-
15. Potassium (Atomic No. 19) and chlorine (Atomic No. 17) react to form a
compound. On the basis of electronic concept, explain
i. Oxidation
Ans: Potassium undergoes oxidation as it loses an electron.
ii. Reduction
Ans: Chlorine undergoes reduction as it gains an electron.
iii. oxidising agent
Ans: Chlorine acts as an oxidising agent.
iv. Reducing agent
Ans: Potassium acts as a reducing agent
Intext Questions
1. What are the conditions necessary for the formation of covalent
molecules?
Ans: Both atoms, i.e. non-metals, should have four or more electrons in their
outermost shells.
(ii) The electronegativity of both atoms should be high.
c. methane
Ans:
Hydrogen 1
1H [1] Helium [2] Hydrogen needs 1 electron to
complete the duplet.
2. The majority of electrovalent substances exist in solid form. They have a high
melting and boiling point.
3. They are soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents such as benzene,
ether, and others.
2. Solid, liquid, and gaseous phases are the most common states for covalent
compounds. They are volatile and soft.
3. They are soluble in organic solvents but in water they are insoluble or only
slightly soluble.
9. a. State the type of bond is formed when the combining atoms have:
i. zero E.N. difference
Ans: Non polar covalent
ii. small E.N. difference
Ans: Polar covalent
iii. large E.N. difference
Ans: Ionic bond
b. State the type of bond formed and draw Lewis structure of
i. water
Ans: Covalent bond
They are hard crystalline solids These are gases or liquid or soft solids
consisting of ions.
They have high melting and boiling They have low melting and boiling
points. points.
They conduct electricity in the fused or They do not conduct electricity in the
aqueous state solid, motion or aqueous state.
These are soluble in inorganic solvent Covalent compounds are soluble in
but insoluble in organic solvent. organic solvents but insoluble in water.
14. a. Draw the electron dot structure of covalent compound methane (non-
polar) and HCl (polar) and give two differences between them.
Ans: Structure of methane
Methane HCl
Methane is a covalent molecule where HCl is a polar covalent molecule where
the electrons are equally distributed the shared pair of electrons are shifted
between the carbon and hydrogen. towards the electronegative atom
chlorine.
It is electrically neutral. Due to the difference in electro
negativities Cl possesses a partial
negative charge and hydrogen attains a
partial positive charge.
16. Element A has 2 electrons in its M shell. Element B has the atomic
number 7.
(a) Write equations to show how A and B form ions.
Ans: A→A2++2e-
B+3e-→B3-
(b) If B is a diatomic gas, write the equation for the direct combination of A
and B to form a compound.
Ans: 6A+2B2→2A3B2
(c) If the compound formed between A and B is melted and an electric
current is passed through the molten compound, then element A will be
obtained at the _________ and B at the ________ of the electrolytic cell.
Ans: Cathode, Anode
Exercise Questions
4. (a) Draw an electron dot diagram to show the structure of each of the
following:
(i) Hydronium ions
Ans:
Ans:
(iii) Hydroxyl ion
Ans:
5. Element M forms a chloride with the formula MCl2 which is a solid with
high melting point. M would most likely be in the group in which ______ is
placed.
(a) Na (b) Mg (c)Al (d) Si
Ans: (b)Mg
Formula of chloride
Nature of bonding
Ans:
7. a. How many atoms of each kind are present in the following molecules:
calcium oxide, chlorine, water, carbon tetrachloride?
Ans: CaO - 1 calcium atom + 1 oxygen atom
Cl2 - 2 chlorine atoms
H2O - 2 hydrogen atoms + 1 oxygen atom
CCl4 - 1 carbon atom + 4 chlorine atoms
b. How many electrons are required by each atom mentioned in (a) to attain
the nearest noble gas configuration?
Ans: Ca - will donate two electrons
O - will accept two electrons
Cl - will accept one electron, so two Cl atoms will share an electron pair.
C - will accept four electrons by sharing electron pairs with hydrogen forming
covalent bonds.
H - will donate one electron by sharing an electron pair with carbon.
b. Acids dissolve in water and produce positively charged ions. Draw the
structure of these positive ions.
Ans: Structure of hydronium ion:
2009
a. The one which is composed of all the three kinds of bonds [ionic, covalent
and coordinate bonds] is
A. Sodium chloride
B. Ammonia
C. Carbon tetrachloride
D. Ammonium chloride
Ans: D. Ammonium chloride
b. Draw the structural formula of carbon tetrachloride and state the type of
bond present in it.
Ans:
2010
2011
a. i. In covalent compounds, the bond is formed due to …………… [sharing/
transfer] of electrons.
Ans: Sharing
ii. Electrovalent compounds have a ……….. [low/high] boiling point.
Ans: High
iii. A molecule of ……………. contains a triple bond. [hydrogen, ammonia,
nitrogen].
b. By drawing an electron dot diagram, show the lone pair effect leading to
the formation of ammonium ions from ammonia gas and hydrogen ion.
Ans:
2012
a. Draw an electron dot diagram of the structure of hydronium ion. State the
type of bonding present in it.
Ans:
2013
a. A chemical term for a bond formed by a shared pair of electrons with both
electrons coming from the same atom.
Ans: Coordinate or dative bond
b. Among the compounds, identify the compound that has all three bonds
[ionic, covalent and coordinate bond].
A. Ammonia
B. Ammonium chloride
C. Sodium hydroxide
D. Calcium chloride
Ans: B. Ammonium chloride
c. State which is not a typical property of an ionic compound.
A. High m.p.
B. Conducts electricity in molten and aqueous state
C. Are insoluble in water
D. Exist as oppositely charged ions even in the solid state
2014
a. Compound 'X' consists of only molecules. 'X' will have ______
A. Crystalline hard structure
B. A low m.p. and low b.p.
C. An ionic bond
D. A strong force of attraction between its molecules
Ans: B. A low m.p. and low b.p.
b. The molecule which contains a triple covalent bond is
A. ammonia
B. methane
C. water
D. nitrogen
Ans: D. nitrogen
c. Give one word or phrase for the following: Formation of ions from
molecules.
Ans: Ionisation
2016
a) The following table shows the electronic configuration of the elements W,
X, Y, Z:
Element W X Y Z
Electronic configurations 2, 8, 1 2, 8, 7 2, 5 1